u5. primary sector

PRIMARY SECTOR.

AGRARIAN SPACES.UNIT 5

IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA

Teacher: Rocío Bautista

PRIMARY SECTOR:ACTIVITES RELATED TO THE

EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

Agriculture

Livestock farming

Silviculture (forestry)

Fishing

What activities can you recognize in these pictures?

AGRARIAN SPACE: Land where agrarian

activities are undertaken. Cultivated

lands, pastures, woodland…

RURAL SPACE: all non-urban areas. It

includes agrarian spaces + land where other

activities are also carried out (somo of

them more typical of cities: leisure areas,

shopping centres, factories…).

AGRARIAN SPACES

RURAL SPACES

Types of

spaces

URBAN

(city)

RURAL

(countryside)

AGRARIAN

(primary activities)

Agriculture

Livestock farming

Silviculture

Fishing

NON AGRARIAN

(industrial & tertiary activities)

AGRARIAN POPULATION

Underdeveloped countries:

Employment: >50%

GDP: >10%

Developed countries:

Employment: <10%

GDP: <4%

ACTIVITIES

P.104-105: activities 1, 2, 4, 5.

FACTORS OF AGRARIAN

ACTIVITYFACTORS

NATURAL (PHYSICAL)

Climate

Relief

Soil

HUMAN

Population

Technological development

Economic & social organization

Natural factors: CLIMATE

Natural factors: CLIMATE

Natural factors: RELIEF

Agriculture prefers flat valley floors.

Natural factors: RELIEF

It’s also conditioned by the side of the

mountain:

- Sunslit slopes (solanas) best for

growing crops.

- Shady slopes (umbrías) less

sunlight, more frost…worst for

agriculture.

Agriculture can’t be

undertaken in places

with too high altitudes.

Natural factors: RELIEF

Silviculture &

livestock farming

can be

undertaken

better in high

places.

Natural factors: SOIL

Agriculture is conditioned by the

type of soil (surface layer of the

Earth’s crust).

A good soil for agriculture is the

one that is…:

• Deep

• Retains water

• Porous: lets air reach the

plants’ roots.

• Neutral PH (acidity/alkalinity)

Natural factors: SOIL

Humus (top soil layer) is essential

for soil fertility, as it provides

bacic nutrients.

ACTIVITIES

P.107: activities 2, 3.

Human factors: POPULATION

High population densities led to deforestation & soil overexplotaition.

Human factors: POPULATION

High population densities led to deforestation & soil overexplotaition.

Human factors: POPULATION

Low populated areas lead to abandoning crops & environmental

decline.

Human factors: TECHNOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT

TRADITIONAL

SOCIETIES

ADVANCED

SOCIETIES

Farming tools

Farming

techniques

FARMING TOOLS

TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ADVANCED SOCIETIES

Spade

(pala)

Hoe

(azada)

Sickle

(hoz)

Plough

(arado)

Tractor

Harvester (cosecadora)

Milking

machines

(ordeñador

eléctrico)

FARMING TECHNIQUES

TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ADVANCED SOCIETIES

Natural

fertilizers

Advanced

irrigation

techniques

Crop

rotation

(leaving a

part

fallow)

Overuse of

soil

Chemical

fertilizers &

pesticides

Selection &

genetic

manipulation of

speies

Greenhouses

Greenhouses in Almería (Satelite

view)

Irrigation techniques

Genetic manipulation of species

Seedless

watermelon

Genetically modified

tomatoesNatural

tomatoes

Human factors: ECONOMIC

ORGANIZATION

SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES

• Produce enough to cover their own needs.

• Polyculture (various products are cultivated) & combination of agriculture & livestock farming.

• Small scale farming by landowners.

MARKET ECONOMIES

• Produce food to sell it.

• Farmers specialize in a type of crop (monoculture) or a type of livestock.

• Large scale farming by companies.

Human factors: SOCIAL

ORGANIZATION

PROPERTY

COLLECTIVEPRIVATE

LAND USE

INDIRECTDIRECT

AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE: Elements

AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE = it’s the result of the

transformation of the natural environment due

to agrarian activities.

INHABITED SPACE

FARMLANDAGRARIAN

LANDSCAPE

AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE:

Inhabited space

AGRARIAN SETTLEMENTS =

way in which the agrarian

population is distributed

across the land

AG

RARIA

N

SETTLEM

EN

TS

Dispersed

(disperso)

Concentrated

(concentrado)

Interspersed

(intercalar)

AGRARIAN HABITAT =

combination of houses &

agricultural buildings.

