• Analyze the causes of the English Reformation

• Analyze the differences between the English Reformation and other Reformations

• Judge Henry VIII and his motives and decisions during the English Reformation

• F+I = 1470-1500• ML = 1520-1550• JC = 1540-1560• H-8 = 1530-???

• 1455-1485• major aristocratic feud for the

English Crown–Civil War

• Between two families that trace themselves to Edward III–House of Lancaster (Red) vs

House of York (White)

• Richard III (York) vs Henry Tudor

• Richard falls off his horse– Screams “A Horse! A

Horse! My Kingdom for a Horse!”

• Richard killed and Henry wins– House of Lancaster (Red)

wins• Henry becomes Henry VII

• Rules from 1485 – 1509–Brings stability…how?

• Who else did this?• In 1492, Spain is the

strongest country–England wants alliance

with strongest country–How do you make it?

• Marrying children

• 1501 – Marriage of Arthur and Catherine of Aragon–Arthur is 1st son of

Henry VII• Henry VIII is the 2nd

son!!!–Catherine is the

youngest daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

• Arthur dies shortly after the marriage– Catherine later says the

marriage was never consummated

• The idea now is to just have Henry VIII marry his dead brother’s wife– Problems with that?

• Considered unclean for man to take brother’s wife

– AKA Incest• Arthur’s marriage w/Catherine

has to go through dispensation– AKA dissolved

• Henry VIII set to marry Catherine a year after Arthur dies (1503)– Henry = 11 Catherine = 17

• By 1505, Henry says marriage arranged without his consent

• Henry has a major fear…• 1509 – Henry VII dies

– Henry VIII crowned King– Now compliant with the

marriage to Catherine– Marriage quickly follows

• 1491-1547• Athletic as a youth• Talented in arts and

sports• Becomes obese until

death (54 inch waist)• Capable King…but

remembered for the Reformation

• Lutheranism is spreading to England

• Henry VIII publically denounced Luther and Protestantism– Called “Defender of the

Faith”• Who gave him this title?

• What do men with power worry about?

• Stability of England = Male heir to succeed him

• English Church will be “reformed” because of a divorce (PERSIAGM?)

• Why did ML and JC split off of the Catholic Church?

• 1527 = Turning Point

• In 1527, she has been the wife of Henry for 18 years– 41 years old

• One surviving child, Mary Tudor– “ “ Mary

• Miscarriages, stillbirths, infant deaths

• Getting older and unfit for pregnancy

• Anne Boleyn…lady in waiting

• Part of Royal Court• “Beautiful”• Charming, charismatic,

witty, good fashion sense

• Played “hard to get” to Henry

• Goal = Male Heir!!!– Had 3 options– Best option is to

make Anne Boleyn his new wife

• Feels Catherine of Aragon is not his legit wife anyway (?)

• 1527, asks Pope for annulment from Catherine of Aragon (Leviticus)

• Has granted annulments before

• Delays Henry’s case for years• HAS A REASON for delay

– HR Emperor Charles V is nephew of Catherine of Aragon

– Pope is “Prisoner” to Charles V from war w/HRE

– Scared of Charles V more than Henry VIII

• Throws out Cardinal in England• 1533…

– marries Anne Boleyn (wife #2)– gets Thomas Cranmer to “divorce”

him from Catherine of Aragon• 1534, complete split from

Catholic Church made by Parliament…how?– A series of LAWS made– Cut Pol, Econ & Rel connections

w/Catholic Church– Gave control of England’s religion

to Henry and not Pope– Religious Independence!!

• Act of Supremacy of 1534 = Henry is “only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”– H8 now head of Gov &

Church…more on this next• Takes over 400 religious

houses…makes $$$• Anglican Church created

– AKA “Church of England”– Blend of Protestant and

Catholic ideas (buffet table)

• Think eclipse model…how does it look?

• How does it compare to ML’s and JC’s “Reformations?”• Think Pyramid

• Henry’s 2 sidekicks– Thomas Cranmer

• Protestant – Thomas Cromwell

• Bad Match maker

• Sir Thomas More• Executed by

Henry VIII (?)– Victim of the

Treason Act of 1534

• Daughter = Elizabeth • Temper and not obedient• Political involvement =

– Her family favored France• Many enemies in the

Royal Court!!• Catherine of Aragon dies• A few miscarriages

– One (boy) when Henry almost died in jousting accident

– will be the end for her

• Accused of adultery, incest, and treason– Brother George

executed also• Unfair Trial

– Flimsy evidence• Stripped of title• Elizabeth

“illegitimate”– Cool Story

• Beheaded 1536

• Lady in waiting under Wife 1 & 2

• 5th cousin• Married 11 days after

Anne Boleyn execution• Unlike Anne Boleyn…

stiff, strict and formal• Loved most by Henry

• Jane gives birth to future King Edward VI– Dies after

childbirth– Henry doesn’t

marry for 2 years• Henry burried

next to Jane when he dies

• More on them later

• Political/Religious marriage with HRE

• Portrait was flattering• Henry walks in on her

– Bad first meeting…she disses him

• “Ugly” Queen and not sophisticated enough

• Married January 1540…divorced in July

• Thomas Cromwell pays the price!

• Married right after Anne of Cleves

• 50-18• Beautiful and flighty• Intimate relationships

before Henry• Repulsed by Fat

Henry• Possible affair with

Royal Court Member• Executed for

treason in 1542

• Married 4 times in her life– Married Henry (#3) in

1543– Made peace between

Henry VIII and his 3 kids• New Act of Succession

created– Married old love Thomas

Seymour (#4) in 1547• Husband Seymour had

affair with Elizabeth I??• Dies in 1548 after

childbirth (mid-30’s)

• Has 3 (now) Legitimate Children

• Has he succeeded in his original plan?

• 6 wives Tip

• 1537-1553 (1547-1553)– “Sickly” son of Jane Seymour

• Never “ruled” England– Council of Regency ruled with

him until he would turn 18• Made Anglican Church more

Protestant (1st time)– Thomas Cranmer and Book of

Common Prayer in 1549• PERSM turmoil in his reign• Did not want Mary to rule (?)

– Arranged for cousin Lady Jane Grey to succeed him (9 days)

• AKA…• 1516-1558 (1553-1558)• Wants England Catholic• Revived Heresy laws

– Burned 300 Protestants– Burned important

religious advisor to dad and bro…• Thomas Cranmer

• Religiously, England becomes more…– Protestant!!

• Catholic alliance of what countries?

• England hates the marriage

• Mary wants a child with Phillip badly…why?–prevent

Elizabeth from taking crown…

Eeeew!!!!!

• Mary imprisons Elizabeth after Mary becomes Queen why?– England favored

Protestant Liz– Rumors of Liz in plots to

kill Mary• Liz in Tower of London

and then countryside for 1 year

• England supports Liz through her turmoil

• 1533-1603 (1558-1603)– 44-year reign

• “Virgin Queen”• Mom = Anne Boleyn• Good politician (like?)• Religious Policy?

– Compromise between Protestants & Catholics…

– Moderate• Survives murder plots

• Catherine of Aragon had a healthy son?

• EVERYTHING in history that followed might have been different

• The USA might be a Catholic country today

• Elizabeth dies in 1603–The Last Tudor

• Henry’s fears??–Come true–Another Civil

War will happen