organ system cell organism organ tissue

AnatomyChapter1

_____________________isthestudyofthestructureandshapeofthebodyanditsparts.Canbestudiedonthe_____________________andinclude________________,______________________and______________________.Examplesinclude…_____________________isthestudyofhowthebodyanditspartsworkorfunction.Examplesinclude…Placethefollowingwordsinorderofincreasingcomplexity.ORGANSYSTEMCELLORGANISMORGANTISSUE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________*Knowtheorderofdecreasingcomplexityaswell.

BodySystems

____________________________________________-theexternalcoveringofthebody(__________________)Whatarethefunctionsoftheskin?

•

•

Whataresometypesofdamagetheskincanincur?Whatistheskeletalsystemcomposedof?Whatisitsfunction?Whatarethefourfunctionsofthemuscularsystem?

•

•

•

•

Isthenervoussystemfastorslowaction?Whatisthefunctionofthenervoussystem?Whatisregulatedbytheendocrinesystem?Whatissecretedbytheendocrinesystem?Listsixglands:Whatpumpsthebloodaroundthecirculatorysystem?Whatistransportedaroundthecirculatorysystem?

Whatarethethreefunctionsofthelymphaticsystem?

•

•

• Howdoestherespiratorysystemmaintainproperlevelsofgasses?Whatorgansareused?Whatarethefunctionsofthedigestivesystem?

Whatiseliminatedfromtheexcretorysystem?Whatisregulated?Whatisthefunctionofthereproductivesystem?Whatisproducedbythemalereproductivesystem?Howdoesthefemalereproductivesystemprepareforanewbaby?

•

•

•

•

Labelthefollowingonthediagram.SmallIntestines,Heart,Lungs,Liver,Stomach,LargeIntestinesandthePharynx. Labelthefollowingonthediagram.SmallIntestines,Heart,Lungs,BloodVessels,Stomach,andLargeIntestines.

Howdidthelargeintestinesgettheirname?

MaintainingBoundaries

Keepsthebody’sinternalenvironmentdistinctfromtheexternalenvironment.Movement-Includesalltheactivitiespromotedbythe_________________________system.Examplesinclude:Responsiveness-Abilitytoreactto__________________________________.

� Majorroleofthe_______________________________system.Digestion-Foodingestedisbrokendowntoitschemical__________________________________.Metabolism-All_______________________________reactionsthatoccurwithinbodycells.

� ____________________________________complexmoleculesintosmalleronesandmakeslarger

moleculesfromsmallerones.

� Usesnutrientsandoxygentoproduce___________.Processcalled_______________________________

� Regulatedbyhormonessecretedbytheglandsoftheendocrinesystem.

Excretion-Eliminationof________________________________bythelungsandeliminationof________________________wastesbythekidneys.Reproduction-Providesnewcellsfor_____________________________and____________________.Growth-Increasethenumberofcells___________________thantheyare_______________________.

SurvivalNeeds

Nutrients-Takeninviathedietandcontainchemicalsusedforenergyandcellbuilding.Examplesinclude:Water-_________________%ofthebody’sweightthatprovidesfluidforbody’s

__________________________________and___________________________________

Oxygen-Oxygenisnecessarytoreleaseenergyfromchemicalreactionsthattakeplaceinthebody.

� Neededtorelease____________________________fromfood.

• ________%oftheairwebreatheisoxygen.BodyTemperature-Mustremainat___________(____________)Whathappensifthetempistoohighortoolow?

• TooLow-

• TooHigh-AtmosphericPressure-Breathingdependsonthepressureexertedonthebody.

� Ifthealtitudeistoohigh(lowerpressure)gasexchangemaybetolowtosupportmetabolicactivity.

� Mountainclimbersneedtobringoxygentanksbecauseoxygenisneededtosupportmetabolicactivities.

Homeostasis-Thetendencyofthebody’ssystemstomaintainarelatively______________________orbalancedinternalenvironment.HomeostaticControlMechanisms-Communicationbetweenorgansystemsisessential.

� The_________________________________and_________________________________systemsarechieflyresponsiblethroughchemicalorelectricalresponses.

Receptor-Asensorthatmonitorschangesintheenvironmentcalledstimuli.MessageissenttothecontrolcenteralongtheafferentpathwayControlCenter-Analyzestheinformationfromthereceptoranddeterminestheappropriateresponse.Effector-Controlcenterdeterminestheresponseandactivatestheeffector.

� Providesthemeansforthecontrolcentersresponsetothestimulusalongtheefferentpathway.

� Theeffectorisusuallyamuscleorgland.

NegativeFeedbackMechanism-Theneteffectoftheresponsetothestimulusisto

____________________________________theoriginalstimulusorreduceitseffects.

� Example-bodyreleasesinsulinwhensugarisingested.

� Mostcommonfeedbacksysteminthebody.

PositiveFeedbackMechanisms-____________________________or___________________________theoriginalstimulus.

� Examplesarebloodclottingorthebirthofababy.

LanguageofAnatomy

Anteriormeans_____________________________andposteriormeans________________________Anatomicalpositioniswhensomeoneisfacingyouwiththeirhandsandfeetparallelandpalmsarefacingoutward.

MedialvsLateralMedial-Lateral-

ProximalvsDistalProximal-Distal-

UprightvsA4-LeggedAnimal

Topoftheorganism-_____________________________.Bottomoftheorganism-_________________________

Yourfeetare_______________________________toyourkneesThefrontofyourbodyis__________________________________Yournoseis_____________________________________toyoureyesYourheadis_______________________________________toyourfeet

Frontal-TransverseMidsagittal-

BodyCavitiesDorsalBodyCavities-Completelysurroundedbybone

•

• VentralBodyCavities-Partiallysurroundedbybone

•

•

•

Theabdominalandpelviccavitiesaretypicallycalledthe___________________________________cavityThe______________________________separatesthethoracicfromtheabdominalcavity