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8/8/2019 Anion-cation Balance, Sulfur -Ok

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t o t h e s e c o w s c o n t a i n e d i n g r e d ie n t s t h a t a r ea t y p i c a l o f N o r t h A m e r i c a n d a i r y r a t i o n s ( i.e .,bee t s , f o rmic ac id t r ea t ed s i l age , he r r ing mea l ) .O t h e r s ( 2 9 ) s h o w e d t h a t e x c e s s a n i o n s i n d i e t sf o r p r e p a r t u m c o w s i n f l u e n c e C a a b s o r p t i o no n l y w h e n t h e s e d i e t s m a i n t a i n a p o s i t iv e C ab a l a n c e i n t h e c o w.

U s e o f v a r io u s c o m b i n a t i o n s o f io n s i n d i e t sf o r p o u l t r y h a s a f f e c t e d i o n s in b l o o d a s w e l l a sa c i d - b a se b a l a n c e o f b l o o d ( 9 , 2 4 , 3 7 ) . I o n se x a m i n e d i n m o s t o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e N a ,K , C1 , S , Mg , and P w i th e mp has i s on N a and C1 .

M y o b j e c t i v e w a s t o a s c e r t a i n i f d i e t s c o m -m o n l y f e d in N o r t h A m e r i c a t h a t a r e h i g h inr a ti o o f C a t o P c a n b e f e d t o p r e p a r t u m c o w s

w i t h o u t p r e c i p i t a t i n g m i l k f e v e r if t h e d ie t sc o n t a i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t i e s o f a n io n s i nr e l a t i o n t o c a t i o n s . B e c a u s e a n i o n s a r e c o n -s i d e re d a c i d o g e n i c a n d c a t i o n s a l k a lo g e n i c , th eh y p o t h e s i z e d m o d e o f a c t i o n is t h a t a n ex c e sso f a c i d - f o r m i n g e l e m e n t s a t t i m e s o f C a s tr e ssw i l l i n c r e a s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n b l o o d e i t h e r v i ai n c r e a s e d i n t e s t in a l a b s o r p t i o n o r b o n e m o b i l i-z a t i o n .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

Tw e n t y m a t u r e c o w s ( 1 2 H o l s te i n a n d 8Ay r s h i r e ) w i t h a t l e a s t t h r e e p r e v i o u s r e c o r d s o fm i l k p r o d u c t i o n a n d a t l ea s t o n e r e c o r d o f h i ghm i l k p r o d u c t i o n ( > 7 , 5 0 0 k g ) w e r e i n a 2 - y rs w i t c h o v e r d e s i g n t o t e s t i f d i e t a r y a n i o n s a n dc a t i o n s i n f lu e n c e i n c i d e n c e o f h y p o c a l c e m i cp a r t u r i e n t p a r e si s ( m i l k f e v e r) . C o w s w e r ea s s ig n e d t o 1 0 b l o c k s o f t w o c o w s e a c h . B l o c k -i n g w a s a c c o r d i n g t o e x p e c t e d d a t e o f ca l v in g ,b r e e d , a n d m i l k p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e p r e v i o u sl a c t a t i o n .

I n t h e 1 s t y r o f t h e t r ia l , c o w s w i t h i n e a c hb l o c k w e r e a s si g n e d t o o n e o f t w o d i e t a r yt r e a t m e n t s f o r t h e p r e p a r t u m p e r i o d : a d i e tc o n t a i n i n g a n e x c e s s o f c a t i o n s r e l a t i v e t oa n i o n s ( d e s i g n a t e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t ), o r a d i e tc o n t a i n i n g a n e x c e s s o f a n io n s r e la t iv e t oc a t i o n s ( d e s i g n a t e d t h e a n i o n d i e t ) . T h e c a t i o nd i e t c o n t a i n e d ( d r y b a s is ) 3 9 % c h o p p e d a l f a lf ahay , 57% co rn s ilage, 2 .5% h igh m oi s tu re ea rc o r n , a n d 1 . 5 % o f m i n e ra l p r e m i x f o r m u l a t e dt o p r o v i d e a n e x c e s s o f N a a n d K r e la t iv e

t o C 1 a n d S . T h e a n i o n d i e t c o n t a i n e d i d e n t ic a lq u a n t i t i e s o f c h o p p e d a l f al f a a n d c o r n s il a ge a sthe ca t io n d i e t p lu s (d ry bas i s ) 1 .7% h ighmo i s tu re ea r co rn , . 23% CaC12, .86% AI2

