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Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines
prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
The Skeletal
System6
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines
prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
The Skeletal
System6
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slides 1 to 137
The Skeletal System
What Makes Up the Skeletal
System?
• Bones
• Cartilages
• Joints
• Ligaments
• Other connective tissues
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Skeletal System
What are the Functions of the
Skeletal System?
• Support against gravity
• Storage
• Calcium, phosphorous
• Fat
• Blood cell production
• Protection of soft internal organs
• Leverage for muscle action
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Structure of Bone
What is Bone (Osseous
Tissue)?
• Specialized cells
• 2% of bone weight
• Strong flexible matrix
• Calcium phosphate crystals
• Two-thirds of bone weight
• Collagen fibers
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Structure of Bone
What is the Macroscopic
Features of Bone?
• General shapes of bones
• Long bones (e.g., humerus)
• Short bones (e.g., carpal bones)
• Flat bones (e.g., parietal bone)
• Irregular bones (e.g., vertebra)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Structure of Bone
Shapes of Bones
Figure 6-1
The Structure of Bone
What are the Features in a
Long Bone?
• Diaphysis (shaft)
• Compact (dense) bone
• Marrow cavity
• Epiphyses (ends)
• Spongy (cancellous) bone
• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum (covering)
• Endosteum (lining)Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Structure of Bone
Figure 6-2
The Structure of
a Long Bone
The Structure of Bone
What is the Microscopic Features
of Bone?
• Periosteum
• Outer fibrous layer
• Inner cellular layer
• Osteocytes
• Within lacunae (holes) in matrix
• Between lamellae of matrix
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Structure of Bone
What is the Microscopic Features of
Bone
• Osteon—Basic functional unit of
compact bone; columnar in shape
• Concentric layers of osteocytes
• Concentric layers of matrix (lamellae)
• Central (Haversian) canal
• Axial tunnel for blood vessels
• Perforating canal
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Structure of Bone
Structure of a Typical Bone
Figure 6-3(a)
The Structure of Bone
Structure of a
Typical Bone
Figure 6-3(b)
The Structure of Bone
What are the Cells in Bone?
• Osteocytes
• Mature bone cells between lamellae
• Osteoclasts
• Source of acid, enzymes for osteolysis
• Osteoblasts
• Responsible for osteogenesis (new bone)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Formation and Growth
Intramembranous Ossification
• Ossification—Process of converting other
tissues to bone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Formation and Growth
Bone Formation in
16-Week-Old Fetus
Figure 6-4
Enlargingchondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.
Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.
The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone.
Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteo-blasts form secondary centers of ossification.
Cartilagemodel
Boneformation
Epiphysis
Diaphysis Marrowcavity
Primaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel
Marrowcavity
Bloodvessel
Secondaryossificationcenter
Epiphysealcartilage
Articularcartilage
Figure 6-5
1 of 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-5
2 of 6
Enlargingchondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.
Cartilagemodel
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-5
3 of 6
Enlargingchondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.
Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.
Cartilagemodel
Boneformation
Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-5
4 of 6
Enlargingchondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.
Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.
Cartilagemodel
Boneformation
Epiphysis
Diaphysis Marrowcavity
Primaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-5
5 of 6
Enlargingchondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.
Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.
The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone.
Cartilagemodel
Boneformation
Epiphysis
Diaphysis Marrowcavity
Primaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel
Marrowcavity
Bloodvessel
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Endochondral OssificationPLAY Figure 6-5
6 of 6
Enlargingchondrocytes within
calcifying matrix
Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.
Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.
Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.
The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone.
Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteo-blasts form secondary centers of ossification.
Cartilagemodel
Boneformation
Epiphysis
Diaphysis Marrowcavity
Primaryossificationcenter
Bloodvessel
Marrowcavity
Bloodvessel
Secondaryossificationcenter
Epiphysealcartilage
Articularcartilage
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Formation and Growth
Appositional Bone Growth
Figure 6-6
Bone Formation and Growth
What are the Requirements for Normal
Bone Growth
• Minerals
• Calcium, phosphate
• Vitamins
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin A
• Hormones
• Growth Hormone
• Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, othersCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis
What is the Role of Remodeling in
Support?
