api-8-1-2002
TRANSCRIPT
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Designation: D4057-XX
Work Item Number: WK34193 Date: 8/31/12
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This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
1 Ballot Rationale 2 3
This document is now being balloted concurrently to ASTM D02.02 and D02 after the most recent D02.02 4 4 ballot comments were incorporated into the document. The existing version describes the various 5 sampling methods and apparatus, primarily for crude oils and semi-solids and solids. This version will 6 discuss manual sampling equipment and processes, along with the sampling procedures and sample 7 handling, and will provide more guidance for sampling refined products renewable fuel products. It is the 8 responsibility of the sub-committees for test methods to provide more specific information about sample 9 container selection, preparation, sample handling, mixing and sample size requirements. 10
11
API MPMS Chapter 8.1 12 Standard Practice for 13 Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products1 14 This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4057-XX; the number immediately following the 15 designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A 16 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial 17 change since the last revision or reapproval. 18
CONTENTS 19
0. Introduction 20
1. Scope 21
2. Referenced Documents 22
2.1 ASTM Standards 23
2.2 API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards 24
2.3 GPA Standards 25
2.4 Other Publications 26
3. Terminology 27
4. Significance and Use 28
5. Health and Safety Precautions 29
1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02 on Hydrocarbon Measurement for Custody Transfer (Joint ASTM-API).
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D4057-XX
2 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
5.1 General 30
5.2 Sample Handling 31
5.3 Sample Point Safety 32
5.4 Static Electricity Hazards 33
5.5 Pipeline/Line Sampling 34
5.6 General Health Hazards and Precautions 35
6. Apparatus 36
6.1 General Sample Container Design Considerations 37
6.2 Glass Bottles 38
6.3 Cans 39
6.4 Plastic Bottles 40
6.5 Container Closures 41
6.6 Container Cleanliness 42
6.7 Container Compatibility for Sample Mixing 43
6.8 Low Pressure Variable Volume Containers 44
6.9 High Pressure Spot Sampling Systems and Cylinders 45
7. Sampling Devices/Equipment and Accessories 46
7.1 Introduction 47
7.2 Cage Sampler 48
7.3 Weighted Bottle 49
7.4 Weighted Beaker 50
Current edition approved XXX. XX, XXXX. Published XXX XXXX. DOI: 10.1520/XXXXX-XX.
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D4057-XX
3 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
7.5 Bottom Water and Remaining On-Board/On-Board Quantity (ROB/OBQ) 51
Sampler/Scraper 52
7.6 Tank Tap Sampling 53
7.7 Pipeline Manual Tap Sample Probe 54
7.8 Zone Sampler (Core Sampler) 55
7.9 Dead Bottom Sampler 56
7.10 Tube SamplerDrum or Barrel 57
7.11 Dipper/Ladle Sampler 58
7.12 Auger Sampler 59
7.13 Pail and Scoop Sampler 60
7.14 Accessory Equipment 61
8. Manual Sampling Concepts and Objective 62
8.1 Objective of Manual Sampling 63
8.2 Training 64
8.3 Physical and Chemical Property Tests 65
9. Sampling Requirements, Considerations and Procedures 66
9.1 General 67
9.2 Sampling Requirements and Considerations 68
9.3 Sampling Methods and Procedures 69
10. Special Instructions for Specific Products 70
10.1 Crude Oil 71
10.2 Refined Products 72
11. Keywords 73
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D4057-XX
4 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 74
TABLES 75
TABLE 1 Commonly Used Manual Sampling Devices for Liquid Products 76
TABLE 2 Typical Sampling Procedures and Applicability 77
TABLE 3 Recommended Weighted Sampling Bottle or Beaker Openings 78
TABLE 4 Spot Sample Minimum Requirements 79
TABLE 5 Tap Sampling Requirements 80
TABLE 6 Sampling from Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks 81
TABLE 7 Minimum Number of Packages to be Selected for Sampling 82
TABLE 8 Size of Grease Samples 83
FIGURES 84
1 Illustration of Common Spot Sample Positions 85
2 Typical Sample Carrier 86
3 Amber and Clear Boston Round Bottles 87
4 Cage Samplers 88
5 Weighted Bottle 89
6 Weighted Beakers 90
7 Example of a Bottom Water and ROB/OBQ Sampler/Scraper 91
8 Tank Sample Taps 92
9 Probe Designs 93
10 Example of Core/Interface SamplersThief 94
11 Example of Core/Zone Samplers 95
12 Example of Dead Bottom Samplers 96
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D4057-XX
5 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
13 Tube Sampler 97
14 Auger Sampler 98
15 Example of Nozzle Extender 99
16a Example of a Fixed Volume Sample Cylinder with an Outage Tube 100
16b Example of a Fixed Volume Sample Cylinder and Transfer Line 101
17a Example of a Single-Piston Variable Volume Sample Cylinder 102
17b Example of a Single-Piston Variable Volume Sample Cylinder 103
17c Example of a Single-Piston Variable Volume Sample Cylinder 104
18 Example of a Double-Piston Variable Volume Sample Cylinder 105
19 Example of a Typical High-Pressure Sampling System 106
20 Example of Probe in a High-Pressure Sampling System Pipeline 107
21 Slotted Standpipe 108
22 Examples of Sample Labels/Tags 109
23 Location of Sampling Points at Different Levels for Rail Cars 110
24 Location of Sampling Points from Exposed Surface for Rail Cars 111
25 Examples of Typical Vapor Control Valves 112
26 Examples of a Small Volume (5 cm) and a Large Volume PSU (10 cm) 113
27 Examples of Closed/Restricted Sampling Equipment 114
28 Example of a Lock Valve and Closed System Sampler 115
29 Example of a Closed System Restricted Flow Sampler 116
APPENDIX 117
APPENDIX A CRUDE OIL SAMPLE HANDLING - TEST MATRIX 118
119
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D4057-XX
6 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
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D4057-XX
7 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
INTRODUCTION 121
