do now 1. no living organism lives in isolation. what evidence do you have that living things...

Do Now

• 1. No living organism lives in isolation. What evidence do you have that living things require each other? (Provide 3 examples)

• 2. What area of biology studies this?

ECOLOGYChapter 2

Objectives:

• Explain what ecologists study.

• Determine the difference between abiotic and biotic factors.

• List and describe the different levels of organization.

Introduction Activity!!

Make a list of your observation from this clip!.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXjI2kuNkhE

What is Ecology?

• Ecology– Study of relationships among living organisms and

the interaction the organisms have with their environments

– Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods

Abiotic vs. BioticBiotic Factors:– Living factors in an organism’s environment– Ex.

Abiotic Factors:Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment

Ex.

*Organisms depend on and adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment.*

Think-Pair-Share

• List the abiotic and biotic factors in this environment. Try to list at least 3 each.

Levels of Organization• Levels increase in complexity as the

numbers and interactions between organisms increase.– Organism– Population– Community– Ecosystem– Biome– Biosphere

1. Organism

• A single living thing

• Ex.

2. Population

• Several organisms of the same species sharing space at the same time

• Ex.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljqgyJxtdU0

3. Community• Group of interacting organisms sharing

space at the same time

• Ex.

4. Ecosystem• Biological Community and abiotic factors

in it

• Ex.

5. Biome• Large group of ecosystems that share the same

climate and similar types of communities

• Ex.

6. Biosphere• Part of Earth that supports life

Think-Pair-Share• Come up with an analogy starting with

your favorite animal for each level of organization.

Think-Pair-Share• How do you think scientists study

ecology?

• Design an experiment for the following:– A. Measure the effect of algae on a goldfish

population in Lake Erie– B. Venus fly traps react to rising carbon

dioxide emissions in the rainforest– C. Research what happens when a gap in

the forest is formed.

Do Now

• List the abiotic and biotic factors in this picture (3 of each!)

Objectives• SWBAT differentiate between habitat and niche

• SWBAT provide examples of symbiotic, competition, and predation relationships.

• SWBAT differentiate between commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism.

Lets Review…• What are the levels of organization in

ecology? **Simplest to most complex***

Ecosystem Interactions

• A habitat is an area where an organism lives.

• A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment.– How it meets its needs for food, shelter, and

reproduction.

Community Interactions• 1) Competition Occurs when more than one

organism uses a resource at the same time (ex: prey, soil, sunlight)– Intraspecific: competition between organisms of the

same species.

– Interspecific: competition between organisms of different species.

Examples of Competition

• Interspecific- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38nwQ0ydExs

• Intraspecific-– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgSc-

jtO5iE&feature=related– https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=VDhNutbXpFE

Community Interactions

• 2) Predation: An individual of one species, called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species called the prey.

Predation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HY1kaHz3OA0

Community Interactions

3) Symbiotic Relationships: when 2 or more organisms live together.

- Mutualism

- Commensalism

- Parasitism

Mutualism

*Both organisms benefit*

Commensalism

*One species benefits, the other is unaffected*

Parasitism

*Host is harmed and the parasite benefits*

Parasitism

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0rk5zh7RaE

• http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/30/giant-leech-worm-video_n_5902248.html

Symbiosis

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1t81Q

Do Now

• Please grab white boards.

• Then define Mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism

What type of symbiosis?

• Humming birds feed on nectar from flowers. Flowers are pollinated.

What type of symbiosis?

• Snapping shrimp have poor vision and depend on their goby fish roommate to give the danger signal when predators come.

Goby fish who don’t have a place to hide are quickly eaten. The find a snapping shrimp roommate who digs a

hole form them both to live.

What type of symbiosis?

• Athlete’s foot fungus lives on the skin of humans and feeds on a protein called keratin. Humans have itchy, cracked skin which can become infected.

What type of symbiosis?

• Snails die and leave behind their shells. Hermit crabs find shells left by snails..

Let’s try some examples

The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______.

A. predationB. parasitismC. commensalismD. mutualism

Which are biotic factors in a forest environment? A. plants and microscopic organisms

living in the soil B. pH and salt concentration of the soil C. sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients D. temperature, air currents and rainfall

What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time?

A. ecosystem B. habitat

C. biological communityD. biotic collection

Which defines habitat? A. all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem B. an area where an organism lives C. an area in which various species interact D. the role or position that an organism has

Practice!• Get with a partner and work on a review

of section 2.1

• SAVE THIS WORKSHEET! WE WILL FINISH IT TOMORROW

Match the following types of relationships to their examples

A. Commensalism 1. Hawks eat small snakes.

B .Mutualism 2. Leeches drain away your lifeblood and leave you with a scar.