AGRARIAN HABITAT usually made

with local materials.

Stone

WoodClay

Dispersed settlements

Concentrated settlements

Linear concentrated settlement

Clustered concentrated

settlement

Interspersed settlements

Clay

Agrarian habitats

Stone

Agrarian habitats

Wood

(or combined

materials)

Agrarian habitats

Different spaces (living &

agrarian) in the same building

Agrarian habitats

Different buildings for each

space; arranged around a

patio.

Agrarian habitats

AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE:

Farmland

FARMLAND = land dedicated to agrarian activities. Divided into fields.

Classification of fields

SIZE

Small

(<10 ha)

Medium

(10 – 100 ha)

Large

(>100 ha)

SHAPE

Regular

Irregular

LOCATION

Open

Enclosed

USE

Agriculture

Livestock farming

Silviculture

1 ha = 10.000 m2 (100 m X 100m)

Size

REGULAR VS IRREGULAR

Shape

OPEN FIELD VS ENCLOSED FIELD

Location

AGRICULTURE

USE

LIVESTOCK FARMING

SILVICULTURE

ACTIVITIES

P.108: activity 2.

P.110: activity 1.

Define the following concepts: Deforestation

Polyculture

Monoculture

Greenhouse

Dispersed settlement

Concentrated settlement

Openfield

Enclosed field

AGRICULTURE- Cultivation methods

- Types of agriculture

- Traditional

- Modern: - Industrial

- Organic

CULTIVATION METHODS

PROCEDURES USED BY FARMERS TO GROW CROPS.

Different classifications:

According to

CROP VARIETY

MONOCULTURE

(monocultivo)

POLYCULTURE

(policultivo)

According to

WATER SUPPLY

DRYLAND AGRICULTURE

(secano)

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

(regadío)

According to

SOIL USE

CONTINUAL CULTIVATION

(cultivo continuo)

CROP ROTATION

(rotación de cultivos)

According to

DEGREE OF LAND USE

INTENSIVE

(intensiva)

EXTENSIVE

(extensiva)

CULTIVATION METHODS

MONOCULTURE

(monocultivo)

POLYCULTURE

(policultivo)V.S.

CULTIVATION METHODS

DRYLAND AGRIC.

(a. secano)

IRRIGATED AGRIC.

(a. regadío)V.S.

CULTIVATION METHODS

CONTINUAL CULTIVATION

(cultivo contínuo)

CROP ROTATION

(rotación de cultivos)

V.S.

CULTIVATION METHODS

INTENSIVE AGRIC.

(a. intensiva)

EXTENSIVE AGRIC.

(a. extensiva)V.S.

Uses small amounts of labour & capital

(fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation

techniques, machinery…). High fallow

ratio. Since it has a lower productivity per

unit of land, it requires large quantities of

land to be profitable.

Uses large amounts of labour & capital

(fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation

techniques, machinery…). Low fallow ratio.

Greater productivity per unit of land. It

require less land than an extensive

agriculture to produce a similar profit.

TYPES OF AGRICULTURET

YPES O

F A

GR

ICU

LT

UR

E

TRADITIONAL

(Subsistence agriculture)

PRODUCTION: low; aimed to supply the farmer & his family (self-consumption).

CHARACTERISTICS:

- Outdated technology.

- Large labour force.

LOCATION: underdeveloped regions (Africa / South-East Asia / Latin America).

Migratory agriculture

(slash-and-burn)

Sedentary drylandagriculture

Irrigated monsoon agriculture

MODERN

(Commercial agriculture)

PRODUCTION: sell production in national & international markets.

CHARACTERISTICS:

- Technological & scientific advancements, mechanisation.

- Minimum labour force.

LOCATION: developed regions (Europe / North America / Australia) & some tropical coasts.

Industrial agriculture

Organic agriculture

(bio-extensive)

TRADITIONAL:

Migratory agriculture (slash-and-burn)Agricultura itinerante (de roza y quema)

1) Cut trees

(slashing)

2) Burn trees & undergrowth.

Ashes fertilize the soil.

Areas with dense vegetation (equatorial & humid tropical climate)

3) Cultivate continuously until soil is

exhausted. Repeat process

somewhere else.

SORGHUM (Sorgo)

CASSAVA (Yuca)

YAMS (Batata)

SWEET POTATOES

(Boniato)

MAIZE

(Maíz)

TRADITIONAL:

Sedentary dryland agriculture

Tropical areas.