The previous version of the manual sampling practice described the various sampling 122
methods and apparatus, with much focus on crude oils and semi-solids and solids. Also, previous 123
versions did not significantly address closed or restricted sampling, which continue to become 124
more prevalent. 125
This version will provide guidance on manual sampling terminology, concepts, equipment, 126
containers, procedure, and will provide some specific guidance related to particular products and 127
tests. The type and size of the sample obtained, and the handling method, will depend on the 128
purpose for which it was taken. The test method should be referenced for any specific sampling 129
and handling requirements up to the point of testing. It remains the responsibility of the 130
subcommittee for the relevant test method to provide guidance, or warnings, regarding sample 131
container selection; preparation; cleanliness; heat, pressure, or light; sample size requirements 132
for testing and retention; and any other special handling requirements necessary to ensure a 133
representative sample is tested. 134
In addition to the individual test method, for guidance on container, size, mixing and special 135
handling, further guidance may be provided in Practice D5854/API MPMS 8.3, Practice 136
D5842/API MPMS 8.4, and Practice D4306. While this practice will provide some general 137
guidance regarding sample chain of custody, Guide D4840 should also be consulted. 138
This document has been developed jointly between the American Petroleum Institute (API) 139
and ASTM International. 140
1. Scope 141
1.1 In this practice, procedures and equipment for manually obtaining samples of liquid 142
petroleum and petroleum products, crude oils, and intermediate products from the sample 143
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D4057-XX
8 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
point into the primary container are described. Procedures are also included for the sampling 144
of free water and other heavy components associated with petroleum and petroleum products. 145
1.2 This practice also addresses the sampling of semi-liquid or solid-state petroleum 146
products. 147
1.3 This practice provides additional specific information about sample container 148
selection, preparation, and sample handling. 149
1.4 This practice does not cover sampling of electrical insulating oils and hydraulic fluids. 150
If sampling is for the precise determination of volatility, use Practice D5842/API MPMS 8.4 151
in conjunction with this practice. For sample mixing and handling, refer to Practice 152
D5854/API MPMS 8.3. 153
1.5 The procedures described in this practice may also be applicable in sampling most 154
non-corrosive liquid industrial chemicals provided that all safety precautions specific to these 155
chemicals are followed. Also, refer to Practice E300. The procedures described in this practice 156
are also applicable to sampling liquefied petroleum gases and chemicals. Also refer to 157
Practices D1265 and D3700. The procedure for sampling bituminous materials is described in 158
Practice D140. Practice D4306 provides guidance on sample containers and preparation for 159
sampling aviation fuel. 160
1.6 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. USC units are 161
reflected in parenthesis. 162
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated 163
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety 164
and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 165
2. Referenced Documents 166
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D4057-XX
9 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
2.1 ASTM Standards2 167
D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure 168
D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products 169
D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials 170
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease 171
D244 Test Methods and Practices for Emulsified Asphalts 172
D268 Standard Guide for Sampling and Testing Volatile Solvents and Chemical 173
Intermediates for Use in Paint and Related Coatings and Material 174
D287 Standard Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products 175
(Hydrometer Method) 176
D323 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method) 177
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis 178
D445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids 179
(and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity) 180
D473 Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction 181
Method 182
D664 Standard Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric 183
Titration 184
D977 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt 185
D1265 Practice for Sampling Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases, Manual Method 186
2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
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D4057-XX
10 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
D1298 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API 187
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method 188
D1856 Test Method for Recovery of Asphalt from Solution by Abson Method 189
D2172 Test Methods for Quantitative Extraction of Bitumen from Bituminous Paving 190
Mixtures 191
D2622 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-192
ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 193
D3230 Standard Test Method for Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method) 194
D3700 Practice for Obtaining LPG Samples Using a Floating Piston Cylinder 195
D4006 Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation 196
D4007 Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge 197
Method (Laboratory Procedure) 198
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products 199
D4294 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy 200
Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 201
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace 202
Contamination 203
