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First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project
Santiago, Chile 13-16 October 2003
Pedro Oyola, CONAMA
GoodGood to RegularRegularBadCritical
Meteorological Conditions
Air Pollution = Emission + Ventilation
The ventilation indicators for Santiago are
Meteorological Conditions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Ventilation Conditions during Critical Episods
Bad Critical
90
66
7568
53
92 90
PM10 REDUCTION WINTER PERIOD AT MACAM NETWORK
Material Particulado PM10 Comparación Período Invernal 1997-2003
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Pudahuel Cerrillos Parque OH La Florida La Paz El Bosque Las Condes
Ind
ice
IC
AP
1997 2003
43%
35%31% 34% 44%
8%
36%
0
10
20
30
40
Nu
mb
er
of
Ep
iso
de
s
Comparison between observed episodes1997 vs 2003
1997
2003
1997 38 37 17
2003 21 4 0
Alert Pre Emergency Emergency
Less Exposure
PM10 Episodes at Pudahuel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
ICA
P In
dex
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Location of the stations
Conchalí
Renca
Parque
Usach
Maipú
Santiago campaign 2002
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Enero
Febre
ro
Mar
zoAbr
il
May
oJu
nio Julio
Agosto
Septie
mbr
e
Octubr
e
Noviem
bre
Diciem
bre
MP
2,5
(ug
/cm
3 )
Pudahuel
Parque
Las Condes
2001
PM2,5
Increase in PM during winter
MP(10-2,5) 20010
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Enero
Febre
ro
Mar
zoAbr
il
May
oJu
nio
Julio
Agosto
Septie
mbr
e
Octubr
e
Novie
mbr
e
Diciem
bre
MP
(10-
2,5)
Parque
Pudahuel
Most of the increase is due to PM2,5
PM(10 – 2,5)
Comparison of a between the monioring stations
Junio
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hora
Co
ef.
de
Ab
s. (
1/k
m)
Usach
Parque
Julio
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hora
Co
ef.
de
Ab
s. (
1/k
m)
Usach
Parque
Renca
Conchalí
Agosto
0
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hora
Co
ef.
de
Ab
s.
(1/k
m)
Usach
Parque
Renca
Conchalí
Maipú
USACH and Parque have similar levels
Conchalí, Renca and Maipú have lower levels
Area with high EC pollution is confined to
downtown and the west of the city
Conchalí
Renca
Parque
Usach
Maipú
Transport of pollution from Parque to Pudahuel ?
Parque O'Higgins, 2000
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time
Ra
tio
(P
M2
,5/P
M1
0)
ENERO FEBRERO MARZO
ABRIL MAYO JUNIO
Pudahuel, 2000
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Time
Rat
io (
PM
2,5/
PM
10)
ENERO FEBRERO MARZO
ABRIL MAYO JUNIO
Conclusions
An explanation for the increasing of particle matter in Pudahuel is due to airborne transport of PM2,5 from downtown
The area with high levels of particle matter at night is located in a sector between Pudahuel, Usach and Parque, excluding Renca, Maipú o Conchalí.