( S O 4 ) 3 , . 74 % M g S O 4 , a n d .5 % o f m i n e r a lp r e m i x f o r m u l a t e d t o p r o v i d e a n e x c e ss o f C1a n d S re l a t iv e t o N a a n d K . M i n e r al p r e m i x e sw e r e f o r m u l a t e d t o m e e t n u t r i e n t re q u i r e m e n t sin t he d i e t s and to de l ive r exces s ca t ions o ra n i o n s . I n g r e d i e n t s i n t h e s e p r e m i x e s w e r eN aC 1 , C O C 12 , M n S O 4 , Z n O , F e S O 4 , K I , C a C O 3 ,N a H C O 3 , N a C O 3 , C u S O 4 , Z n C 1 2, C a ( I O 3 ) 2 ,a n d C a C I . T h e a n i o n - c a t i o n b a l a n c e o f t h e d i e t sw a s c a l c u la t e d a n d d e t e r m i n e d b y u s in g a n dm a n i p u l a t i n g q u a n t i t i e s o f N a , K , C 1, a n d S i nt h e r a t i o n s . T h e e q u a t i o n f o r c a l c u l a t i n g a n i o n -c a t i o n b a l a n c e w a s m i l li e q u i v a l e n ts [ ( N a + K ) - -(C 1 + S )] . D i e ts w e r e f o r m u l a t e d t o m e e tr e q u i r e m e n t s o f d r y p r e g n a n t c o w s ( 3 2 ) e x c e p t

fo r Na , K , C1, S , Ca , and P ; t he se min e ra l s me to r e x c e e d e d r e q u i r e m e n t s o f d r y p r e g n a n t c o w sd e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e a n i o n - c a t io n b a l a n c e o f th er a t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f a r a ti o o f C a t o P o f2 .5 i n bo th d i e t s .

C o w s a s s i g n e d t o e a c h d i e t a r y t r e a t m e n tr e c e i v e d t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g 4 5d a y s p r e p a r t u m a n d c o n t i n u in g t h r o u g h p ar -t u r i t i o n . D i e t a r y c o m p o n e n t s w e r e m i x e d a n do f f e r e d a s a c o m p l e t e r a t io n o n c e d a i l y a t 1 0 0 0h . A n i m a l s w e r e a l l o w e d a d l i b i t u m c o n s u m p -

t i o n t o a s s u re f e e d r e f u s al s w e r e 1 0 % o f t h eo r i gi n a l q u a n t i t y o f f e e d o f f e r e d . F e e d r e f u sa l sw e r e o b t a i n e d d a i l y a t 0 9 0 0 h . A f t e r p a r t u r i -t i o n c o w s e n t e re d t h e n o r m a l f e e d in g a n dm a n a g e m e n t p r o g r a m a t t h e M a c d o n a l d C o ll e geF a r m C e n t r e o f M c G i l l U n i v e r s i ty. T h e r a t i o nf o r c o w s i n e a r ly l a c t a t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f c o r ns il age, l egume -g ras s hay lage , a l f a l f a hay , g ra inm i x , a n d s u p p l e m e n t s c o n t a i n i n g ( d r y b a s is )1 7 % c r u d e p r o t e i n , 1 . 63 M c a l / k g N E L ( n e te n e rg y f o r l a c t a t i o n ) , . 9 % C a , . 6 % P, a n d . 7 %

N a H C O 3 .I n t h e 2 n d y r o f t h e t r ia l th e s a m e c o w s a n dd i e t s w e r e u s e d ; h o w e v e r, c o w s w e r e o f f e r e dt h e d i e t a r y t r e a t m e n t o p p o s i t e t h a t o f f e r e d i ny r 1 .

R a t i o n s w e r e s a m p l e d w e e k l y, c o m p o s i t e di n t o m o n t h l y s a m p l e s , a n d f r o z e n . C o m p o s i t es a m p le s w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r d r y m a t t e r ( D M ) in av a c u u m o v e n a t 6 0 C f o r 2 4 h ; t h e o v e n - d r ie ds a m p l e s t h e n w e r e a n a l y z e d f o r K j e l d a h ln i t rog en and Ca , P, Na , C1, and S by a tom ic

a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y. B l o o d s a m p le sw e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e j u g u l a r v ei n o f e a c hc o w on da ys 30 7 , 20 -+ 7 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , and 1p r e p a r t u m , a t p a r t u r i t io n , a n d o n d a y s 1

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DIETARY ANIONS AND CATIONS AND MILK FEVER 29 41

through 5 postpartum. Pre- and postpartumblood samples were obtained at approximately1100 h. Blood samples were divided and placedinto two test tubes. One test tube containedpotassium oxalate as the an ticoag ulant; thissample was centrifuged with the plasma, thenwithdrawn and frozen for subsequent analysisof Ca, P, and Na by atomic absorption spec-troph otome try and for hydroxyproline (39)to indicate bone mobil izati on (5, 12). Thesecond test tube contained lithium heparin asthe anticoagulant; this sample was centrifugedwith the plasma, withdrawn, and then frozenfor subsequent analysis of K and C1 by atomicabsorption spectrophotometry.

