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Category Affiliation and Father's SEI (p<.001)
Father's SEI
Num
ber
of
Spea
kers
01234
5678
1 2 3 4 5 6
burnouts
jocks
J/B Class
Northern Ci1es Shi3 (e)
iy Uw I U ey ow
ε ^ oh
ae a ay
laughs at it
Northern Ci1es Shi3 (e)
iy Uw I U ey ow
ε ^ oh
ae a ay
on
Northern Ci1es Shi3 (e)
iy Uw I U ey ow
ε ^ oh
ae a ay
all
Northern Ci1es Shi3 (e)
iy Uw I U ey ow
ε ^ oh
ae a ay
lunch
Northern Ci1es Shi3 (e)
iy Uw I U ey ow
ε ^ oh
ae a ay
Zeppelin
Northern Ci1es Shi3 (e)
iy Uw I U ey ow
ε ^ oh
ae a ay
typing
Nega1ve Concord
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Burnout Girls Burnout Boys Jock Girls Jock Boys
% N
eg
ati
ve C
on
cord
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Burnout Girls Burnout Boys Jock Girls Jock Boys
fact
or
wei
ght
(ay) sig=.000
/ay/ raising
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
burnout
girls
burnout
boys
jock girls jock boys
facto
r w
eig
ht
negation sig=.000
(ay) sig=.000
(uh) sig=.006
(e) sig=.032
Cruising and the Detroit Racial Divide
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
(uh) sig=.000 (e) sig=.029 (ay) sig=.000 negation
sig=.000
facto
r w
eig
ht
cruisers
non-cruisers
Girls’ Network
% Nega1ve Concord
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Jock Girls Non-athlete
Jock Boys
Athlete Jock
Boys
Regular
Burnout Girls
Burned-out
Burnout Girls
Burnout Boys
-‐1
-‐0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
(ay) nega1on (uh) (e)
burned-‐out burnouts
regular burnouts
jocks
AAVE (African American Vernacular English)
Where did it come from?
Two Hypotheses:
“Creolist” (e.g. John Rickford)
“Dialectologist” (e.g. Shana Poplack)
Features of AAVE: t/d dele1on
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
UMC LMC UWC LWC
V past tense
V not past tense
C past tense
C not past tense
Features of AAVE: s absence
% 3 sg -s absence
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
UMC LMC UWC LWC
Male
Female
% poss. s absence
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
UMC LMC UWC LWC
Male
Female
% plural s absence
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
UMC LMC UWC LWC
Male
Female
Features of AAVE: invariant BE
% invariant be
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
UMC LMC UWC LWC
Male
Female
WOLFRAM, WALT. 1969. A sociolinguis1c descrip1on of Detroit Negro speech. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguis1cs.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
umc lmc uwc lwc
% n
eg
ati
ve c
on
cord
Negative Concord in AAVE by SES and Gender
male female
It ain’t no cat can’t get in no coop.
Zhang, Qing. (2005) A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: Phonological varia1on and the construc1on of a new professional iden1ty. Language in society. 34(3). 431-‐66.
Interdental /z/
0%!
10%!
20%!
30%!
40%!
50%!
60%!
70%!
Yuppie! State!
fact
or w
eigh
t!
female!
male!
Rhotacization of finals
Zhang, Qing. (2008) Rhotaciza1on and the ‘Beijing Smooth Operator’: The social meaning of a linguis1c variable. Journal of sociolinguis1cs. 12(2). 201-‐22.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Yuppie State
factor weight
female
male
% full tone
Zhang, Qing. (2005) A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: Phonological varia1on and the construc1on of a new professional iden1ty. Language in society. 34(3). 431-‐66.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yuppie State
% f
ull t
on
e
female
male
Beijing Manager Styles
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Rhotacization Lenition Interdental Full Tone
female yuppie
male yuppie
female state
male state
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