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ANCIENT GREEK ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE CULTURE

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Page 1: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

ANCIENT GREEK ANCIENT GREEK CULTURECULTURE

Page 2: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

READING ASSIGNMENT

READ CH 1, skim Ch 2

1st & 2nd READINGS OF CH 3

1ST READING OF CH 4

Page 3: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Why care?

- aesthetic pleasure?

- depth of history; connecting with the past

- shallowness of history; civilization a (relatively) new experiment

- A distant mirror?

- ideas still vital & part of today’s culture;these guys never go away

Page 4: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

MEDIEVAL THEORIESROMANS

RENAISSANCE

ENLIGHTENMENTBAROQUE

TODAYBUILDINGS

OPERAS

PLAYSMOVIES

Page 5: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

“You might be through with the past but the past is not through with you.”

Paul Thomas Anderson, Magnolia screen play

DEMOCRACY

SLAVERY

NIKE

Page 6: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4
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HUMANISM

• end (for a while) of god-kings

• “Man is the measure of all things” – Protagoras (p. 61 box)

• plenty of gods but no sacred text or dogma

• art reveals a delight in the human form

Page 11: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

amphora ca. 530 B.C.; ArchaicAttributed to the Euphiletos PainterGreek

Terracotta; H. 24 1/2 in.

Human figures as decoration

Black-figure technique

(not in textbook)

Page 12: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Athlete,detail fromdrinking cup,c 500 BCE

Page 13: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

in textRed-on-black

The Death of Sarpedon c. 515 BCE

Page 14: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Three periods

• Archaic (650-490 BC)

• Classical (480-323 BC)

• Hellenistic (323-145 BC)

about 500 years in all

Page 15: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Classical (480-323 BC)

• Plato, Aristotle

• Theater – comedy & tragedy

Sophocles (p. 60): Oedipus Rex, Antigone (p 55) (play titles)

about 150 years

Page 16: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Change in Greek sculpture

An illustration of the 3 periods

Page 17: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Archaic

• epic and lyric poetry

• evolution and change in works such as in terracotta from black figure to red figure

• Pythagoras

Page 18: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

kouros Kouros

monumental sculpture of human (6 ft.)

Text p. 48

KEY IMAGE

Page 19: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

What is a kouros?free-standing nude MALE youth.

MALE = IDEAL

sculpture would be outside a temple or serve as a grave-marker

possibly portraying a god, but usually a human athlete

rigid symmetry from Egyptian roots

"stylized geometry"

note – the term is singular

Page 20: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Kore - female

kore Text p. 48

Page 21: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

The Archaic Smile

Text p. 48

Page 22: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Golden Age

480-404 BC (or 480-430 BC)

Beginning of Classical Period

76 years! (or only 50)

of demos (people) kratos (power)

Democracy! (Also an Imperial era)

Page 23: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

The first evidence of change in sculpture

Kritios boyKritios boy No Archaic smileNo Archaic smile New idea . . .New idea . . .

ContrappostoContrapposto (weight shift; literally, eight shift; literally, “placed opposite”)“placed opposite”)

Idealized form Idealized form - perfection- perfection

Page 24: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Kritios boy

Ideal proportions?CLASSICAL

TEXT p. 48 KEY IMAGE

Page 25: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Vitruvius: Principles of Symmetry (Roman, c. 30 BC)

Probably based on writings of Polycleitus (Classical Greek)

open hand = chin to top of hairline = 1/10 of entire body height

head from chin to top = 1/8middle of the breast to top of head = ¼bottom of chin to nostrils = nose to eyebrow = 1/3 of facelength of the foot = 1/6 of body heightforearm = breadth of the breast = 1/4

Page 26: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Leonardo da Vinci,

Proportional study of a man

in the manner of Vitruvius

TEXTBOOK p. 189

Page 27: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

dynamic pose!

bronze

Poseidon/Zeus?

Page 28: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Discobolus Discus Thrower(Discobolus)by Myron

Text p. 56

Page 29: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

S-curve

Hermes and

Dionysis

Text p. 55

Page 30: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Riace Warrior

TEXT

p. 56-57

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Hellenistic (323-145 BC)

• Works more dramatic

• First to look back on “the good ol’ days” – Classical Greece

• Alexander’s empire

• Other philosophies: Skepticism, Epicureanism, Stoicism

• doesn’t really end in 145 BC; continues while attention shifts to Rome, which invades Greece in 145 BC

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HELLENISTIC-- dramatic!- c. 150 BC

Laocoön and his two sons (lay ahk a wan)

KEY IMAGE p. 67

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More Hellenistic examplesp. 66

Copy after bronze original

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More Hellenistic examples

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More Hellenistic examples – Athena Slaying Giant, Pergamon, c, 180 BC p. 66

Page 38: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

More Hellenistic examples p. 65

Page 39: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Our first isms

• HUMANISM see p. 55

• Idealism [see glossary] – a perfect world lies behind/beyond/within/separate-from this world we sense (see, touch, hear, taste, etc.) Rationalism (p.48) is very much related to Idealism.