Body weights were obtained weekly byaverages of weighings twice daily at 1100 and1600 h on 2 consecutive days. Milk pro duct ionfor the lactation subsequent to prepartumdietary treatment was obtained from theQu6bec Dairy Herd Analysis Service (DHAS)and reported as 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM)for a 305-day lactation. Cows were diagnosedwith milk fever only if they exhibited two ormore of the typical symptoms of the disease(i.e., typical recumbant position, loweredtemperature of extremities, inability to rise,grinding of teeth, inappeta nce). Cows diagnosedwith milk fever were treated intrav enousl y with

a calcium borogluconate solution; bloodsamples required were taken immediatelybefore treatment .

Statistical analyses were at the McGillCompu tin g Centre by the Statistical AnalysisSystem (1). Data were analyzed as a switchoverdesign with randomized blocking of animals. Inaddit ion to the overall analysis, the 2 individualyr of the trial were analyzed as two separaterandom block experimental designs. Animalsoffered the cation diet over both years weregrouped int o paretic and nonpareti c cows andanalyzed in a complete random design. Signifi-cant differences were claimed at 5%.

R E S U LT S

Chemical analyses for the two diets are inTable 1. Ratios of Ca to P of both diets wereable to cause milk fever and were similar at2.63 and 2.89 for cation and anion diets.Average intakes of Ca and P for the 2-yr trialwere 85.5 and 33.9 g/day for cows offered thecation diet and 92.5 and 32.2 g/day for cowsoffered the anion diet. Major differencesbetween diets were contents of Na, C1, and Sthat were .53, .42, and .15% of the total DMfor the cation diet and .16, .57, and .56% ofthe total DM for the anio n diet. Average intakesof Na, K, el, and S for the 2-yr trial were 71.9,

TABLE 1. Nutrient composition of diets (dry basis) containing an excess of cations and anions that were o f f e r e dto cows beginning 45 days prepartum, a

Nutrient Cation Anion

SE X, SECrude protein, % 11.1 .15 11.0 .17Net energy lactation, Mcal/kg b 1.37 1.33Calcium, % .63 .02 .69 .03Phosphorus, % .25 .03 .24 .03Sodium, % .53 .03 .16 .02Potassium, % 1.22 .09 1.22 .06Chlorine, % .42 .01 .57 .02Sulfur, % .15 .01 .56 .01Anion-cation balance per kg

dry matter c +33.05 -12 .85

acomposition based on 24 monthly composites of each ration are reported as averages except ne t energy,calcium-phosphorus ratio, and anion-cation balance.

bNet energy calculated from tabular data (32).

Ccalculated as miUiequivalents [(Na + K) - (CI + S)] from nutrient analysis assuming the molecular weightsof 22.9, 39.1 , 35.45, and 32.07 for Na, K, el, and S, respectively.

Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 67, No. 12, 1984


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165.6, 57, and 20.4 g/day for cows offered thecation diet and 21.5, 163.6, 76.5, and 75.1g/day for cows offered the anion diet. Potas-sium was constant in both diets at 1.22% of thetotal DM. Anion-cation balances per kilogramDM were calculated from mineral analyses(Table 1) and were +33.05 and -12.85 forcation and anion diets.

Table 2 contains results of the trial. Theaverage age of cows in the trial was 7.2 yr. Onecow d ied each year in the positive group; thesedeaths were attributable to milk fever. There-fore, in yr 2, the remaining nine cows pertreatment were used for analysis. Table 3 showsresults for each year (analyzed for each year asrando mized block design), overall results(analyzed as a switchover design), and for cowsfed the cation ration analyzed for paretic vs.nonparetic cows. Dietary treatments caused thesame results each year. Treatments had noeffect on DM intake in any of the analyses.However, because diets had different anion-

cation balances (Table 1), averages of dailyanion-cation balance of cows between treat-ments within each year and in the overallanalysis were different, i.e., highly positive forcows offered the cationic diet and highlynegative for cows offered the anionic diet.

