organic molecules organic a. also called organic molecules b. organic means made of carbon(c),...

Organic Molecules

I. The 4 Life Substances

A. Also called organic molecules

B. Organic means made of carbon(C), hydrogen(H), and oxygen(O).

C. Inorganic means NOT made of C, H, and O. Ex: water

Building large molecules of lifeChain together smaller molecules

building block molecules = monomers

Big molecules built from little moleculespolymers

Small molecules = monomers

Bond them together = polymers

Building large organic molecules

Building important polymers

sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar

nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide

Carbohydrates = built from sugars

Proteins = built from amino acids

Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

How to build large moleculesDehydration Synthesis

building bigger molecules from smaller molecules

A water molecule is lostbuilding cells & bodies

repair growth reproduction

+

ATP

How to take large molecules apartHydrolysis/Digestion

taking big molecules apartHydrolysis splits molecules using watergetting raw materials

for synthesis & growthmaking energy (ATP)

for synthesis, growth & everyday functions

+

ATP

The Organic Molecules are:

1. Lipids

a. The monomers (or building blocks) are glycerol and fatty acids.

Polymer—?

b. Lipid functions include:

1. Is the main component of the cell membrane.

2. Long-term energy storage

3. Padding, insulation, and flotation

c. Lipid examples: fats, oils, and waxes

d. Specific examples: cholesterol and other steroids, some hormones

e. Lipid model: Contains: C,H,OG fatty acidLYCE fatty acidROL fatty acid

Lipids

2. Proteinsa. The monomers are

amino acids.

*There are 20 different amino acids. The amino acids are held together by peptide bonds.

Amino Acid monomers

15

Proteins--Amino Acid Structure

Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it:Amino group –NH2

Carboxyl group -COOH

Hydrogen -H

Side group -R

Amino

group

Carboxylgroup

R group

Side groups

Leucine -hydrophobic

Serine-hydrophillic

Copyright Cmassengale

(Proteins continued)

b. Protein functions include:

1. Make up tissues (or build structure) in organisms

2. Speed up chemical reactions as enzymes (called catalysts)

3. Is a component of the cell membrane

c. Protein Examples: enzymes, antibodies, some hormones

d. Examples of foods containing protein:

meats, eggs, beans, nuts

e. Protein model:

Contains: C,H,O, and nitrogen (N)

amino acid—amino acid—amino acid—amino acid

(Most proteins have 100-1000 amino acids.)

19

Protein Structures or CONFORMATIONS

Hydrogen bond

Pleated sheet

Amino acid

(a) Primary structure

Hydrogen bond

Alpha helix

(b) Secondary structure

Polypeptide(single subunit)

(c) Tertiary structure

(d) Quaternary structure

Copyright Cmassengale

3. Carbohydratesa. Monomers are monosaccharides.

b. Function: stores and releases energy

c. 3 categories of carbohydrates are:

1. monosaccharides—Also called simple sugars

examples: glucose, fructose (fruit sugar)

2. disaccharides—Made of 2 simple sugars

example: sucrose

3. polysaccharides—Made of many simple sugars

examples:

starch (as in potatoes, rice, pasta, etc.)

cellulose (in plant cell walls)

glycogen (for animal energy storage)

d. Carbohydrate model:Contains: C, H, OThis is only an EXAMPLE!!!

glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose----glucose

(This is a polysaccharide.)

Carbohydrates

26

e. In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form ring structures.

Copyright Cmassengale

4. Nucleic Acidsa. The monomers are

nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base.

b. Nucleic acid examples:

DNA, RNA, and ATP

c. Nucleic acid functions:

DNA—contains genetic information

RNA—helps to make proteins

ATP—stores energy

d. Nucleic Acid model:nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide

e. Nucleotide model:Contains: C,H,O,N, and phosphorus (P)

phosphate

sugarnitrogen base

31

Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base

(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

BaseSugar

Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.

NucleotideCopyright Cmassengale