cognition: memory. the phenomenon of memory introduction memory extremes of memory

Cognition: Memory

The Phenomenon of Memory

Introduction

• Memory

• Extremes of memory

Introduction

• Task #1 – Random Number Lists– Trial #1 – (Hear)– Trial #2 – (Hear & See)– Trial #3 – (Hear, See, & Say)– Trial #4 – (Hear, See, Say, & Write)

• 88• 92• 54• 67• 03• 19• 99• 60• 50• 52

• 48• 58• 29• 42• 56• 88• 39• 69• 49• 55

• 39• 87• 43• 02• 98• 63• 41• 80• 62• 54

– Trial #5 – (Odd or Even)– Trial #6 – (Numerical Order)– Trial #7 – (Personal Connection)

Introduction• Task #1 – Random Number Lists

– Trial #1 - 84, 77, 99, 32, 60, 75, 78, 96, 42, 23– Trial #2 - 88, 92, 54, 67, 03, 19, 99, 60, 50, 52– Trial #3 - 48, 58, 29, 42, 56, 88, 39, 69, 49, 55– Trial #4 - 39, 87, 43, 02, 98, 63, 41, 80, 62, 54– Trial #5 - 71, 91, 58, 57, 32, 33, 85, 01, 26, 80– Trial #6 - 17, 77, 24, 58, 81, 59, 54, 42, 78, 71– Trial #7 - 15, 84, 05, 16, 08, 31, 64, 65, 07, 38

Introduction• Task #2 – Names

– Name the Seven Dwarves

– Difficulty?– TOT Phenomenon?– Organization (Sound? Letter? Meaning?)– Recall vs. Recognition?

• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Teach, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Doc, Rocky, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Wheezy, Stubby

• Task #2 – Names– Name the Seven Dwarves

– Difficulty?– TOT Phenomenon?– Organization (Sound? Letter? Meaning?)– Recall vs. Recognition?

• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Teach, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Doc, Rocky, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Wheezy, Stubby

Introduction• Task #3 – Critical Thinking

– No Memory• With no memory, how would you answer the

question: How are you today?• With no memory, how would you answer the

question: Who are you? How would your identity be affected?

– Spotless Mind• Would you “erase” any of your memories? If so,

how would that change you? If not, why not?• Would there be the benefit of erasing the horrible

memories that Holocaust survivors have: to those individuals? To society as a whole?

Information Processing

Introduction Atkinson-Shiffrin Three-Stage Model

• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

Introduction

• Connectionism– Sensory memory– Short-term memory– Long-term memory

• Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory– Information directly into long-term

memory– Working memory

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Automatic processing• Space

• Time

• Frequency

• Well-learned information

Mr. Rockwell’s 3rd grade Poem (Don’t laugh)

Spring is theThe most beautifulTime of the year.

.seippup dna srewolf sevol kcoR .rM

!tuo siht erugif ot gniyrt era uoy sa ynnuf skool ecaf ruoY

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Effortful Processing

• Rehearsal – Conscious repetition

• List the Gifts from:– “The 12 Days of Christmas”

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Ebbinghaus curve

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Overlearning– Additional rehearsal after learning =

increased retention

• Spacing effect– Massed practice vs, Distributed practice

• Testing effect

• Implications for your own learning??

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• Serial position effect– Recency effect

– Primacy effect

Encoding: Getting Information InHow We Encode

• List as many US Presidents as you can

1) Washington 12) Taylor 23) Harrison, B. 34) Eisenhower

2) Adams, J. 13) Fillmore 24) Cleveland 35) Kennedy

3) Jefferson 14) Pierce 25) McKinley 36) L.B. Johnson

4) Madison 15) Buchanan 26) T. Roosevelt 37) Nixon

5) Monroe 16) Lincoln 27) Taft 38) Ford

6) Adams, J.Q. 17) A. Johnson 28) Wilson 39) Carter

7) Jackson 18) Grant 29) Harding 40) Reagan

8) Van Buren 19) Hayes 30) Coolidge 41) G.H.W. Bush

9) Harrison, W. H.

20) Garfield 31) Hoover 42) Clinton

10) Tyler 21) Arthur 32) F.D. Roosevelt 43) G. W. Bush

11) Polk 22) Cleveland 33) Truman 44) Obama

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Levels of Processing–Visual encoding

–Acoustic encoding• Exercise 7A-4

–Semantic encoding

• Self-reference effect

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Visual Encoding– Imagery

• Rosy retrospection

– Mnemonics • Peg-word system• Method of loci• 1st Letter• Substitution

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Mnemonics

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Mnemonics

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Mnemonics

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Chunking

• acronym

Encoding: Getting Information InWhat We Encode

• Organizing Information for Encoding– Hierarchies

Storage: Retaining InformationIntroduction

• The Mind Series – Clive Wearing

Modified Three-stage Processing Model of Memory

Storage: Retaining InformationSensory Memory

• Iconic memory– Sperling’s memory

experiment – – played one of three tones (each tone

corresponding with a row of letters). Then he flashed the letters for less than a second and the subjects were able to identify the letters for the corresponding row.

• Echoic memory

Storage and Short-Term Memory

• Lasts usually between 3 to 12 seconds.

• We recall digits better than letters.

Storage: Retaining InformationWorking/Short-Term Memory

• Magic number Seven– Plus or minus 2

• The list of magic sevens– Seven wonders of world, Seven seas, Seven deadly sins– Seven primary colors, Seven musical scale notes– Seven days of the week

• Bottom Line = – At any moment, we can only consciously process

a limited amount of information

Storage: Retaining InformationLong-Term Memory

• Unlimited nature of long-term memory

Storage: Retaining InformationStoring Memories in the Brain

• Emotions and memories– Strong Emotions = Stronger Memories– Stress can lead to the release of hormones that

have been shown to assist in LTM.

• Flashbulb memory

Storage: Retaining InformationStoring Memories in the Brain

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

• Recall

• Recognition

• Relearning

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues

• Retrieval cues

• Mnemonic devices

• Priming

Priming

Priming

Priming

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

• Context effects

• Déjà vu

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutContext Effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutMoods and Memories

• State dependent memory– What we learn in one state may more easily be

recalled in same state

• Mood congruent memory – Tendency to recall experiences consistent with

one’s current good or bad mood.

The End

Definition Slides

Memory

= the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Encoding

= the processing of information into the memory systems – for example, by extracting meaning

Storage

= the retention of encoded information over time.

Retrieval

= the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Sensory Memory

= the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Short-term Memory

= activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing before the information is stored or forgotten.

Long-term Memory

= the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Working Memory

= a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Parallel Processing

= the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Automatic Processing

= unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Effortful Processing

= encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Rehearsal

= the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Spacing Effect

= the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Serial Position Effect

= our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Visual Encoding

= the encoding of picture images.

Acoustic Encoding

= the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Semantic Encoding

= the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Imagery

= mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Mnemonics

= memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Chunking

= organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Iconic Memory

= a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Echoic Memory

= a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

= an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Flashbulb Memory

= a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Amnesia

= loss of memory.

Implicit Memory

= retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative or procedural memory)

Explicit Memory

= memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory)

Hippocampus

= a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Recall

= a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learning earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recognition

= a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Relearning

= a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Priming

= the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Deja Vu

= that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Mood Congruent Memory

= the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

Proactive Interference

= the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Retroactive Interference

= the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Repression

= in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Misinformation Effect

= incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Source Amnesia

= attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.