Incidence of milk fever for cows offered thecation diet was 5 of 10 (50%) in yr 1, 4 of 9(44.1%) in yr 2, and an overall incid ence of47.4% in the switchover analysis (Table 2).Incidence of milk fever for cows offered theanion diet was nil. Milk fever occurred only inHolstein cows. Both diets had ratios of Ca to Pconducive to milk fever. Lactation records sub-sequent to the prepartum dietary treatmentsfor yr i were lower (P


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o f f e r e d t h e a n i o n d i e t. W h e n c o w s in t h e c a t i o ng r o u p w e r e s e p a r a t e d a n d a n a l y z e d a s p a r e t i cv s. n o n p a r e t i c , m i l k p r o d u c t i o n w a s r e d u c e d1 4% f o r p a r e t i c c o w s ( P < . 0 5 ) .

B l o o d p l a s m a w a s a n a l y z e d f o r C a , P, N a , C 1,K , a n d h y d r o x y p r o l i n e ( O H P R O ) . R e s u h s f o rb l o o d c o m p o s i t i o n r e p re s e n t th e c o m b i n e d d a t af o r t h e e n t i r e t r i a l f o r c o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o na n d a n i o n d i e t s .

F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t h e b l o o d p l a s m a a n a l y s e sf o r C a , P, N a , C1, K , a n d O H P R O f o r c o w s f e dc a t i o n a n d a n i o n d i e t s . Ta b l e 3 s h o w s s i m i l a rd a t a o n l y f o r c o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t b u ts e p a r a t e d i n t o p a r e t i c a n d n o n p a r e t i c c o w s .P l a s m a C a a n d P c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( F i g u r e 1 ) w e r el o w e r ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r c o w s o f fe r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e ta t a n d a r o u n d p a r t u r i t i o n . C o w s o f f e re d t h ec a t i o n d i e t t h a t b e c a m e p a r e t i c h a d a m o r ed r a m a t i c d r o p o f p l a s m a C a a n d P a t c a l vi n g( P < . 0 5 ) t h a n c o w s o f f e re d t h e c a t i o n d i e t t h a tw e r e n o t p a r e t i c ( Ta b l e 3 ) . P l a s m a N a t e n d e dt o w a r d g r e a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r c o w s o f f e r e dt h e c a t i o n d i e t ( F i g u r e 1 ) w i t h s i g n i f i c a n td i f f e r e n c e s ( P < . 0 5 ) o n d a y 4 p r e p a r t u m . F o rc o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t ( Ta b l e 3 ) , t h o s et h a t w e r e p a r e t i c h a d h i g h e r N a i n p l a s m a( P < . 0 5 ) o n d a y s 4 , 3, a n d 1 p r e p a r t u m t h a nc o w s t h a t w e r e n o t p a r e t i c . P l a s m a C1 c o n c e n -t r a t i o n s w e r e h i g h e r ( P < . 0 1 ) f o r c o w s o f f e r e dt h e a n i o n d i e t fr o m d a y 2 0 p r e p a r t u m t h r o u g hp a r t u r i t i o n ( F i g u r e 1 ) c o m p a r e d w i t h c o w so f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t . P l a s m a C1 t e n d e d l o w e rf o r a l l c o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t ( Ta b l e 3 )r e g a r d l e s s o f d i s e a s e s ta t u s a t p a r t u r i t i o n w i t hc o w s t h a t w e r e p a r e t i c h a v i n g l o w e r ( P < . 0 5 )p l a s m a C 1 o n d a y 2 p r e p a r t u m , a t p a r t u r i ti o n ,a n d o n d a y 1 p o s t p a r t u m t h a n c o w s fe d t h ec a t i o n d i e t t h a t w e r e n o t p a r e t i c . P l a s m a K w a sc o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r c o w s o f f e r e d t h ec a t io n d i e t f r o m d a y. 2 0 p r e p a r t u m t h r o u g h,a n d i n c lu d i n g , d a y 1 p o s t p a r t u m ( F i g u r e1 ) . C o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t t h a t w e r ep a r e t i c t e n d e d t o h a v e l o w e r p l a s m a K w i t hl o w e r ( P < . 0 5 ) p l a s m a K o n d a y 4 p r e p a r t u mc o m p a r e d w i t h c o w s t h a t w e r e n o t p a re t i c( Ta b l e 3 ) . P l a s m a O H P R O w a s c o n s i s t e n t lyl o w e r ( P < . 0 5 ) f o r c o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t( F i g u r e 1 ) f r o m d a y 5 p r e p a r t u m t h r o u g h d a y 2p o s t p a r t u m c o m p a r e d w i t h c o w s o ff e r ed t h ea n i o n d i e t . M o r e o v e r , O H P R O i n c r e a s e d f o rc o w s f e d t h e a n i o n d i e t , w h e r e a s O H P R O o fc o w s f e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t r e m a i n e d u n c h a n g e du n t i l d a y 2 p o s t p a r t u m ( F i g u r e 1 ). C o n c e n t r a -

