emigration to the usa were there strategies to success?
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Emigration to the USA
Were there strategies to success?
Irish Emigration to the USA
Jewish Immigrants
• Came from severe oppression• To a nation that really did not welcome them• How did they become so successful?
Highest Income
Highest Level of Education
Most Occupational Prestige
The Irish Catholics came from a much more Primitive
Environment and are now
a close second in each category
• How?
• Why?
• Strategies?• By Chance?
• Luck OF THE IRISH?
The First Major Minority Group:
All of the urban pathologies we now associate with the
urban poor
Subsistence to Market
Rural to Urban
Non English to English Speakers
Roman Catholic
EarlierDuring the
Eighteenth-century
Ulster Irish* 1715, 1730, 1745
Irish Catholics from UlsterCaptured Indentures
* Cromwell sent over 100,000 Irish to Barbados
To Hell or Connaught (or Barbados)
Quaker Servants
Where the British Empire Where the British Empire GoesGoes
So go the Irish:So go the Irish:
as Soldiers, Servants, as Soldiers, Servants, Missionaries, Settlers, etc.Missionaries, Settlers, etc.
Ulster Presbyterian
Ulster Presbyterians become American Frontiersmen
Irish Catholics from Ulster become Protestant in America
Irish Catholic Indentures
Also, Anglo-Irish colonlists
33% to 40% of Washington’s Army was Irish
Many British thought it was an Irish rebellion,
or a Presbyterian rebellion
By 1789
The United Irishmen
Alien-Sedition Act
1. Colonial Period:Irish as Alien Servants and Frontiersmen
2. Revolutionary Period:Irish gained claim to patriotism
3. Early Republican Period:Irish convergence of talented, educated men
4. Jacksonian Period:Emphasis returns to mass immigration of unskilled laborPeriod of intense Anti-Irish activity
The Philadelphia Example
Philadelphia
1850 72,312 Irish born18% of city’s population
1860 95,458 Irish born 17% of city’s population
In NYC & Boston 23% of the populationNot counting 1st & 2nd generation
American Irish
Poor IrishPoor Irishin Phillyin Philly
2/3 of those in Alms House
were Irish
Alms Houses lent poor out as laborers
CHOLERA EPIDEMIC
Philadelphiavs. New York &
BostonQuaker vs. Dutch/Anglican Merchants
Quaker vs. Puritan Brahmin
Housing -- 1851New York 515,000
37,730 housesPhiladelphia 490,000
61,200 houses
HOUSES
Building and Loans
UNSKILLED WORKERS
Canals:Canals:Erie, Delaware & Chesapeake, Erie, Delaware & Chesapeake, New OrleansNew Orleans
RailroadsRailroads
COMPETITION WITH BLACK LABORS
IRISH MOVE INTO CITIES ENMASSE $3 paid forwarding agents for
fictitious RR jobs They could work 12 hours for 87.5
cents a day Much lower than African Americans See Want-ads in Boston & Philly papers
NINA
ENTREPRENEURSENTREPRENEURS
Entrepreneurs Raise the Irish to New Levels 1850 48% of Irish were unskilled laborers
This has NO parallel with any other immigrant group
But only 33% of Philly’s Irish were unskilled laborers
18501850Only 1% of Boston Only 1% of Boston Irish were grocersIrish were grocers
185720% of Philly’s grocers were Irish
12% of Philly’s Dry Goods Merchants were Irish
SEVEN YEARS CANNOT MAKE THAT
MUCH OF A DIFFERENCE!