• Remodeling—Continuous
breakdown and reforming of bone
tissue
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis
Key Note
What you don’t use, you lose.
The stresses applied to bones
during exercise are essential to
maintaining bone strength and
bone mass
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis
What is Injury and Repair?
• Fracture—A crack or break in a bone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-7
1 of 5
Bonefragments
Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.
Fracturehematoma
Deadbone
Newbone
Periosteum
Spongy boneof internal
callus
Cartilageof external
callus
An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.
The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced.
A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be remodeled, and little evidence of the fracture will remain.
Internalcallus
Externalcallus
Externalcallus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-7
2 of 5
Bonefragments
Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.
Fracturehematoma
Deadbone
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-7
3 of 5
Bonefragments
Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.
Fracturehematoma
Deadbone
Newbone
Periosteum
Spongy boneof internal
callus
Cartilageof external
callus
An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-7
4 of 5
Bonefragments
Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.
Fracturehematoma
Deadbone
Newbone
Periosteum
Spongy boneof internal
callus
Cartilageof external
callus
An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.
The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced.
Internalcallus
Externalcallus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 6-7
5 of 5
Steps in the Repair of a FracturePLAY
Bonefragments
Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.
Fracturehematoma
Deadbone
Newbone
Periosteum
Spongy boneof internal
callus
Cartilageof external
callus
An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.
The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced.
A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be remodeled, and little evidence of the fracture will remain.
Internalcallus
Externalcallus
Externalcallus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Skeleton
What are the Bone
Markings (Selected)?
• Tuberosity
• Condyle
• Trochlea
• Facet
• Fossa
• Foramen
• Sinus
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Skeleton
Surface Features of Bones
Table 6-1 (1 of 2)
An Overview of the Skeleton
Surface Features of Bones
Table 6-1 (2 of 2)
An Overview of the Skeleton
What are the Skeletal
Divisions?
• Axial skeleton
• Skull
• Thoracic cage and sternum
• Vertebral column
• Appendicular skeleton
• Upper, lower limbs
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
An Overview of the Skeleton
The Skeleton
Figure 6-8(a)
An Overview of the Skeleton
The Skeleton
Figure 6-8(b)
An Overview of the Skeleton
The Axial and
Appendicular
Divisions of the
Skeleton.
Figure 6-9
The Axial Division: The Skull
What are the Bones of the
Cranium?
• Frontal bone
• Forehead, superior surface of orbits
• Parietal bones
• Sides, roof
• Occipital bone
• Foramen magnum
• Temporal bones
• Sides, base
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Division: The Skull
The Adult Skull (Part I)
Figure 6-10
The Axial Division: The Skull
What are the Bones
of the Face?
• Maxillary bones
• Zygomatic bones
• Mandible
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Division: The Skull
What are the Bones of the Face?
(continued)
• Palatine bones
• The Vomer
• Nasal bones
• Lacrimal bones
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Nasal complex
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Axial Division: The Skull
The Adult Skull (Part II)
Figure 6-11(a)
The Axial Division: The Skull
The Adult Skull (Part II)
Figure 6-11(b)
The Axial Division: The Skull
Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Figure 6-12(a)
The Axial Division: The Skull
Figure 6-12(b)
Sectional Anatomy
of the Skull
The Axial Division: The Skull
Figure 6-12(c)
Sectional Anatomy
of the Skull
The Axial Division: The Skull
The Paranasal Sinuses
Figure 6-13
The Axial Division: The Skull
The Hyoid Bone
Figure 6-14
Axial Division: The Skull
The Skull of a Newborn
Figure 6-15(a)
Axial Division: The Skull
The Skull of a Newborn
Figure 6-15(b)
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
What is the Vertebral Column?
(Spine)
• 26 Bones
• 7 Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
• 12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)
• 5 Lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)
• Sacrum
• Coccyx (tailbone)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
Figure 6-16
The Vertebral Column
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic,
and Lumbar Regions
Figure 6-17(a)
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
Figure 6-17(b)
Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic,
and Lumbar Regions
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic,
and Lumbar Regions
Figure 6-17(c)
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
The Atlas and Axis
Figure 6-18
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
Figure 6-19(a)
The Sacrum and Coccyx
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
The Sacrum and Coccyx
Figure 6-19(b)
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
What are the Components of
Thoracic Cage?