This is a consequence of poor ventilation and topographical conditions of the valley
Site ICAP Quality
1 SANTIAGO ORIENTE- PROVIDENCIA 43 Good
2 INDEPENDENCIA- RECOLETA 61 Good3 LA FLORIDA-MACUL- PEÑALOLÉN 74 Good4 LAS CONDES- VITACURA 16 Good5 SANTIAGO SUR 87 Good6 PUDAHUEL-LO PRADO-CERRO 349 Critical7 CERRILLOS- MAIPÚ 85 Good8 EL BOSQUE- LO ESPEJO-SAN 100 Good9 C° NAVIA (Estación Móvil de Apoyo) 260 Bad
Sunday JULY 14th, 2002ICAP : Particle Air Quality Index at 10 hrs (GMT - 4)
http://www.sesma.cl/
Histórico Diario
MACAM Network 2
Parque O’Higgins
2001 and 2003
Pudahuel2000, 2002 and 2003
AIM To characterize and compare the Secondary Inorganic Aerosol Fraction at two different stations in Santaago
IN PM 2.5: -Nitrate-Nitrite-Sulphate-Chloruride-Ammonia-Potassium (2003)- Calcium (2003)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
27.0
6/18
:00
28.0
6/18
:00
29.0
6/18
:00
30.0
6/18
:00
01.0
7/18
:00
02.0
7/18
:00
04.0
7/18
:00
05.0
7/18
:00
06.0
7/18
:00
07.0
7/18
:00
08.0
7/18
:00
11.0
7/18
:00
12.0
7/18
:00
13.0
7/18
:00
14.0
7/18
:00
15.0
7/18
:00
16.0
7/18
:00
17.0
7/18
:00
18.0
7/18
:00
19.0
7/18
:00
20.0
7/18
:00
PM
2.5
Co
mp
on
en
ts [
µg/m
3 ]
0
50
100
150
200
250
PM
2.5
[µg
/m3 ]
anions + NH4+CorgCelemPM 2.5
Night
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
27.0
6/06
:00
28.0
6/06
:00
29.0
6/06
:00
30.0
6/06
:00
01.0
7/06
:00
02.0
7/06
:00
03.0
7/06
:00
05.0
7/06
:00
06.0
7/06
:00
07.0
7/06
:00
08.0
7/06
:00
09.0
7/06
:00
12.0
7/06
:00
13.0
7/06
:00
14.0
7/06
:00
15.0
7/06
:00
16.0
7/06
:00
17.0
7/06
:00
18.0
7/06
:00
19.0
7/06
:00
20.0
7/06
:00
PM
2.5
Co
mp
on
ents
[µg
/m3 ]
0
50
100
150
200
250
PM
2.5
[µg
/m3 ]
Corg
Celem
anions + NH4+
PM 2.5
Day
Diurnal Sampling06:00 to 18:00 h
Overnight Sampling18:00 a 6:00 h
Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002)
NIGHT
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
27.0
6/18
:00
28.0
6/18
:00
29.0
6/18
:00
30.0
6/18
:00
01.0
7/18
:00
02.0
7/18
:00
04.0
7/18
:00
05.0
7/18
:00
06.0
7/18
:00
07.0
7/18
:00
08.0
7/18
:00
11.0
7/18
:00
12.0
7/18
:00
13.0
7/18
:00
14.0
7/18
:00
15.0
7/18
:00
16.0
7/18
:00
17.0
7/18
:00
18.0
7/18
:00
19.0
7/18
:00
20.0
7/18
:00
an
ion
s a
nd
N
H4
+ [µg
/m3 ]
0
50
100
150
200
250
PM
2.5
[µg
/m3 ]
Cl- NO3-
SO4= NH4+
PM 2.5
DIURNO
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
27.0
6/06
:00
28.0
6/06
:00
29.0
6/06
:00
30.0
6/06
:00
01.0
7/06
:00
02.0
7/06
:00
03.0
7/06
:00
05.0
7/06
:00
06.0
7/06
:00
07.0
7/06
:00
08.0
7/06
:00
09.0
7/06
:00
12.0
7/06
:00
13.0
7/06
:00
14.0
7/06
:00
15.0
7/06
:00
16.0
7/06
:00
17.0
7/06
:00
18.0
7/06
:00
19.0
7/06
:00
20.0
7/06
:00
an
ion
es y
NH 4
+ [µg
/m3 ]
0
50
100
150
200
250
PM
2.5
[µg
/m3 ]
Cl- NO3-
SO4= NH4+
PM 2.5
Day
Cl-2%
NO3-21%
SO4=9%
NH4+9%Corg
40%
Celem19%
Over Night