• Naturalism/Realism

Page 40: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Greek Architecture

Classic and late ClassicClassic and late Classic

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Acropolis

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Parthenon

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The Parthenon – 447 BC

Temple to Athena

Page 44: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Goddesses from the Pediment

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Side view of the Parthenon

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The Golden Mean

Ideal of beauty in NumbersIdeal of beauty in Numbers Proportion Proportion A formula as a “theme” 1:2 + 1 A formula as a “theme” 1:2 + 1

(Parthenon 8:17)(Parthenon 8:17) Golden Mean = 1:1.6180339 . . . Golden Mean = 1:1.6180339 . . .

(roughly 8:13) found throughout nature(roughly 8:13) found throughout nature

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Post & Lintel construction

LINTEL

P

O

S

T

P

O

S

T

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p. 52

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DORIC

IONIC

Page 55: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

US Supreme Court Building, 1932-35 Corinthian columns

Page 56: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Nike temple of Athena Nike

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Metope- relief sculpture

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Erectheum Text p. 53

Page 59: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

2004 Olympic opening ceremonies

Page 60: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

6 figures

Figures have contrappostoFigures have contrapposto Figures called CaryatidsFigures called Caryatids Represent the harmonious Represent the harmonious

metaphorical relationship between metaphorical relationship between the ideal (geometric) form and the ideal (geometric) form and human form.human form.

Page 61: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Back porch viewbuilding was damagedin battle with Persians

(421-406 b.c).

Page 62: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Music

• lost sounds! (very little remains – no actual influence)

• significant to culture- part of lyrical poetry (lyre is a string instrument)- part of drama & theater; used a chorus- worth censoring (see Plato)

• theory by the numbers:intervals are integer ratios1:1, 2:1, 3:2, 4:3, 5:4

• Pythagoras legend

Page 63: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Music

• Epitaph of Seikilos (1st Century CE)

As long as you live, be happy;

do not grieve at all.

Life’s span is short;

time exacts the final reckoning.

Page 64: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Music in Plato’s Republic

“[A ruler] must beware of changing to a new kind of music, for the change always involves far-reaching danger. Any alteration in the modes of music is always followed by alteration in the most fundamental laws of the state.”

Page 65: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Music in Plato’s RepublicPlato would ban:

• the flute and aulos (associated with Dionysus;lyre is OK)

• makers of the flute and aulos

• sudden modulation (change in mode)

• 4 of the 6 available modes

Dionysus – god of wine, nature, fertility; orgiastic rites

- compared to –

Apollo – god of sun, prophecy, music, poetry

Page 66: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Contest of Apollo & Marsyas, c. 350 BC (p. 61)

Page 67: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Compare Kong Fuzi

. . . we must discriminate sounds in order to know the airs; the airs in order to know the music; and the music in order to know [the character of] the government. Having attained to this, we are fully provided with the methods of good order. (Book of Rites, Sixth Century BCE)

Page 68: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Compare Kong FuziKong Fuzi is said to classify music into two types:

-- positive music (shi yin, proper sound), with attributes of harmoniousness, peacefulness, and appropriateness, is an important educational tool capable of inspiring virtue and appropriate attitudes [The Ancient Greeks would call it Apollonian]

-- negative music (chi yue, extravagant music), with attributes of inappropriate loudness (like thunder and lightning) and wanton noisiness, stimulated excessive and licentious behavior [Dionysian!]

Page 69: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Greek history - it’s a story• Roots & borrowings in other cultures (Egyptian, Persian)

• It is a MYTH in the sense that it is an often repeated story – it is the story that Europe told about itself to itself

• Each era has its own way of appropriating and re-using different parts of this myth

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Summary• 3 periods (political, artistic)

• 2 IDEAS – HUMANISM – IDEALISM: truth, beauty, number

• ART & ARCHITECTURE: kouros, Parthenon

• MUSIC: very important; only theory remains

DATE TO MEMORIZE:

480BC- START OF CLASSICAL ERA

- START OF GOLDEN AGE

- associate with PARTHENON

Page 72: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

KEY IMAGESKritios boy

TEXT p. 48

What?

When?

So what?

Classical Greek

IDEALISM, contrapposto

Page 73: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

KEY IMAGES

What?

When?

So what?

Parthenon

Classical Greek

Beauty in numbers, post & lintelDATE TO MEMORIZE:

480BC

Page 74: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

KEY IMAGES

Kouros

Text p. 48

Archaic Greek

What?

When?

So what? humanism

Page 75: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

KEY IMAGES

What?

When?

So what?

Laocoön and his two sons

Hellenistic

Greater expressiveness

p. 67

Page 76: ANCIENT GREEK CULTURE. READING ASSIGNMENT READ CH 1, skim Ch 2 1 st & 2 nd READINGS OF CH 3 1 ST READING OF CH 4

Review Review Chapter 3Chapter 3

Read Read Chapter 4Chapter 4

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Additional images

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The cave

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Amphoraby Polyphemus Painter675-650 b.c

Human figures as decoration

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Parthenon up through the Peristyle