D4377 Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer 204
Titration 205
D4530 Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method) 206
D4629 Standard Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by 207
Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion and Chemiluminescence Detection 208
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D4057-XX
11 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
D4807 Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oil by Membrane Filtration 209
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures 210
D4928 Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration 211
D4929 Standard Test Methods for Determination of Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil 212
D5002 Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Crude Oils by Digital 213
Density Analyzer 214
D5191 Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method) 215
D5762 Standard Test Method for Nitrogen in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Boat-216
Inlet Chemiluminescence 217
D5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement 218
D5853 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils 219
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and Petroleum 220
Products 221
D5863 Standard Test Methods for Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in 222
Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 223
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques 224
to Evaluate Analytical Measurement System Performance 225
D6377 Standard Test Method for Determination of Vapor Pressure of Crude Oil: VPCRx 226
(Expansion Method) 227
D6470 Standard Test Method for Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric Method) 228
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D4057-XX
12 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
D6560 Standard Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Heptane Insolubles) in 229
Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products 230
D6822 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude 231
Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Thermohydrometer Method 232
D6849 Practice for Storage and Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) in Sample 233
Cylinders for LPG Test Methods 234
D7169 Standard Test Method for Boiling Point Distribution of Samples with Residues Such 235
as Crude Oils and Atmospheric and Vacuum Residues by High Temperature Gas 236
Chromatography 237
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals 238
E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the Chemical Analysis Laboratory 239
2.2 API Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards3 240
Chapter 8.2 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products 241
Chapter 8.3 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples of Petroleum and 242
Petroleum Products 243
Chapter 8.4 Practice for Manual Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement 244
Chapter 9.1 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API 245
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum 246
Chapter 9.2 Standard Test Method for Density or Relative Density of Light Hydrocarbons by 247
Pressure Hydrometer 248
3 Available from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., NW, Washington, DC 20005-4070.
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D4057-XX
13 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 9.3 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Crude 249
Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Thermohydrometer Method 250
Chapter 10.1 Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the 251
Extraction Method 252
Chapter 10.2 Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation 253
Chapter 10.3 Standard Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge 254
Method (Laboratory Procedure) 255
Chapter 10.4 Determination of Water and/or Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge 256
Method (Field Procedure) 257
Chapter 10.7 Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Potentiometric Karl Fischer 258
Titration 259
Chapter 10.8 Standard Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oil by Membrane Filtration 260
Chapter 10.9 Standard Test Method for Water in Crude Oils by Coulometric Karl Fischer 261
Titration 262
Chapter 17.10.2 Measurement of Refrigerated and/or Pressurized Cargoes of Board Marine 263
Gas Carriers Part 2 Liquid Petroleum and Chemical Gases 264
Chapter 18.1 Measurement Procedures for Crude Oil Gathered From Small Tanks by Truck 265
Recommended Practice 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, 266
and Stray Currents 267
2.3 GPA Standards 268
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D4057-XX
14 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
S 2174 Obtaining Liquid Hydrocarbon Samples for Analysis by Gas Chromatograph4 269
2.4 Other Publications 270
UOP163 Hydrogen Sulfide and Mercaptan Sulfur in Liquid Hydrocarbons by Potentiometric 271
Titration 272
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT), Safety of Life at Sea 273
(SOLAS) 274
Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) 275
3. Terminology 276
3.1 Definitions: 277
3.1.1 assay, nthe procedure to determine the presence, absence, or quantity of one or more 278
components. 279
3.1.2 automatic sampler, na device used to extract a representative sample from the liquid 280
flowing in a pipe. 281
3.1.3 bubble point, nwhen the pressure is lowered on a liquid held at a constant 282
temperature, the pressure at which the first bubble of vapor forms is the bubble point. Bubble 283
point pressures are higher at high temperatures. 284
3.1.5 density, nfor a quantity of a homogeneous substance, the ratio of its mass to its 285
volume. The density varies as the temperature changes and is, therefore, generally expressed as 286
the mass per unit of volume at a specified temperature. 287
3.1.6 dissolved water, nwater in solution in petroleum and petroleum products. 288