t i o n o f O H P R O s h o w e d t h e s a m e d i f f e re n c e sb e t w e e n c o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t t h a t w e r ea n d w e r e n o t p a r e t i c ( Ta b l e 3 ) a s c ow s o f f e r e dc a t i o n a n d a n i o n d i e t s ( F i g u r e 1 ); c o w s o f f e r e dt h e c a t i o n d i e t t h a t w e r e p a r e t i c h a d l o w e r( P < . 0 5 ) O H P R O t h a n c o w s fe d th e c a t i o n d i e tt h a t w e r e n o t p a r e t i c f r o m d a y 5 p r e p a r t u mt h r o u g h d a y 2 p o s t p a r t u m . C o n c e n t r a t io n s o fC a , P, a n d O H P R O i n n o n p a r e t i c c o w s o f f e r e dt h e c a t i o n d i e t w e r e h i g h e r , o n s p e c i f i c d a y s ,t h a n p a r e t i c c o w s o f f e r e d t h e c a t i o n d i e t ( Ta b l e3 ) a n d t e n d e d t o b e l o w e r t h a n f o r c o w s o f -f e r e d t h e n e g a t i v e d i e t ( F i g u r e s 1 ) .

D I S C U S S I O N

R e s u l t s c o n f u s e c u r r e n t t h o u g h t s o n t h e e ti -o l o g y o f m i l k f e v e r i n t h a t p r e p a r t u m c o w sc o n s u m i n g d i e t s w i t h a h ig h r a t i o o f C a t o P d i dn o t b e c o m e p a r e t i c if t h e d i e t c o n t a i n e d a ne x c e s s o f a n i o n s r e l a t i v e t o c a t i o n s . T h e s er e s u lt s s u p p o r t ( 11 , 1 3 , 1 4 ) . T h e r e a s o n c o w sd i d n o t b e c o m e , p a r e t i c w a s t h a t C a a n d P w e r em a i n t a i n e d d u r i n g C a s t re s s. H o w e v e r , t h ep h y s i o l o g i c a l r e s p o ns e i s u n c l e a r . T h i s d o e s n o ts u g g e s t t h a t t h e f e e d i n g o f d i e t s w i t h a l o wr a t i o o f C a t o P o r l o w q u a n t i t i e s o f C a t op r e p a r t u m c o w s i s u n d e s i r a b l e ; t h is m e t h o d s t il li s c o n s i d e r e d t h e c h o i c e i n m o s t c a s e s. H o w -e v e r, i n c a s e s w h e r e f e e d i n g l o w r a t i o s o f C a t oP i s n o t p o s s i b le , m a n i p u l a t i n g t h e a n i o n - c a t i o nb a l a n c e o f p r e p a r t u m d i e t s d o e s h a v e a d v a n t a g e so v e r t r e a t i n g c o w s w i t h v i t a m i n D o r i t s m e -t a b o l i t e s . U s e o f v it a m i n D p r o d u c t s ( 1 7 , 1 8 ,2 0 , 2 2 , 2 6 , 3 1 , 3 4 , 3 6 ) r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l m o n i -t o r i n g f o r d o s a g e , t i m i n g o f t r e a t m e n t r e l a ti v et o p a r t u r i t i o n , n u m b e r o f re t r e a t m e n t s , a n dr i sk s o f t o x i c i t y ( 2 8 ) . O n c e a f o r m u l a t i o n isd e r i v e d , a n i o n - c a t i o n b a l a n c e f o r p re v e n t i n gm i l k f e v e r is a c c o m p l i s h e d s i m p l y b y m i x i n gt h e m i n e r a l s w i t h o t h e r d i e t a r y i n g r e d ie n t s .