Otros22%
Cl-2%
NO3-8%
SO4=4%
NH4+3%
Celem20%
Corg40%
PM 2.5= 41.2 µg/m3 PM 2.5= 76,3 µg/m3
Pudahuel (June 22 – July 31, 2002)
Diurnal Sampling06:00 to 18:00 h
Overnight Sampling18:00 a 6:00 h
Concentraciones de K+, PM 2.5 y PM 10, Parque O'Higgins, 25 de junio al 20 de julio de 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
25.0
6.03
/18:
00
26.0
6.03
/18:
00
27.0
6.03
/18:
00
28.0
6.03
/18:
00
03.0
7.03
/06:
00
04.0
7.03
/06:
00
05.0
7.03
/06:
00
06.0
7.03
/06:
00
09.0
7.03
/18:
00
10.0
7.03
/18:
00
11.0
7.03
/18:
00
12.0
7.03
/18:
00
13.0
7.03
/18:
00
17.0
7.03
/06:
00
18.0
7.03
/06:
00
19.0
7.03
/06:
00
20.0
7.03
/06:
00
K+ µ
g/m
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
µg
/m3 P
M 2
.5 y
PM10
K+ PM2,5 (P. O'Higgins)PM10( P. O'Higgins)
Concentraciones de K+, PM 2.5 y PM 10, Pudahuel 25 de junio al 20 de julio de 2003
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
K+ µ
g/m
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
µg
/m3 P
M 2
.5 y
PM
K+ PM2,5 (Pudahuel)PM10 (Pudahuel)
Parque O’Higgins
PUDAHUEL
PM10, PM2.5 and Potassium
June 25 to July 20, 2003
Wet Deposition
• Rain regime show important variation at the Metropolitan Region (MR).
• Dew water i.s an important cleaning factor to remove pollutants from the MR atmosphere.
• The dew water is strong mineralize in comparison with rain water at the MR atmosphere
VALUES OF IONS CONCENTRATION MEASURED IN RAIN AND DEW WATERS
1995-2002 ( Concentrations in microequivalent/L)
DEW WATER
YEARNº VolumenpH NO2-NO3
-SO4-2Cl- NH4
+Ca Na K Mg R2O2pesadossamplesmL Cu,Fe,Pb, Mn
1995 36 6570 5.4 78 77 435 28 419 505 128 80 45 2,5-43-0,81996 19 1510 5.5 47 238 901 86 538 703 77 26 921997 22 3210 6.2 105 137 337 85 445 485 34 7 103 2.2 2,0-111998 35 2950 6.2 177 117 438 84 718 364 41 16 40 1.71999 14 1695 6.6 122 93 177 56 748 284 15 10 25 2.32000 26 3170 6.9 205 81 302 86 570 398 103 43 38 0,7-3,72001 27 3075 6.6 151 91 199 72 193 30 149 38 5.1 0.5-4.9-, 3.12002 35 3982 6.7 323 217 259 333 253 352 161 27 3.0 0-22
RAIN WATER
1995 13 3075 3.7 0.9 40 86 22 27 53 13 3 31996 7 2430 4.8 1 67 134 24 34 51 21 4 26 5.01997 11 5400 5.8 16 35 14 67 54 3 2 12 5.4 1,5-4,61998 3 280 5.1 1.51999 11 1652 5.5 2 15 31 8 106 28 2 1 4 4.22000 11 5852 5.5 LD 5 16 LD 30 2 2 1 12001 15 7.22002 2.1
Composición Química de Rocíos. Santiago
Studies under development
• Dew chemical composition.
• Surface effects.
• Kinetically decomposition of peroxides.
• Depositions profiles and y re-evaporation.
• HONO re-evaporation efficiency.
• Relation between gas phase and dew water concentrations.
Dew Water Chemical Composition
• Neutral pH and clearly alkaline.
• Concentrations reach mM levels.
• nitrite >> nitrate
HONO Re-evaporation
• Between 60 - 95 % of the nitrite is re-emited by the evaporation of the dew.