C. Predation 3. Frog sits on a lilly pad to help it reach it’s prey. The lilly pad is not harmed.

D. Parasitism 4. The bacteria that live in tree roots create a source of usable nitrogen for the tree and a safe environment for the bacteria.

E. Competition 5. Several species of birds use the same trees to nest.

Do Now Lab• What is a food web?

• What types of organisms are shown in a food web?

• Draw a food web with 5 organisms in it (you don’t have to draw the organisms just the arrows)

Objectives• To explain how organisms get their

energy.

• To define the different types of autotrophs and heterotrophs.

• To construct a food web.

Organization of Matter and Energy

• Autotrophs- make their own food (chemosynthesis and photosynthesis)

• Heterotrophs- consume other organisms for energy

Autotrophs are also known as Producers

ConsumersHerbivores- eat ONLY producers

ConsumersCarnivores- eat ONLY other consumers

ConsumersOmnivores- consume plants and animals

Consumers• Scavengers-

Feed on dead animal and plant material

• DetritivoresFeed on the “garbage” in the ecosystem

• DecomposersRelease digestive enzymes

ScavengersFeed on organisms that have recently died

DecomposersBreak down complex molecules• Make nutrients available to autotrophs• Recyclers

Practice

• Get with a partner and work on a review on section 2.1!!

Do Now• Identify the following as either: Autotroph, Heterotroph,

Detritivore, Decomposer, or Scavenger

Organization of Matter and Energy

• Food Chain models the energy flow through an ecosystem.

• A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food.

• Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level.

Food Chain – Flow of Energy

Grass

Snake

Mouse

Energy

Energy Energy

Heat

Heat

But as food is eaten, heat is released!

Grass

Snake

Mouse

Energy

Energy

Food Web• A food web – is interconnected food chains and pathways in

which energy flows through a group of organisms.

• A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bW7PlTaawfQ

Think-Pair-Share

• 1. With the person sitting next to you.. Create a food chain with at least 4 different levels.

• Must include Grass.

• 2. SWITCH partners and combine your 3 food chains to form a food web.

Conclusion Activity

Do Now

• Match the following types of relationships to their examples

A. Commensalism 1. Hawks eat small snakes.

B .Mutualism 2. Leeches drain away your lifeblood and leave you with a scar.

C. Predation 3. Frog sits on a lilly pad to help it reach it’s prey. The lilly pad is not harmed.

D. Parasitism 4. The bacteria that live in tree roots create a source of usable nitrogen for the tree and a safe environment for the bacteria.

E. Competition 5. Several species of birds use the same trees to nest.

– To explain what an ecological pyramid is and what information it can give us.

– To understand the water cycle and it’s impact on life.

– To determine how both carbon and nitrogen are used and cycled.

Objectives

Diagram that can show the relative amounts of:energy

biomass

numbers of organisms

Biomass- Total mass of living matter at each trophic level

Ecological Pyramids

AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL!

• 90% of all energy is not transferred to the level above (energy is consumed at current level)

• Bio mass and # of organisms decrease at each level

Ecological Pyramids

• Please complete section 2.2 of the review worksheet!

Practice!

– Biogeochemical cycle- exchange of matter through the biosphere.

– Energy is transformed into usable forms

– Cycling of nutrients in the biosphere involves• Matter in living organisms • Physical processes found in the environment

– Ex. weathering

Cycles

Q: Why is it important to living organisms that nutrients cycle?

A: Cycling makes nutrients available for other organisms to use.

Q: What would happen if matter bound in living matter and never recycled?

A: Nutrients would eventually be depleted and life would cease to exist!

QUICK!

– Who remembers the water cycle from last year? What processes are involved?

Water cycle

Water cycle

• Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil.

• Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.

• Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways:1. Animals urinate.2. Organisms die.3. Organisms convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds. (Nitrogen Fixation)4. Denitrification: take fixed nitrogen and

convert it back to gas

Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen – needed to make proteins

• Conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called nitrogen fixation.

Nitrogen Cycle

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NKGS4bj7cc

Nitrogen Fixation

• How do humans influence the environment?

• Is this positive or negative?

• List some examples!

Do Now

• Humans have influenced about 83% of Earth’s surface:– Does this seem like a lot or a little?– Some areas are more vulnerable than others

why?

Human Impact

• Global population trends have an impact:

• Today’s global population approx. 7 billion people

• Year 2300=36 billion

• How will a growing population affect people’s access to food, water, and fuel? Wildlife habitats?

Human Impact

• You may work with a partner, or work individually.

• If you finish early, you may begin on your homework by measuring your own ecological footprint!

Activity!