an introduction to organic molecules. organic molecules organic molecules are made primarily of four...

An Introduction to An Introduction to Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Organic Molecules Organic molecules

are made primarily of four elements : C, N, O, H

Backbone is C Polymers are built

of small units called monomers.

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Monomers and Polymers

Nucleic acidNucleotide

ProteinAmino acid

Lipids(Fatty acids)+glycerol

PolysaccharideMonosaccharide

PolymersMonomers

Monomers Build PolymersMonomers Build Polymers

Polymers are built Polymers are built through a process through a process called called dehydrationdehydration synthesissynthesis.. QuickTime™ and a

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Dehydration Synthesis builds Dehydration Synthesis builds POLYMERSPOLYMERS

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Breaking Down PolymersBreaking Down Polymers• Polymers are broken

down through a process called hydrolysis.

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Hydrolysis breaks down Hydrolysis breaks down POLYMERSPOLYMERS

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The FOUR major organic compounds (polymers):

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates - all types of Carbohydrates - all types of sugarssugars

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Monosaccharides : Simple Monosaccharides : Simple SugarsSugars

• All monosaccharides have the basic chemical formula CH2O

• Function: Immediate Energy!!!

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Common sugars are Common sugars are glucoseglucose,, fructosefructose and and galactosegalactose. .

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Disaccharides : Double Sugars

All disaccharides are made of 2 monosaccharides linked together

Function: Energy

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Polysaccharides : Polysaccharides : Complex sugars Complex sugars (aka. Complex carbs)(aka. Complex carbs)

• All polysaccharides All polysaccharides are built of are built of monosaccharidesmonosaccharides

• Two functions of Two functions of polysaccharides are polysaccharides are storage and storage and structure.structure.

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Energy Storage Energy Storage PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides

Starch: plantStarch: plant

Glycogen : animalsGlycogen : animals

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Structural PolysaccharidesStructural PolysaccharidesCellulose : plantsCellulose : plants

Chitin: animals (invertebrates)Chitin: animals (invertebrates)

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Review of CarbohydratesReview of Carbohydrates

• Monomers : • Polymers:• Structure:• Functions:

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ProteinsProteins

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Proteins - chains of amino acidsProteins - chains of amino acids• Proteins make up 50% of

the dry weight of most cells (that’s a LOT!!)

• Proteins build structure and carry out cell metabolism

• Proteins are built of amino acids.

• There are 20 types of amino acids.

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Amino Acids are bonded Amino Acids are bonded together with PEPTIDE bonds.together with PEPTIDE bonds.

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Four levels of Protein StructureFour levels of Protein Structure

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Stucture and function are related!!Stucture and function are related!!

Types of ProteinsTypes of Proteins

• Structural• Storage• Transport• Hormonal• Contractile• Antibodies• Enzymes

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Structural :Structural :elastin, collagen, keratinelastin, collagen, keratin

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Storage :Storage :ovalbumin ovalbumin

& casein& casein

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Transport :Transport :hemoglobin & membrane proteinshemoglobin & membrane proteins

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Hormonal :Hormonal :insulin & growth hormonesinsulin & growth hormones

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Contractile : Contractile : actin & myosinactin & myosin

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Antibodies : Antibodies : IgE, IgA, IgGIgE, IgA, IgG

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Add to table

Enzymes: Enzymes: amylase & proteaseamylase & protease

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Review of ProteinsReview of Proteins

• Monomers : • Polymers:• Structure : • Functions :

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LIPIDSLIPIDS

Polymers that don’t mix with water!

This means they are hydrophobic.

Groups are FATS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS & STEROIDS

Fats = 1 Glycerol + 3 Fats = 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty AcidsFatty Acids

Fats are large molecules made of 2 monomers : glycerol Fats are large molecules made of 2 monomers : glycerol + fatty acids.+ fatty acids.

There are two types of fatty acids - There are two types of fatty acids - saturatedsaturated and and unsaturatedunsaturated. .

Functions of fats include : insulation, energy storage, Functions of fats include : insulation, energy storage, shock absorber for internal organs (like bubble wrap!)shock absorber for internal organs (like bubble wrap!)

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Saturated Fatty AcidsSaturated Fatty Acids

Characteristics:Characteristics: Solid at room Solid at room

temperature temperature (can pack (can pack together tightly)together tightly)

Mostly found in Mostly found in animalsanimals

No double bonds No double bonds between Carbons between Carbons (filled with Hydrogens)(filled with Hydrogens)

Examples : Examples :

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Unsaturated Fatty AcidsUnsaturated Fatty Acids

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Liquid at room Liquid at room

temperature temperature (can’t pack (can’t pack together tightly)together tightly)

Found mostly in plantsFound mostly in plants Double bonds found Double bonds found

between Carbons (not between Carbons (not filled with Hydrogens)filled with Hydrogens)

Examples : Examples :

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Phospholipids = 2 Fatty Acids + Phospholipids = 2 Fatty Acids + PhosphatePhosphate

• Where do you find phospholipids in a cell???• Phospholipids have polar (charged) & nonpolar (not charged) ends. The

phosphate end is HYDROPHILIC. The fatty acid end is HYDROPHOBIC.

• The unique structure (polar & nonpolar) contributes to the function of these molecules in the cell.

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Steroids = Carbon skeleton Steroids = Carbon skeleton with 4 fused ringswith 4 fused rings

• Steroids are a natural and important components of the cell membrane in many organisms.

• An example is cholesterol - found ONLY in animal tissues. It is used to help construct other important hormones in organisms.

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not just anabolic steroids!!

Steroids Steroids (continued)(continued)

• Examples of hormones created using steroids are estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.

• Anabolic steroids are a synthetic form of testosterone to increase muscle mass. Both men and women who take testosterone increase the masculine physical features normally triggered by varied levels of testosterone in the body.

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Review of LipidsReview of Lipids

• Monomers of FATS:• Functions of fats:• Monomers of

PHOSPHOLIPIDS:• Functions of

phospholipids:• Structure and function

of steroids:

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Nucleic Acids:Nucleic Acids:the polymers built of the polymers built of

nucleotidesnucleotides

DNA

RNA

Nucleotides - the building Nucleotides - the building blocks of nucleic acidsblocks of nucleic acids

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DNA - deoxyribonucleic acidDNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

• Characteristics– Double helix

– Four nitrogenous bases : A, T, C, G

– Deoxyribose sugar (5-carbon sugar)

– Function : storage of genetic codes

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RNA - ribonucleic acidRNA - ribonucleic acid• Characteristics

– Single stranded– Four nitrogenous bases - A , U, C, G– Ribose sugar (5-carbon sugar)– Function : transcribe and translate DNA into proteins

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Review of Nucleic AcidsReview of Nucleic Acids

• Monomers : • Polymers : • Structures:• Functions :

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