• A layer of 100 meters high will contribute by aprox. 2.4 ppb. An equivalent amount of HO* radicals are produce at early mornings hours.
• This re-evaporation has an important role in the photochemical process at the Metropolitan Area (early ozone formation)
PAN/OZONE
• There is a strong correlation between PAN and Ozone.
Max value - 22 ppb at 12-13 hours.
• Night < 1 ppb
• PAN is a critical issue
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:000
20
40
60
80
100
1215
Hrs86 ppb
O3
O3 pp
b
Horas
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1200
Hrs5.9 ppb
PAN 19/12/02
PA
N p
pb
00:00 04:00 08:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 24:000
20
40
60
80
100
120
1427
Hrs104 ppb
O3
pp
b
X Axis Title
O3
0
2
4
6
8
1220
Hrs6.6 ppb
PAN 08/01/03
PA
N p
pb
PAH Santiago 1 P.O´Higgins 2 P.O´Higgins 2 Pudahuel 2 Pudahuel 2
Agosto-98 Agosto-01 Prom. 2001 Agosto-02 Prom. 2002Nombre comp./Concent. ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3Acenaftileno s.i. n.d 2.34 15.87 13.72Acenafteno s.i. 1 3.11 11.03 8.98Fluoreno 15.8 6.54 14.39 20.45 11.94Fenantreno 27.95 18.44 13.97 86.11 62.88Antraceno 3.1 6.43 6.53 9.12 11.1Fluoranteno 7.2 2.56 3.04 10.91 5.78Pireno 8.42 3.73 3.27 12.13 11.16Benz(a)antraceno 8.52 1.93 1.37 3.20 6.16Criseno s.i. 2.01 1.35 2.19 3.29Benzo(b)F+ Benzo(k)F 36.42 18.12 26.86 459.32 441.73Benzo(a)pireno 10.89 1.19 3.3 3.69 3.72Dibenz(a,h)antraceno s.i. 0.82 2.08 2.85 1.96Benzo(g,h,i)perileno 37.78 n.d 0.27 0.54 0.68Indeno (1,2,3 c,d)pi 9.67 1 1.49 0.76 0.61SUMA TOTAL DE HAP 165.76 63.86 83.38 638.15 583.71
HAPs meses y período completo (Jun-Oct) en ng/m3 considerando Filtro + PUF
1 Tsapakis, M., Lagoudaki, E., Stephanou, E.G., Kavouras, I.G., Koutrakis, P., Oyola, P. and von Baer, D.: Study of the Composition and Sources of PM2,5 Organic Aerosol in Urban Areas of Chile
2 F. Cereceda-Balic, et al: Monitoreo en Parque O´Higgins, campaña 2001
PAH Concentration in ng/mPAH Concentration in ng/m33
(filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002(filter +PUF) in 1998, 2001 y 2002
% of the total PAHs % of the total PAHs v/s (BBF+BKF) y PHENv/s (BBF+BKF) y PHEN
PUF14%
74%
12%
PHEN BBF+BKF demás HAPs
Filtro2%15%
83%PHEN BBF+BKF demás HAPs
Filtro + PUF
11%13%
76%
PHEN BBF+BKF demás HAPs
• A direct correlation between observed critical episodes and A direct correlation between observed critical episodes and PAHs concentrations was observedPAHs concentrations was observed
Results Results
BAP average concentrations in [ng/mBAP average concentrations in [ng/m33],], Filters and PUFs Filters and PUFs (Jun-Oct, 2001)(Jun-Oct, 2001)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CO
NC
EN
TR
AC
ION
(n
g/m
3)
21.0
610
.07
07.0
813
.08
14.0
816
.08
17.0
918
.09
19.0
926
.09
02.1
0
BENZO(a)PIRENO
Filtro PUF
Corresponding to National festivities Corresponding to National festivities September 17, 18 y 19September 17, 18 y 19
Critical episode starting with alert Critical episode starting with alert going to pre-emergencygoing to pre-emergency
Acknowledgements
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