Agricultura sedentaria de secano

• Extensive polyculture:

• Natural fertilizers (livestock manure) & crop rotation: FALLOW LAND /

MAIN CROP (maize) / COMPLEMENTARY CROP (tubers or peanuts).

• Vegetable plots near the houses.

• Soil is not exhausted. Enables permanent settlements.

MAIN

CROP

(Maize)

SECONDARY

CROP (tubers/

groundnuts)FALLOW

LAND

PEANUTS

(cacahuetes)

FALLOW LAND

(barbecho)

MAIZE

(maíz)

TRADITIONAL:

Irrigated monsoon agricultureAgricultura irrigada monzónica

Tropical monsoon climate (South-East Asia: China / Cambodia / Vitenam /

Philippines).

RIVERBED

ALLUVIAL

PLAIN

• Rice is grown in small fields (paddy fields)

separated by ditches (to flood the fields).

• Requires large labour force.

• 2-3 harvests per year high production to

feed a large population.

1) Before the rainy season,

the fields are ploughed &

rice is planted in fertilised

nurseries.

2) During the monsoon season, once the

plants are grown, they are transferred

to the paddy fields (arrozales).

3) After the monsoon, when the crops begin to ripen,

water is removed & rice is harvested & threshed.

MODERN:

Industrial agriculture

Developed countries (Europe,

N.America & Oceania) &

tropical coasts.

Agricultura industrial

• INTENSIVE MONOCULTURE:

• Mechanisation, technological & scientific advancements (chemical

fertilizers, pesticides, genetic manipulation & selection of species…)

• High production with minimum labour force.

• Specialisation (crop best suited to local environment)

• Mass-production supply international market.

Agriculture in new countries

(America & Oceania)

• Very large & regular fields.

• Very mechanised.

• High degree of regional specialisation (MONOCULTURE) according to local

climate ej: CROP BELTS (USA):

Wheat belt

Maize belt

Tobacco belt

Cotton belt

• Enormous fields.

• Belong to multinational companies

from developed countries.

• Products highly demanded in

developed countries:

• Food (bananas, pineapples,

coffee, cocoa, sugar)

• Industrial products (cotton, palm

oil, rubber).

• Advanced techniques but also

extensive paid labour force.

• Cheap mass production.

Tropical plantation agriculture

(Tropical coasts: S.America, SE Asia, G.Guinea)

MODERN:

Organic agricultureAgricultura orgánica / ecológica

• Environmentally friendly techniques:

• Organic fertilizers

• Crop rotation

• Higher quality but lower yield more expensive.

• Increasing number of consumers prepared to pay more for better products.

ACTIVITIES

Explain the difference between these pairs of concepts.

At home, find images to illustrate each of them:

MONOCULTURE / POLYCULTURE

DRYLAND AGRICULTURE / IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE / EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE.

INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE / ORGANIC AGRICULTURE

P.114. activity 2 / 3 / 4

Explain the slash-and-burn agricultural process.

Draw a diagram to represent the crop rotation in

sedentary dryland agriculture.

P.116. activity 1

LIVESTOCK FARMING- Farming systems: intensive VS extensive

- Types of livestock farming

- Traditional

- Modern: - Industrial

- Organic

LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS

PROCEDURES USED BY FARMERS TO REAR LIVESTOCK:

INTENSIVE

LIVESTOCK FARMINGV.S.

Animals in large, open-air fields.

Needs small amounts of capital & labour.

Complements agriculture: provides

labour force & fertilizer.

Lower productivity.

Animals in barns & fed with

artificial feeds.

Needs large amounts of capital &

labour: buildings, breed selection,

feeding technology, veterinary care…

Greater productivity.

EXTENSIVE

LIVESTOCK FARMING

LIVESTOCK FARMING METHODSLiv

est

ock f

arm

ing

METH

OD

S

TRADITIONAL

Nomadic livestock farming

Seasonal migration

MODERN

Industrial

Organic

TRADITIONAL:

Nomadic livestock farmingGanadería/pastoreo nómada

• Extensive

• Livestock continually moved looking

for fresh pastures.

• Characteristic of peoples in areas next

to deserts:• Bedouins Arabian Peninsula

• Tuareg Sahara

TRADITIONAL:

Seasonal migrationTrashumancia

• Extensive

• Livestock seasonally moved, in

summer & winter, looking for fresh

pastures.

• Characteristic of mountainous areas.

