world war ii chapter 10, section 1. problems following world war i and peace agreement at versailles...

World War II

Chapter 10, Section 1

Problems Following World War Iand Peace Agreement at Versailles• Of 27 nations present, only Britain, France and

the United States had a real say in important decisions.

• Italy and Japan wanted more land for their sacrifices

• War had left bitterness, anger, frustration, and desire for revenge

Totalitarianism• A theory of government in which a single party or

leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people.

• 20th century phenomenon• More extreme than a simple dictatorship• Characteristics: uses police, terror, spies to enforce

power of state; govt. control over media; use of propaganda; uses schools and youth organizations to spread ideology; strict censorship of political rivals

• Why was it able to take hold? 1. destruction and bitterness left from WW I 2. desperation caused by Great Depression

Stalin’s rule was a “holocaust of fear” that “victimized tens of millions of people for twenty-five years.”

Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel”• 1920s: Launched a massive drive to transform

Soviet industry and agriculture. Ordered collectivization of small farms into huge communal ones. Civil war resulted in deaths of 5-8 million and another 7 mil. from famine (deliberate act of genocide on Ukrainians)

• Imprisoned over 28 million Soviet citizens in forced labor camps – over 2 mill. died

• Used fear and propaganda to keep power• The Great Terror – 1936-1939: Executed most of the high

officers of the Red Army, the Communist Party, economic ministries, minority nationalities

Why? Paranoia and thirst for power Commanded the arrests, show trials and executions Number killed from this bet. 1927-1938: 10 million

• Ethnic cleansing: Deported 400,000 Volga Germans to Siberia – fear they would support the invading German armies

• Deported a million Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Kalmiks, and Turks from homelands alleging they had collaborated with Germans. Transported in sealed boxcars, no fresh air, food, sanitation or medical care – 40% died along the way, those who resisted were shot. Ordered execution of 22,000 Poles (4,000 army officers)

• After the war:• number of prisoners in camps rose by 1 mil.• fierce attacks on creative artists • deportations of Moldavian and Ukrainian populations • anti-semitic campaigns• 4 mil. Foreign POWs in camps, many died before

repatriation which took 10 years

Il Duce – “the leader”of Italy, founder ofFascist Party,and partner with Hitler

Benito Mussolini• Conditions in Italy

1. Italy did not get land along Adriatic coast after WW I.

2. Economic depression after war3. Communist movement growing4. Government seemed weak and inept

• How did he acquire power?1. Promoted nationalism and promised to make

Italy great again – a new Roman Empire2. King of Italy feared a revolution, asked Mussolini to form a government3. Took over the army4. Took over the press5. Created a secret police6. Organized youth groups and indoctrinated

them7. Suppressed strikes8. Opposed liberalism and socialism

Mussolini’s Empire beforeWorld War II begins

Guernica – by Pablo Picasso

Depicts bombing of Spanish village by German and Italian planes assisting Franco in Spanish Civil War. Hitler and Mussolini helped in war to test out their new military equipment and tactics.

Black Shirts – followersof Mussolini. Foughtin streets againstsocialists and communists

Mussolini and his loverhung up in Milan after being shot. The bodies will later be spit on, stoned, and trampled. Reason why Hitler asked to have his bodyburned after he shot himself.

Adolph Hitler's Rise to Power

Conditions in Germany 1. Germans resented Versailles Peace Treaty after W.W. I2. Economy a mess - terrible inflation 3. Weak, ineffective government, many different parties (24), unable to organize

Steps Taken by Hitler to Achieve Third Reich1. offered simple, clear message, glorification of Germany - Third Reich, Master Race2. blamed Jews for Germany's problems (scapegoats), mass rallies of hate and glory 3. excellent propaganda methods - controlled media4. ended depression with massive public-works projects, and rearmament 5. Nullified (rejected) the terms of the Treaty of Versailles – builds up military 6. set up new German Christian Church (church served Master Race) - "Heil Hitler“ replaces "God be with you."

7. state-controlled education8. indoctrinated the youth9. silenced any opposition – secret police10. set up concentration camps - Jews, gypsies, Slavs, communists, anti-Nazis, physical/ mental defectives tortured and killed 11. formed alliance with Italy and Japan (Axis powers) 12. Called for expansion “Lebensraum” (living

space) invaded Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia, Poland13. World War II begins with invasion of Poland

Mein Kampf – “My Struggle”

*His explanation for problemsfacing Germany and who wasto blame – primarily the Jewsand communists.

*National bestseller

*Blueprint of his hatred andplans for world domination.

*No one outside of Germanytook him seriously yet.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/World_War_II_Casualties.svg

Chart showing number killed in WW II from each country

Japan

Military gains power in Japan – calls for expansionismthroughout Asia to solve Japan’s economic problems.

Japan did not become a totalitarian dictatorship -continued as constitutional monarchy with weak emperorand a military government under Tojo.

Japan attacks Manchuria – becomesa puppet state.

Attacks mainland China andthen capital city of Nanjing -brutal murder & rape 200,000“The Rape of Nanjing”

Bombing of Shanghai

Policy of Appeasement• Granting concessions to a potential enemy in the

hope that they will maintain peace.• France, Britain and the US hoped Hitler and

Mussolini would be satisfied with their acquisitions.

• Appeasement only made the fascist leaders bolder and more aggressive.

• Why did they do it? 1) WW I was so horrible – did not want another 2) Believed Soviet Union posed greater threat – A

strong Germany provided a buffer against Soviets 3) Questioned the resolve of their own people

The Munich Pact – 1938To preserve peace, the British and French allowed Hitler to take the Sudetenland. “Peace for our time” –they were wrong – Hitler took all ofCzechoslovakia and war began in 11 months