tissues
Post on 05-Jan-2016
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Tissues• Tissue – aggregation of cells and noncellular
structures, which have similar structure, function and development
• General• 1. Epithelia• 2. Inner environment (blood and connective)• Special• 1. Muscular• 2. Nerve
Simple epithelia
Stratified epithelia:1. Stratified squamous nonkeratinized2. Stratified squamous keratinized3. Transitional (urothelium)
Endothelium Mezothelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
Urothelium of urinary bladder
Urothelium of urethra
Glands
Glands
Goblet cells
Blood and hematopoiesis1. Blood compounds and functions
2. Plasma
3. Erythrocytes
4. Leucocytes
5. Theories of hematopoiesis
6. Stem cell structure and functions
7. Embryonic and postembryonic hematopoiesis
8. Classes of hematopoietic cells
9. Main features of different hematopoietic lines
Functions
• 1. Trophic
• 2. Respiration
• 3. Protection
• 4. Excretion
• 5. Homeostasis
• 6. Transport
Blood=cells + plasma (RBC+WBC+PL)
Leucocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Basophil
Lymphocyte
LymphocyteEchinocyte
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Monocyte
Platelet
HEMATOPOIESIS –blood compounds development (blood cells
and plasma)
Hematocytopoiesis
Erythrocytopoiesis
Leucocytopoiesis
granulocytopoiesis
agranulocytopoiesis
Trombocytopoiesis
THEORIES OF HEMATOPOIESIS
• POLYPHYLETIC THEORY – each mature blood cell type is derived from its own distinct stem cell
• MONOPHYLETIC THEORY (A.A. Maximov) – there is one stem cell, which can form all the mature blood cells types.
• Multipotential stem cell (CFU-S – colony-forming-unit of spleen)
Hematopoietic stem cell
• 1. Appears in the yolk sac• 2. Thrives in RBM• 3. Similar to small dark lymphocyte• 4. Migrating cell• 5. Pluripotential cell (gives rise to different cells)• 6. Self-supporting cell• 7. Rarely dividing cell (Go)• 8. Sensitive cell
Differences between embryonic and
postembryonic hematopoiesis
Embryonic Postembryonic
Histogenesis of blood Blood physiologic regeneration
Extracorporal (extraembryonic)
Intracorporal
Intravascular Extravascular
Occurs in different organs RBM
Megaloblastic erythropoiesis mesoblastic
Normoblastic
CLASSES OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELLS
• I class – polipotent (pluripotent) stem cell.
• II class – hemistem cells for lymphocytopoiesis and myelopoiesis.
• III class – unipotent cell (committed) sensitive to exact hemopoietin (erythropoietin, leykopoietin, thrombopoietin).
• IV class – blasts (young actively dividing cells).• V class – maturing cells. • VI class – an “adult” mature cells in peripheral
blood.
1. Decrease in cell size (from 20 till 8 мm)2. Ejection (extrusion) of the nucleus3. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm4. Basophily decrease and acidophily increase
ERYTHROPOIESIS
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS
• 1. Decrease in the cell size
• 2. Chromatin condensation
• 3. Changes in nuclear shape (flattening – indentation – lobulation).
• 4. Accumulation of cytoplasmic granules.
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
LYMPHOCYTOPOIESIS
• 1. Begins in red bone marrow and then continues in lymphoid tissue.
• 2. Lifespan various in different types of lymphocytes.
• 3. Antigenindependent development – in the central hematopoietic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) and antigendependent – in peripheral ones (spleen, lymph nodes and nodules).
MONOCYTOPOIESIS
• 1. Decrease in cell diameter.
• 2. Decrease in nuclear diameter.
• 3. Cytoplasm basophily decreases.
• 4. Nucleus changes its shape from round to kidney-like
MONOCYTOPOIESIS
Megakaryocyte
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