• Thoracic vertebrae
• Ribs
• Seven pairs of true ribs
• Cartilaginous joint with sternum
• Five pairs of false ribs
• Sternum
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
The Thoracic Cage
Figure 6-20(a)
Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage
The Thoracic Cage
Figure 6-20(b)
Appendicular Division
The Clavicle
Figure 6-21
Appendicular Division
The Scapula
Figure 6-22
Appendicular Division
The Humerus
Figure 6-23
Appendicular Division
The Radius
and Ulna
Figure 6-24
Appendicular Division
Bones of the
Wrist and Hand
Figure 6-25
Appendicular Division
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-26(a)
The Pelvis
Appendicular Division
Figure 6-26(b)
The Pelvis
Appendicular Division
The Pelvis
Figure 6-26(c)
Appendicular Division
Differences in the Anatomy of the Pelvis
in Males and Females
Figure 6-27Male and Female PelvisPLAY
Appendicular Division
The Femur
Figure 6-28
Appendicular Division
The Right Tibia and
Fibula
Figure 6-29
Appendicular Division
The Bones of the
Ankle and Foot
Figure 6-30(a)
Appendicular Division
Figure 6-30(b)
The Bones of the
Ankle and Foot
Articulations
What is the Classification of Joints
(Articulations)?
• Joint—Where two bones interact
• Three functional classes of joint
• Synarthroses
• Immovable
• Amphiarthroses
• Slightly movable
• Diarthroses
• Freely movable
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
Figure 6-31(a)
The Structure of Synovial Joints
Articulations
Figure 6-31(b)
The Structure of
Synovial Joints
Articulations
What are the Synovial Joint
Movements?
• Flexion
• Extension
• Hyperextension
• Abduction
• Adduction
• Circumduction
• Rotation
• Pronation, supinationCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
Angular
Movements
Figure 6-32(a)
Articulations
Angular
Movements
Figure 6-32(b)
Articulations
Figure 6-32(c)
Angular Movements
Articulations
Angular
Movements
Figure 6-32(d)
Angular MovementsPLAY
Articulations
Rotational
Movements
Figure 6-33(a)
Articulations
Figure 6-33(b)
Rotational
Movements
Articulations
What are the Special
Movements?
• Foot and ankle
• Inversion, eversion
• Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
• Hand
• Opposition of thumb, palm
• Head
• Protraction, retraction
• Depression, elevation (jaw)Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
Special Movements
Figure 6-34
Articulations
What are the Structural
Classification of Synovial
Joints?
• Gliding (e.g., vertebra–vertebra)
• Hinge (e.g., knee)
• Pivot (e.g., atlas–axis)
• Ellipsoidal (e.g., distal radius)
• Saddle (e.g., thumb)
• Ball-and-Socket (e.g., hip)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Figure 6-35(a)
Articulations
Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Figure 6-35(b)
Articulations
Structural Classification of Synovial Joints
Figure 6-35(c)
Articulations
Structural
Classification
of Synovial
Joints
Figure 6-35(d)
Articulations
Structural
Classification
of Synovial
Joints
Figure 6-35(e)
Articulations
Structural
Classification
of Synovial
Joints
Figure 6-35(f)
A Functional
Classification
of Synovial
Joints
PLAY
Articulations
Key Note
A joint cannot be both highly mobile and
very strong. The greater the mobility,
the weaker the joint, because mobile
joints rely on support from muscles and
ligaments rather than solid bone-to-
bone connections.
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
Figure 6-36
Intervertebral
Articulations
Articulations
What is the Shoulder Joint?
• Ball-and-socket design frees movement
• Bursae reduce friction
• Bursitis restricts motion, causes pain
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations
The Shoulder
Joint
Figure 6-37
Humerus
Rotation
PLAY
Articulations
The Elbow Joint
Figure 6-38Elbow Flexion/ExtensionPLAY
Articulations
Figure 6-39
The Hip Joint
Articulations
Figure 6-40
The Knee Joint
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