4 Available from the Gas Processors Association, 6526 E. 60th St., Tulsa, OK 74145.
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D4057-XX
15 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.7 emulsion, na petroleum and petroleum products / water mixture that does not readily 289
separate. 290
3.1.8 entrained water, nwater suspended in the petroleum and petroleum products. 291
Entrained water includes emulsions but does not include dissolved water. 292
3.1.9 free water, nwater that exists as a separate phase. 293
3.1.10 flash point, nin petroleum products, the lowest temperature corrected to a 294
barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760-mm Hg), at which application of an ignition source causes 295
the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under specified conditions of test. 296
3.1.11 floating piston cylinder, na high pressure sample container, with a free floating 297
internal piston that effectively divides the container into two separate compartments. 298
3.1.12 high pressure sample cylinder, na receptacle used for storage and transportation of a 299
sample obtained at pressures above atmospheric pressure. 300
3.1.13 inert gas, na gas that does not react with its surroundings. 301
3.1.14 inerting, va procedure used to reduce the oxygen content of a vessels cargo spaces 302
by introducing an inert gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide or a mixture of gases such as 303
processed flue gas. 304
3.1.15 intermediate sample container, na container into which all or part of the sample 305
from a primary container (receiver) is transferred for transport, storage, or ease of handling. 306
3.1.16 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas), na gas that is predominantly butane and propane 307
separated from natural gasoline or natural gas and sold in liquid form as fuel-commonly known 308
as bottled gas, tank gas, or LP-gas. 309
3.1.17 maximum fill density (reduced fill density), nthe volume of a container occupied by 310
the sample, usually expressed as a percentage of the total capacity. Transportation legislation 311
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D4057-XX
16 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
such as U.S. CFR 49, Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations, and IATA 312
regulations limit the percent fill of containers used for shipping LPG and may quote this 313
requirement as a reduced fill density or maximum fill density (normally 80 % maximum liquid 314
fill at 15C). Lower percent fill (lower fill density) may be required if sampling at lower 315
temperatures. 316
3.1.18 on-board quantity (OBQ), nthe material present in a vessels cargo tanks, void 317
spaces, and pipelines before the vessel is loaded. On-board quantity may include any 318
combination of water, oil, slops, oil residue, oil/water emulsion, and sediment. 319
3.1.19 outage tube (internal), na cut to length tube placed inside of the sample cylinder 320
used as a way to remove excess sample from the cylinder via manual evacuation after the sample 321
cylinder assembly is removed from the sample point. Refer to Figures 16a and 16b. 322
3.1.20 portable manual sampling unit, PSU, nan intrinsically safe device used in 323
conjunction with a vapor control valve to obtain required cargo samples under closed or 324
restricted system conditions. Refer to figures 26 and 27. 325
3.1.21 primary sample container, na container in which a sample is initially collected. 326
3.1.21.1 DiscussionExamples of primary sample containers include glass and plastic 327
bottles, cans, core-type thief, and fixed and portable sample containers (receivers). 328
3.1.22 remaining on board, ROB, nthe material remaining in a vessels cargo tanks, void 329
spaces, and pipelines after the cargo is discharged. Remaining on board quantity may include any 330
combination of water, oil, slops, oil residue, oil/water emulsions, and sediment. 331
3.1.23 sample, na portion extracted from a total volume that may or may not contain the 332
constituents in the same proportions that are present in that total volume. 333
3.1.24 sample types 334
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17 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.24.1 all-levels sample, na sample obtained by lowering the closed sampling device to 335
the bottom of the outlet suction level, but always above free water, then opening the sampler and 336
raising it at a uniform rate such that it is between 70 and 85 % full when withdrawn from the 337
product. Alternately, all levels samples may be taken with samplers designed for filling as they 338
pass downward through the product. 339
3.1.24.1a Discussion: If required by the test method, the sampler may be greater than 85% 340
full when withdrawn but in no case shall it be completely full. In these cases, take special 341
handling precautions to consider the hazards associated with product thermal expansion. 342
3.1.24.2 boring sample, na sample of the material contained in a barrel, case, bag, or cake 343
that is obtained from the chips created by boring holes into the material with a ship auger. 344
3.1.24.3 bottom sample, na spot sample collected from the material at the bottom of the 345
tank, container, or line at its lowest point. In practice, the term bottom sample has a variety of 346
meanings. As a result, it is recommended that the exact sampling location (for example 15 cm 347
from the bottom) should be specified when using this term. See Figure 1. 348
3.1.24.4 bottom water sample, na spot sample of free water taken from beneath the 349
petroleum contained in a ship or barge compartment or a storage tank. 350
3.1.24.5 clearance sample, na spot sample taken with the inlet opening of the sampling 351
device 10 cm (some regulatory agencies require 15 cm) below the bottom of the tank outlet. This 352
term is normally associated with small (159-m3 (1000 barrels) or less) tanks, commonly referred 353
to as lease tanks. 354
3.1.24.6 composite sample, na sample prepared by combining a number of samples and 355
treated as a single sample. Also refer to tank composite sample, volumetric composite 356
sample, deck composite sample, and multiple tank composite sample definitions. 357
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18 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.24.7 core sample, na sample of a uniform cross-sectional area taken at a given height 358
in a tank. 359
