patton mallory it3 feedstock sustainability quantity supply competition feb16 2010 final
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Biomass Feedstock Sustainability, Quantity, and Supply Competition
IssuesMarcia Patton-Mallory, PhDBioenergy and Climate Change Specialist
US Forest Service/Western Forestry Leadership Coalition
2010 International Conference on Thermal Treatment Technologies and Hazardous Waste Combustion
San Francisco, CAMay 18, 2010
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Major Topics:
• Forestry- biomass and forest management- a model system
• Sustainability- general concepts and examples
• Bioenergy Feedstock Supply
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FORESTRY:
A MODEL SYSTEM FOR BIOENERGY
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Uses
Fuels:− Ethanol− Other Liquid Fuels− Hydrogen
Electricity and Heat
Biobased Products– Composites– Specialty Products– New Products– Chemicals– Traditional Products
Forestry: The Opportunity and Potential
Conversion
- Manufacturing- Co-firing- Combustion- Gasification - Hydrolysis- Digestion- Pyrolysis- Extraction- Separation
Feedstock
- Forest Residues- Hazardous Fuel
Forest Treatments- Short Rotation
Woody Crops- Wood Waste- Conventional - Mill Waste &
Residues
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Forest Management and Biomass
• Large volumes of biomass
• Fire risks
• Declining forest health
• Declining infrastructure
• Industry decline
• Offshore investments and imports
• Worker (capacity) shortage
• Reduced investments
• Markets and barriers
• Cyclic booms and busts
• No markets
• Higher costs
• Very distributed
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Public vs. Private ForestsLand Ownership Matters…
East
9% federalWest
58% federal
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Managing our lands for energy, food and fiber
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What we need from Forests
• Wood• Water• Non-wood products• Recreational opportunities• Habitats• Climate change mitigation• Energy
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What we need from Agriculture
• Food• Feed• Fiber• Recreational opportunities• Habitats• Climate change mitigation• Energy
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BIOENERGY SUSTAINABILITY
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Dimensions of Sustainability• Economic
– New linkages in markets – energy – food - wood products– Direct effects (supply, demand, and cost and price)– International trade– Jobs in rural areas
• Environmental– Direct and Indirect land use effects– Soil health, water quantity and quality, air quality, biodiversity
and habitat, GHG emissions, GMO and invasive species– Ecosystem services- co-production on a landscape
• Social– Regional, National, and International– New Energy Economy- renewable and advanced technology– Labor rights, land rights and participation– Energy Security and Food Security– Cultural and Spiritual Values
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Not all biomass feedstocks are the same!
• Grain-based (food, feed)• Sugar-based (food)• Oil plant (food, oilseeds)• Cellulosic (herbacious energy crops)• Cellulosic (woody energy crops)• Waste recycling (tallow, grease)• Residues (crop, forest, urban wood
diversion from landfills, C&D waste)
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Key challenges for sustainable biomass energy production
• Farmer and forest landowner engagement and interest in sustainability for new industry
• Developing the value proposition for converting to sustainable biomass production
• Help ensure that sustainability is part of the platform on which this industry is built
Ref: Discussion during DOE Biomass 2009 meeting-http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/biomass_2009_track_1.html
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Challenges to Sustainability
FeedstockManagement
OriginalConditions
EnvironmentalAttributes
FeedstockExtent on
Landscape
Feedstock Location
FeedstockType
AddressAll
Dimensions
Ref: Dale and Kline, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Production
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Challenges to Sustainability
Transport to Market
Location ofRefinery
GHG Emissions
Water Use
NetEnergy
Transport of Feedstock
AddressAll
Dimensions
Ref: Dale and Kline, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Conversion
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Examples of Sustainability Criteria
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Sustainability Frameworks- examples• International Dialog
– Global Bioenergy Partnership– Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels– EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
• National Dialog– Interagency working group on sustainability– EISA 2007 Renewable Fuels Standard: Biofuels mandate-
renewable biomass definition– National Renewable Electricity Standard - dialog in progress
• States– Best Management Practices (water quality)– Biomass Harvesting Guidelines
• Certification- Forestry– Council on Sustainable Biomass Production (bioenergy from non-
food feedstocks)– SFI and FSC (sustainable forestry certification)
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Example Sustainability CriteriaThe Council on Sustainable Biomass Production (CSBP)
• Voluntary sustainability principles and standards for the production of feedstocks for second generation biorefineries
• Focus on dedicated fuel crops, crop residues, purpose-grown wood, and forestry residues in North America
• Full complement of sustainability issues through principles, criteria, and indicators applicable to both agriculture and silviculture.