Easier Upward Mobility the Further west they settled
Chicago- But remember Mrs. O’Leary’s cow, Daniel
“Peg leg” Sullivan, and Mother Jones. San Francisco
Shanghai’d 1848 -- 1849ers
Upward MobilityPriesthood & Religious LifePolitics
Police Firemen
Labor UnionsNationalism
Key to Success:
Entrepreneurism
Fields Dominated by the
Irish in the 19th & early 20th centuries
BoxersSportsmen
SingersActors
Paddy IrishMusiciansOrganized Crime
BUT,These fields did not lead
to upward mobility
Except for a select few
CATHOLIC SCHOOLS
Protestant BiblesProselytize CatholicsHarass Children
Developed an Americanized
Catholic Culture, not a
Celtic or Gaelic Catholic Culture
Prior to 1860Boston has only 4 Catholic schools
PHILLY HAD 19
Irish Construction Companies Build Catholic Churches & Schools
Irish Catholic WorkersIrish Catholic Workers
Workers can afford homesWorkers can afford homes
NATIVISTS RIOTSBIBLE BIBLE
CONTROVERSARYCONTROVERSARYHARASSMENT OF HARASSMENT OF
CATHOLIC CHLDRENCATHOLIC CHLDREN
ST AUGUSTINE’S
FR. PATRICK E. MORIARTY
How did the Jews become the richest and most educated ethnic group in the
United States?
U
Why were Jews able to become the
richest and most educated ethnic
group in the U.S.?
EXILES
98% of all Jews in the Russian Empire lived inPoverty, Persecution, and Overcrowded Conditions
They could not own land in the Russian Empire
Concentrate on urban skills & trades
1899 – 1914 64% were Skilled Workers from
Polish Pale
1902 – 1911 38% were Skilled Workers in Austria-
Hungary
-Market Economy-Factories pushed many Jews
out of the trades.
Russian peasants moved into cities and took factory jobs
Peasants need cash to pay rent for land
They go to labor markets/ They go to labor markets/ migrant farm workersmigrant farm workers
Then, migrant factory workersThen, migrant factory workersThen , urban factory workersThen , urban factory workers
Finally, emigrantsFinally, emigrants
Common Story of Emigration
Tradesmen go off to work in factories
Then, they emigrateAs tradesmen in USA
As factory workers in USA
JEWS in
USA
Older German Jews had been accepted by the WASPS
Newer Eastern European Jews were rejected by the
wasps
YIDDISH
German Jews forced Eastern European Jews to change their
names to Germanic namesGoldberg, Greenburg,
German Jews set up education programs Middle Class ValuesWASP Middle Class
Values
Los Angles
2nd Stage Settlement
Overcomes the divisions b/t German & East European Jews
Harlem
Institutions promoted
acculturation which allowed
retention of Jewish religious
heritage
•Taught English•Found Jobs
•Taught the Talmud & Torah
•Intense Instruction in Rabbinic Text
•American Orthodoxy
Promoted Americanization
Middle Class Models for Ghetto Youth
Catholic Schools did the same
Unions&
Entrepreneurs
EducationJews did not go to school
at 1stEducation in Europe-- Shtel
Ritualistic
Conservative – not Modern
Previous Mercantile & Banking Experience served Jews
well
Economic Success proceeded
Commitment to Education
Most German Jewish sons stayed in Father’s business
Many Discouraged Sons from education, especially from Classics &
Economics
Still,1905 --- 54% of Jewish households headed by
Manuel Laborers> 3% were professionals
New York GangsBugsy Siegel, Myer Lansky
Dutch Schultz
Philadelphia: Boo Boo Hoff
Russian Jews did quit school later than nonJews
ButOn a “Retarded” Test
Two or more Grades Behind their Peers
64% Italians42% Jews16% Swedes
Jewish entrepreneurship led to upward mobility
Tradition of nonland-owning people
They had to deal with money – buying & selling
They established a Middle Class
Children or Grandchildren sent to College and enter professions
Education, Academics, Law, Medicine, Politics
Jewish Tradesmen in the unions sent children to college
Opportunities available within the Jewish community
They too became professionals
By 1920s, there were “too many” Jews in
HarvardThreats of “quotas” were made
From EuropeMiddlemenArmeniansLebaneseChinese
Jews
Similar story for Irish Catholics (the other exiles)
Real Upward Mobility came through the entrepreneurs:
Grocers, Saloonkeepers, Construction Companies
Then, professionalsBy 1920s, there was a greater percentage of
Irish Catholics in college than there were WASPs
American Italians
http://njitalia.nj.gov/curriculum/section3.htm
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