3.1.24.8 dead bottom sample, na sample obtained from the lowest accessible point in a 360
tank. This is typically directly from the floor (or datum plate) of the shore tank or the bottom of 361
the vessel compartment. 362
3.1.24.9 deck composite sample, na sample typically made by compositing a portion of 363
each sample obtained from all vessel compartments containing a particular product grade. 364
3.1.24.10 dipper sample, na sample obtained by placing a dipper or other collecting vessel 365
in the path of a free-flowing stream to collect a definite volume from the full cross section of the 366
stream at regular time intervals for a constant time rate of flow or at time intervals varied in 367
proportion to the flow rate. 368
3.1.24.11 drain sample, na sample obtained from the water draw-off valve on a storage 369
tank vessel or container. Occasionally, a drain sample may be the same as a bottom sample (for 370
example, in the case of a tank car). 371
3.1.24.12 floating roof sample, na spot sample taken just below the surface to determine 372
the density (API gravity) of the liquid on which the roof is floating. 373
3.1.24.13 grab sample, n(a) Solid- a sample obtained by collecting equal quantities from 374
parts or packages of a shipment of loose solids so that the sample is representative of the entire 375
shipment. (b) Liquid- a sample collected at a specific location in a tank or from a flowing stream 376
in a pipe at a specific time. 377
3.1.24.14 grease sample, nobtained by scooping or dipping a quantity of soft or semi-liquid 378
material contained from a package in a representative manner. 379
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19 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.24.15 loading zone sample, na sample taken from a tank prior to commencement of a 380
transfer, intended to represent only the product expected to be transferred. 381
3.1.24.16 lower sample, na spot sample of liquid from the middle of the lower one third of 382
the tank's content (a distance of five sixths of the depth liquid below the liquid's surface) see 383
Figure 1. 384
3.1.24.17 middle sample, na spot sample taken from the middle of a tank's contents (a 385
distance of one half of the depth of liquid below the liquid's surface. see Figure 1. 386
3.1.24.18 multiple tank composite sample, na mixture of individual samples or composites 387
of samples that have been obtained from several tanks or ship/barge compartments containing 388
the same grade of material. The mixture is blended typically in proportion to the volume of 389
material contained in the respective tanks or compartments. 390
3.1.24.19 representative sample, na portion extracted from the total volume that contains 391
the constituents in the same proportions that are present in that total volume. 392
3.1.24.20 running sample, na sample obtained by lowering an open sampling device to the 393
bottom of the outlet suction level, but always above free water, and returning it to the top of the 394
product at a uniform rate such that the sampling device is between 70 and 85 % full when 395
withdrawn from the product. 396
3.1.24.20a Discussion: If required by the test method, the sampler may be greater than 85% 397
full when withdrawn but in no case shall it be completely full. In these cases, take special 398
handling precautions to consider the hazards associated with product thermal expansion. 399
3.1.24.21 spot sample, na sample taken at a specific location in a tank or from a flowing 400
stream in a pipe at a specific time. 401
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20 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.24.22 suction sample (outlet), na spot sample taken at the lowest level from which 402
product is expected to be pumped from the tank; see Figure 1. 403
3.1.24.23 sump sample, nspot sample taken from within the tank or vessel compartment 404
sump; see Figure 1. 405
3.1.24.24 surface (skim) sample, na spot sample skimmed from the surface of a liquid in a 406
tank; see Figure 1. 407
3.1.24.25 tank composite sample, na blend created from a single tank, as an example 408
combining the upper, middle, and lower samples. For a tank of uniform cross section, such as an 409
upright cylindrical tank, the blend consists of equal parts of the three samples. A combination of 410
other samples may also be used, such as running, all-levels or additional spot samples. For a 411
horizontal cylindrical tank, the blend consists of samples in the proportions shown in Table 5. 412
3.1.24.26 tap sample, na spot sample taken from a sample tap on the side of a tank. It may 413
also be referred to as a tank-side sample. 414
3.1.24.27 test specimen, na representative sub-sample taken from the primary or 415
intermediate sample container for analysis. 416
3.1.24.28 top sample, na spot sample obtained 15 cm (6 inches) below the top surface of 417
the liquid; see Figure 1. 418
3.1.24.29 tube or thief sample, na sample obtained with a sampling tube or special thief, 419
either as a core sample or spot sample, from a specific point in the tank or container. 420
3.1.24.30 upper sample, na spot sample taken from the middle of the upper one third of the 421
tank's contents (a distance of one sixth of the liquid depth below the liquid's surface); see 422
Figure 1. 423
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21 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.24.31 volumetric composite sample, na sample consisting of measured proportional 424
parts from each zone if it is for a single tank. If the volumetric composite is for multiple tanks, or 425
vessel compartments, it consists of measured proportional parts from each tank or compartment 426
sampled. 427
3.1.24.32 zone sample, na sample taken as that part of the liquid column that is trapped 428
within the whole height of a sampling device when it is sealed at a single spot location within a 429
tank after having been fully flushed as it was lowered to that position. 430
3.1.25 sampling, vall the steps required to obtain a sample that is representative of the 431
contents of any pipe, tank, or other vessel and to place that sample in a container from which a 432
representative test specimen can be taken for analysis. 433
3.1.26 slip tube, na graduated hollow rod fitted into a gas-tight housing, the lower end of 434
which is open to the cargos contents and the upper end is fitted with a valve. 435
3.1.27 standpipes, nthe vertical sections of pipe or tubing used for gauging extending from 436