A l t h o u g h f o r m y t r i a l t h e e q u a t i o n m e q[ (Na + K ) - - (C1 + S )] w ork ed we l l , t he ca t i ond i e t d i d n o t c a u s e m i l k f e v e r in a ll c a se s . Ina n o t h e r t r i a l ( 11 ) t h e s a m e e q u a t i o n s h o w e dt h a t d i e t s w i t h a n a n i o n - c a t i o n b a l a n c e o f - 2 5 5p r e v e n t e d m i l k f e v e r in m o s t c a se s b u t a l l o w e dm i l k f e v e r t o d e v e l o p i n o n e c a s e ; h o w e v e r,s o m e c o w s c o n s u m i n g d i e t s w i t h h i g h l y p o s i t iv ea n i o n - c a t i o n b a l a n c e s d i d n o t b e c o m e p a r e t i c o rb e c a m e o n l y s l i g h t l y p a r e t i c w h i l e o t h e r c o w sc o n s u m i n g d i e t s w i t h t h e s a m e a n i o n - c a t i o nb a l a n c e s b e c a m e p a r e t i c .

Jou rnal o f Dairy Science Vol. 67, No. 12, 1984


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DIETARY ANIONS AND CATIONS AND MILK FEVER 29 45

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Figure 1. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, and hyd roxyp roline in blood plasma of c ow s of-fered the c ation (D) and anion (o) diets prepartum o n days 30, 20, and 5 through 1, at parturition, and on days1 through 5 postpartum. Numb ers at top o f each graph are standard errors for the samp ling date. a) Cow s fedcation and anion diets differ (P


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2 9 4 8 B L O C K

31 M ans ton , R . , an d J . M. Payne . 1964 . Mine ra li m b a l a n c e i n p r e g n a n t " m i l k - f e v e r -p r o n e " c o w sand the va lue and poss ib l e tox ic e ff ec t s o f t r ea t -m e n t w i t h v i t a m i n D 3 a n d d i h y d r o t a c h y s t e r o l . B r.Ve t . J . 120 :167 .

32 Na t ion a l Resea rch C ounc i l . 1978 . Nu t r i en t r e -qu i r em en t s o f da i ry ca t t l e . No . 3 . Nu t r i en t re -qu i r emen t s o f domes t i c an ima l s . Na i l . Acad . Sc i . ,Wash ing ton , DC.

33 Newel l , G . K . , and R . E . Beauchene .1 9 7 5 . E ff e c to f d i e t a ry ca l c ium l eve l, ac id s t r es s , and age onrena l, s e rum, and bon e r e spons es o f r at s . J . Nu t r.1 0 5 : 1 0 3 9 .

34 Olson, W. H. , N. A. Jorgensen, A. N. Br inge, L. H.Schu l t z , and H . F. De luca . 1974 . 25 -Hydroxy-cho leca lc i fe ra l (25 -OHD ~) . I . Tre a tm en t fo rpa r tu r i en t pa resi s . J. Da i ry Sc i. 5 6 :885 .

35 Payne , J . M. 1964 . R ecen t advances in ou r know l -

edge o f mi lk f eve r. Ve t . Rec . 76 :127 5 .36 Payne , J . M. , and R . M ans ton . 1967 . The sa fe ty o f

m a s s iv e d o s e s o f v i t a m i n D ~ i n t h e p r e v e n t i o n o fmi lk f eve r. Ve t . Rec . 79 :215 .

3 7 Sauveu r, B., and P. M ongin.1 9 7 8 . I n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p sb e t w e e n d i e t a r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f s o d i u m , p o t a s -s ium and ch lo r ide in l ay ing hens . Br. Pou l t . Sc i.1 9 : 4 7 5 .

38 Sco t t , C . H . 1968 . D ie t a ry in f luence on th e inc i -dence o f pa r tu r i en t pa res i s . Fed . P roc . 27 :1 56 .

39 Teppe r, T. , and L . DeVos . 1975 . An au tom atedd e t e r m i n a t i o n o f f r e e p l a s m a h ) ; d r o x y p r o l i n e . C li n .C h i m . A c t a 5 9 : 3 7 3 .

40 Va ld iv ia , R . , C . B . Ammerman , P. R . Henry, J . P.Feas t e r, and C . J . Wi lcox . 1982 . E ffec t s o f d i e t a rya l u m i n u m a n d p h o s p h o r u s o n p e r f o r m a n c e ,p h o s p h o r u s u t i l i z a ti o n a n d t i s s u e m i n e r a l co m p o s i -t i on in sheep . J . An i t a . Sc i. 55 :402 .

Jou rna l o f Da i ry Sc ience Vo l . 67 , No . 12 , 198 4

anion-cation balance, sulfur -ok

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