MODERN:

Industrial livestock farmingGanadería industrial

• Seeks maximum yield to be sold on the market.

• It can be extensive (large quantities of animals reared in the open-air) or

intensive (genetically selected livestock in barns, artificial feeds, technology…)

MODERN:

Organic livestock farmingGanadería orgánica/ecológica

• Respects environment & animal welfare:• Semi-extensive systems

• Balanced feeds: no artificial feeds, no growth stimulants

• Animal welfare: spacious shelters, they aren’t kept

permanently in barns.

• Avoid excessive use of pastures; appropriate number of

animals per hectare.

• Lower productivity, but higher quality.

ACTIVITIES

Devise a diagram to classify livestock farming traditional

& modern methods.

P.118-119: activities 1 / 3 / 5

SILVICULTURE- Forest spaces

- Forestry production & environmental roles

- Problems created by forestry activities

FOREST SPACES

FOREST SPACESEquatorial & tropical forests

• Warm climate zone.

• Tall, hardwood trees.

• Many species combined

together extensive

areas are deforested to

harvest the most

profitable ones.

MAHOGANY (caoba)

EBONY (ébano)

TEAK(teca)

FOREST SPACESTemperate forest

• Temperate climate zone.

• Smaller trees.

• More homogeneously

grouped.

OAK (roble) BEECH (haya) CHESTNUT (castaño)

FOREST SPACESTemperate forest

• The deciduous temperate forest is

being replaced by more profitable

species: pine & eucalyptus

PINE (pino) EUCALYPTUS (eucalipto)

FOREST SPACESBoreal/taiga forest

• Northern regions, near polar areas.

• Softwood trees.

• Dense forest, but few species

(homogeneously grouped): conifers.

PINE (pino) FIR (abeto) BIRCH (abedul)

FORESTRY PRODUCTION & ROLES

FORESTRY PRODUCTION & ROLES

FORESTS’

USES & ROLES

Energy source (firewood)

Food (fruits, mushrooms…)

Industrial products (cork,

paper, resin, rubber…)

Protect environment:

- Absorb CO2

- Protect soil from erosion

- Helps biodiversity

Wood for building/furniture Recreation

activities

Problems created by forestry

activities

• Uncontrolled

exploitation of

forests has led to

serious levels of

DEFORESTATION.

• 1/3 of Earth’s forest

lost since 1950.

https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=yvdfqrnvu6Q

https://www.youtube.com

/watch?v=sf5SoW0YKMw

VIDEOS

Consequences of DEFORESTATION

Bigger risk of floods

Soil erosion landslides & loss

of land for growing crops

Destruction of animals’ habitats:

- biodiversity loss (extinction of animals).

- Wild animals appearing in urban areas.

Greenhouse effect increases Weak

ozone

Solutions to prevent DEFORESTATION

Policies to ensure sustainable tree

felling

Education & consciousness-raising encourage local populations to care for

the forest

Recycling & reuse wood products

(PAPER!!)

Replanting trees

FISHING- Fishing systems

- Future of fisheries

FISHING SYSTEMS• ACCORDING TO PLACE & TIME REQUIRED:

SHALLOW-WATER FISHING

(Pesca de bajura)

DEEP-SEA FISHING

(Pesca de altura)

OCEAN FISHING

(Pesca de gran altura)

FISHING SYSTEMS• ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY USED:

TRADITIONAL FISHING INDUSTRIAL FISHING

SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…

SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…

SONARS & RADARS TO LOCATE SHOALS

SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…

TROLLING

SUCTION

SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…

SEINE FISHING(PESCA DE CERCO)

SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…

TRAWLING(PESCA DE ARRASTRE)

FUTURE OF FISHERIE

PROBLEMS SEA POLLUTION

DIFFICULTY TO OBTAIN ACCESS TO OTHER COUNTRIES’ FISHING GROUNDS

(caladeros)

OVERFISHING

SOLUTIONS:

• Promotion of aquaculture breeding of fish, crustaceans & molluscs.

• Fishing quotas

• Prohibition of harmful fishing practices

• Anti-pollution measures

• International fishing agreements

AQUACULTURE (acuicultura)

ACTIVITIES P.120: activities 2 / 3

Do a chart to compare traditional & industrial fishing

Do a commentary about this map:

a) DESCRIPTION: describe

what the map shows.

Define technical

concepts (e.g.:

“deforestation”).

b) ANALYSIS:

CAUSES of

deforestation

CONSEQUENCES of

deforestation

SOLUTIONS to avoid

deforestation