the gauging platform to near the bottom of tanks that are equipped with external or internal 437
floating roofs. Standpipes may also be found on marine vessels. Standpipes are also known as 438
stilling wells or gauge wells. Standpipes without slots do not allow the free flow of product 439
through the standpipe, and are known as solid or unslotted standpipes. 440
3.1.28 ullage (outage), nthe volume of available space in a container unoccupied by 441
contents. 442
3.1.29 vapor control valve, VCV, na valve fitted on a standpipe, expansion trunk, or the 443
deck that permits use of the portable hand-held gauging/sampling instruments while restricting 444
the release of vapors into the atmosphere. 445
3.1.30 vapor pressure RVP, TVP, n 446
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22 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
3.1.30.1 Reid vapor pressure, RVP, nthe vapor pressure of a liquid at 37.8C, 311K. 447
3.1.30.2 true vapor pressure, TVP, nthe pressure at which the fluid is in equilibrium 448
between its liquid and gas state. 449
4. Significance and Use 450
4.1 Samples of petroleum and petroleum products are obtained for many reasons, including 451
the determination of chemical and physical properties. These properties may be used for: 452
calculating standard volumes; establishing product value; and often safety and regulatory 453
reporting. 454
4.2 There are inherent limitations when performing any type of sampling, any one of which 455
may affect the representative nature of the sample. As examples, a spot sample provides a 456
sample from only one particular point in the tank, vessel compartment, or pipeline. In the case of 457
running or all-level samples, the sample only represents the column of material from which it 458
was taken. 459
4.3 Based on the product, and testing to be performed, this practice provides guidance on 460
sampling equipment, container preparation, and manual sampling procedures for petroleum and 461
petroleum products of a liquid, semi-liquid, or solid state, from the storage tanks, flowlines, 462
pipelines, marine vessels, process vessels, drums, cans, tubes, bags, kettles, and open discharge 463
streams into the primary sample container. 464
5. Health and Safety Precautions 465
5.1 GeneralThis practice does not purport to cover all safety and health aspects associated 466
with sampling. Personnel involved with sampling of petroleum and petroleum-related products 467
should be familiar with their physical and chemical characteristics, including: potential for fire, 468
explosion, and reactivity; toxicity and health hazards; and appropriate emergency procedures. 469
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23 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
Additionally personnel should comply with individual company safe operating practices and 470
local, state, and national regulations, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). 471
Upon completion of any sampling activity, ensure the sample point is left in a safe, secure, and 472
clean condition with the handling of any waste in accordance with local requirements. All marine 473
vessel sampling should be performed in the presence of a designated vessel representative. 474
5.2 Sample HandlingFor safety and protection of the integrity of the samples, sample 475
carriers are suggested in most instances. Refer to Figure 2. Because of potential liquid thermal 476
expansion, sample containers that are completely, or nearly full, are not to be transported or 477
stored, unless special precautionary measures are taken. A safe fill of between 70 and 85 % is 478
recommended. Refer to Maximum Fill Density and section 9.3.14 for safe fill of Pressurized 479
Cylinders. Take care to avoid heating samples in containers with gas-tight caps, lids, and 480
stoppers. Handle any sample containing hazardous materials or the residue of hazardous 481
materials offered for shipment/transportation by air, public roadway, rail, or water in such a 482
manner as to ensure compliance with requirements such as training, documentation, labeling, 483
container, packaging, communications, and so forth, set forth in applicable regulations, such as 484
those issued by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the U.S. Department of 485
Transportation (DOT). 486
5.3 Sample Point Safety 487
5.3.1 Provide sample points that enable samples to be taken in a safe manner, considering 488
ventilation during sampling, clear access/egress, and lighting. Any potential hazards associated 489
with sampling, or located near the sample point, should be clearly marked. It is recommended 490
that a pressure gauge, a method of closed loop flushing and safe drainage, be provided at pipeline 491
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24 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
sample points. Sample points and related equipment should be maintained and inspected 492
regularly. 493
5.3.2 Floating-roof tanks should be sampled from the top platform, thereby avoiding descent 494
onto the floating roof. Descending onto a floating roof is normally considered entering a 495
designated confined space, requiring all facility and regulatory requirements to be strictly 496
followed, including obtaining a confined space permit, and rescue provisions arranged. Toxic 497
and flammable vapors may accumulate on the roof. 498
5.4 Static Electricity Hazards 499
5.4.1 A number of fires and explosions have occurred as a result of hydrocarbon vapors 500
being ignited by static electricity. If electrical charges are not earthed or grounded, they are 501
unable to dissipate and become static. This static electric charge can accumulate and freely 502
migrate to a single point on the sample container by a difference in electrical potential, then jump 503
off as a high-energy spark discharge to a nearby less charged surface, often hot and prolonged 504
enough to ignite nearby hydrocarbon vapors above the lower explosive limit (LEL). This 505
potential shall be managed by safely dissipating static charges, and through proper grounding, 506
when sampling flammable products. 507
5.4.2 Footwear or clothing, capable of causing sparks, should not to be worn during sampling 508
activities in which flammable vapors are likely to be present. Sampling should not be carried out 509
during periods of atmospheric electric disturbance or hail storms. To ground any static charge on 510
their person, the individual performing the sampling should touch part of the tank structure at 511