Ref: www.csbp.org
Example Sustainability CriteriaThe Council on Sustainable Biomass Production (CSBP)
Components include:
1. Climate Change 2. Biological Diversity and Productivity 3. Water Quality and Quantity 4. Soil Quality 5. Socio-Economic Well-being 6. Integrated Resource Management Planning
19Ref: www.csbp.org
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Example Sustainability Criteria
Environmental• Conserve Carbon• Conserve Biodiversity• Sustainable water• Soil Conservation• Air Quality
Social• Worker’s rights• Land rights• Food security and
availability• Share benefit locally
World Wildlife Foundation
“the right crops and trees in the right place with the right techniques”
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25x ‘25 Coalition - Sustainability Principles
• Access• Air Quality• Biodiversity• Community Economic
Benefits• Efficiency and
Conservation• Greenhouse Gas
Emissions• Invasive and Non-
Native Species
• Opportunities• Public Lands• Soil Erosion• Soil Quality• Special Areas• Technology• Water Quality• Water Quantity• Wildlife
http://www.25x25.org/storage/25x25/documents/SustainabilityPrinciples/sustainability_principles3-7-08.pdf
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Other Approaches• Specify/limit feedstock and land that qualify for
incentives – EISA 2007- RFS renewable biomass definition
• Specify Net GHG or Net Energy – EISA 2007- RFS “advanced biofuel” LCA– Low carbon fuels standard– Potential efficiency standards in national Renewable
Electricity Standard– Carbon Neutrality monitoring through National GHG
emission inventory by sector (Forestry and Land use accounts for bioenergy implicitly through change in carbon stocks, so “carbon neutral” in energy sector)
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FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY, QUANTITY AND COMPETITION
24Ref: http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html
Biorefinery Concept• Pre-pulping
• Standalone
• Increase values
• Maintain competitiveness
• Reduce oil dependency
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Biomass supply curves- Dry Tons/Year
States:AZCACOHIIDKSMTNDNMNVOKORSDTXUTWAWY
Western Governor’s Association- Strategic Assessment of Bioenergy in the West (2008)
Totals 2 quads/year at $50/dry ton
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Forest Biomass- Supply Curve
Western Governor’s Association- Strategic Assessment of Bioenergy in the West (2008)
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Ag Residue - supply curve
Western Governor’s Association- Strategic Assessment of Bioenergy in the West (2008)
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Biorefinery Potential - Generation/Plant Location
Western Governor’s Association- Strategic Assessment of Bioenergy in the West (2008)
Biodiesel feedstockCellulosic feedstock
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Target Price ResultsBiofuels Produced at the Target Price
Feedstocks Consumed at the Target Price
Target Prices (wholesale) –Gasoline Substitutes: $2.40/gge
Diesel Substitutes: $2.36/gge(gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent)
Western Governor’s Association- Strategic Assessment of Bioenergy in the West (2008)
11.3 Billion Gallons Total
30Ref: The Economics of Biomass Production in the United States, R.Graham et al, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1995Ref: Switchgrass Production in Iowa: Economic Analysis, soil suitability, and varietal performance, Oak Ridge National Lab 2002
Farm Gate price does not include storage or delivery, which can be high for herbaceous energy crops.
Others estimate with storage and delivery costs range from $75-100/MT
Switchgrass Supply
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Relative Cost for Feedstock- power sector
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/analysispaper/biomass/
Varies with location
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Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP)
• Rules released February 8, 2010• Assists agriculture and forest landowners
with establishment and production of eligible crops including woody biomass for conversion to bioenergy
• Assistance for collection, harvest, storage and transportation of eligible material for use in eligible biomass conversion facilities
Ref: BCAP web site: http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=ener&topic=bcap
Southeastern Wood-Using Bioenergy Projects
Data source: Wood Bioenergy South, October 2009.Wood Bioenergy South tracks announced and operating wood-consuming energy projects across the US South. Updated monthly.www.foriskstore.com
Feedstock Competition
Consider Existing Infrastructure
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Consider Other New Facilities
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Biofuels that make sense…• Use material that would otherwise have negative
environmental consequences– Reduces wildfire, improves forest health, protects
watersheds, and provides habitat• Produced on marginal lands with minimal inputs
– Water, fertilizer, and low impact harvesting• Production is scaled to match feedstock
availability and provide value to help maintain working landscapes
• Have favorable net energy and net GHG profiles
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Energy• Renewable• Secure• SustainableBiomass
Managementand Use
Economy• Costs• Rural Development• Global Competition
Environment• Climate Change• Stand Function• Sustainability
Natural Resource Management
Land
Air
Water Infrastructure
WorkingLands
Conservation& Utilization
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mpattonmallory@fs.fed.us(970) 295-5947
Western Forestry Leadership Coalition
We work as a Coalition to address critical resources issues across ownerships and jurisdictions. We assist family forest owners, rural and
state fire organizations, and community forestry groups; improving forest health, encouraging land conservation, and stimulating
community economic recovery.http://www.wflccenter.org/
US Forest Service Web sites:Biomass www.fs.fed.us/woodybiomass/
Climate Change www.fs.fed.us/ccrc/Interagency Woody Biomass information:
www.forestsandrangelands.gov/woody_biomass
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