least 1 m (3 feet) from the sample point immediately before sampling. 512
5.4.3 Precautions are to be observed before sampling to reduce the likelihood of a static 513
charge being present. During tank filling or mixing operations, and for 30 min after the 514
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D4057-XX
25 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
completion, sampling equipment shall not be introduced into, or remain in, the tank. With full 515
observance of applicable regulatory requirements, and only under very specific and documented 516
conditions, some exceptions to the 30-min relaxation period may apply. Some tanks and vessel 517
compartments have inert gas blankets in the vapor space above the liquid. Unless the 518
effectiveness of the inert blanket can be verified, all static charge precautions and 519
recommendations should be observed. 520
5.4.4 Exercise caution when using equipment made of aluminum, magnesium, or titanium, 521
which may generate incendiary sparks when struck against rusted steel. Some countries restrict 522
the use of sampling equipment made from such materials or from alloys containing more than 523
15 % (m/m) in total of these metals or 6 % (m/m) of magnesium. 524
5.5 Pipeline/Line SamplingWhen sampling a flowing pipeline, maintain electrical 525
continuity between the pipeline and the sample container via the connecting pipework. Do not 526
use plastic containers since they are non-conductive and will not dissipate static electricity. Use a 527
static grounding clamp or other arrangement that ensures adequate electrical continuity is 528
maintained if sampling with a metal container. An effective ground should be verified. 529
NOTE 1: The API safety publication Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, 530
Lightning, and Stray Currents states that electrical resistances of higher than 10 in metal 531
circuits are indicative of a break in the continuity of the circuit, resulting in the undesirable 532
accumulation of static electricity.5 533
5.6 General Health Hazards and Precautions 534
5 Protection Against Ignitions Arising Out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents, Edition 7, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 2008.
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26 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
5.6.1 Petroleum vapor dilutes oxygen in the air and may also be toxic. Hydrogen sulfide 535
vapors are particularly hazardous. Harmful vapors or oxygen deficiency cannot always be 536
detected by smell, visual inspection, or judgment. The use of oxygen and toxic gas monitors, 537
PPE, and emergency rescue precautions should be considered for all sampling operations. Self-538
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) may be necessary. Personnel should position themselves 539
upwind of the sample point to minimize exposure to any harmful vapor which may be released. 540
5.6.2 This discussion on safety and health is not exhaustive. The appropriate Material Safety 541
Data Sheet (MSDS), API, or ASTM International publication should be consulted, together with 542
applicable regulatory requirements, and the International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and 543
Terminals (ISGOTT),6 Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS),7 and Oil Companies International Marine 544
Forum (OCIMF), while always observing company and local health and safety requirements. 545
6. Apparatus 546
6.1 General Sample Container Design Considerations 547
6.1.1 Sample containers come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Select the proper 548
container based on the product to be sampled to ensure that there will be no interaction between 549
the product sampled and the container that would affect the integrity of either. The following are 550
general design considerations for sample containers: 551
No internal pockets or dead spots; 552
Internal surfaces designed to minimize corrosion, encrustation, and water/sediment 553
clingage; 554
6International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals (ISGOTT), Hyperion Books, 2006. 7 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), International Maritime Organization, London, UK, 1974.
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27 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
An inspection cover/closure of sufficient size to facilitate filling, inspection, and 555
cleaning; 556
Designed to allow the preparation, and transfer to the analytical apparatus, of a 557
homogeneous mixture of the sample while minimizing the loss of any constituents 558
that affect the representativeness of the sample and the accuracy of the analytical 559
tests. 560
6.1.2 Additional considerations in the selection of sample containers are the type of mixing 561
required before transferring from the primary container, and the analysis to be performed. To 562
facilitate the discussion on proper handling and mixing of samples, sample containers are 563
referred to as either primary or intermediate containers. Regardless of the type of sample 564
container used, the sample container should be large enough to contain the required sample 565
volume and sufficient ullage space for thermal expansion and mixing of the sample. 566
6.1.3 While this practice is meant to provide some guidance related to particular products and 567
tests, it remains the responsibility of the subcommittee for the relevant test method to provide 568
specific guidance regarding sample container selection, preparation, cleanliness, and sample size 569
requirements for testing and retention. Also refer to Practice D5854/API MPMS 8.3, Practice 570
D5842/API MPMS 8.4, and Practice D4306. 571
6.2 Glass Bottles (See Figure 3)Glass containers are suitable for many sample test and 572
storage requirements. Clear glass bottles can be easily examined visually for cleanliness, and 573
allow for visual inspection of the sample for haze (cloudiness), discoloration, free water, and 574
solid impurities. The brown glass bottle affords some protection to the samples when light may 575
affect the test results. Refer to Practice D5854/API MPMS 8.3. 576
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28 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
6.3 CansWhen using cans, any seams shall have been soldered on the exterior surfaces 577
with a flux of rosin in a suitable solvent. Such a flux is easily removed with gasoline, whereas 578
many others are very difficult to remove. Cans made of stainless steel with welded seams, and 579
aluminum bottles, are suitable for many sampling operations, but cleanliness is still required. 580
Minute traces of flux may contaminate the sample so that results obtained on tests such as 581
dielectric strength, oxidation resistance, and sludge formation may be erroneous. For aviation 582
fuel sampling, refer to Practice D4306. 583
6.4 Plastic BottlesIn general, plastic bottles made of suitable material may be used for the 584
handling and storage of diesel oil, fuel oil, and lubricating oil. Bottles of this type should not be 585
used for gasoline, aviation jet fuel, kerosene, crude oil, white spirit, medicinal white oil, or other 586
petroleum products unless testing indicates there is no problem with solubility, contamination, or 587
loss of light components. In no circumstances shall nonlinear (conventional) polyethylene 588
containers be used to store samples of liquid hydrocarbons. This is to avoid sample 589
contamination or sample bottle failure. Used engine oil samples that may have been subjected to 590
fuel dilution should not be stored in plastic containers. Plastic bottles do have an advantage in 591
that they will not shatter like glass or corrode like metal containers. 592
6.5 Container Closures 593
6.5.1 Screw caps made of a material that will not deteriorate or contaminate the sample are to 594
be used for glass bottles. Screw caps should provide a vapor-tight seal. Use care when using cork 595
stoppers. Situations in which corks should not be used include: liquids in which loss of light ends 596
may affect any test results; and liquids that are hygroscopic or have a low-water content 597
specification. Rubber stoppers are not to be used. 598
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29 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
6.5.2 Cans and plastic bottles should be closed with screw caps made of the same material as 599
the container. Protect can screw caps with a disk faced with a material that will not deteriorate or 600
contaminate the sample when used to store or transport samples. Consideration of closure type is 601
important for samples in which vapor loss will affect the test results. Screw caps of a quality that 602
provide a vapor-tight closure should be used for plastic bottles and cans. Use screw caps for 603
containers used to take samples that will be tested for density or API gravity. 604
6.6 Container CleanlinessSample containers shall be clean and free from all substances 605
that might contaminate the product being sampled (such as water, dirt, lint, washing compounds, 606
naphtha and other solvents, soldering fluxes, acids, rust, and oil). Reusable containers shall be 607
cleaned by a method that has been determined as acceptable for the intended use, for example by 608
rinsing with a suitable solvent. Dry the container, for example either by passing a current of 609
clean warm air through the container or placing it in a hot, dust-free cabinet at 40C or higher. 610
When dry, stopper or cap the container. Normally, it is not necessary to wash new containers. 611
6.7 Container Compatibility for Sample MixingThe sample container should be compatible 612
with the mixing system for remixing samples to ensure that a homogenous sample is transferred 613
to an intermediate container or the analytical apparatus. This is particularly critical with crude 614
oil, some black products, and condensates for sediment and water (S&W) analysis. Cylindrical 615
containers are generally better suited for samples that are to be tested for S&W. Refer to Practice 616
D5854/API MPMS 8.3 for sample mixing and handling requirements. 617
6.8 Low Pressure Variable Volume ContainersLow pressure variable volume sample 618
container designs include collapsible plastics containers, bladders, and vessels fitted with a 619
flexible internal diaphragm. Before use, variable volume sample containers are normally 620
collapsed, evacuated or reduced to the nominal zero volume. The sample container size is 621
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D4057-XX
30 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
dependent on the quantity required for analysis (and/or retention). Prior to use, it may be 622
appropriate to rinse the sample containers with the product being sampled, in order to avoid 623
contamination from previous sample residue and/or solvents used to clean the low pressure 624
variable volume containers. The sample should be transported to the laboratory in the container 625
in which it was originally obtained (the primary sample container). Plastics containers are not 626
recommended for long-term sample storage, unless it has been demonstrated that the plastic is 627
suitable (i.e. compatible with the sample) so that the integrity of the sample is not compromised. 628
WARNING: The use of containers made of non-linear polyethylene may lead to sample 629
contamination and/or sample container failure. 630
6.9 High Pressure Spot Sampling Systems and Cylinders 631
6.9.1 Sample System Components-All equipment, such as transfer lines, valves and pressure 632
gages, associated with sampling shall be corrosion resistant and designed consistent with the 633
maximum anticipated pressure. Experience has shown that the transfer lines should have a 634
minimum internal diameter of 3 mm (18 in.) nominal and be as short as practical to minimize 635
line blockage or sample vaporization, or both. The use of filters, dryers, needle valves and 636
related equipment are not recommended, unless provisions are made to prevent excessive flow 637
restriction and pressure drop. It is recommended to use a T junction with a purge valve at the 638
sample connection point to allow purging of the dead volume at the sampler connection. Flexible 639
hose or tubing with adequate pressure rating may be used. 640
6.9.2 Sample Cylinders-Sample cylinders are used for the collection of light liquid 641
hydrocarbons and gas samples and subsequent transportation and storage. Typical light liquid 642
hydrocarbon sample containers are fixed volume sample cylinders or floating-piston variable 643
volume sample cylinders. Refer to Practice D6849. 644
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D4057-XX
31 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
6.9.2.1 Fixed Volume Sample Cylinder-Fixed volume sample cylinders are also known as 645
single cavity sample cylinders or spun cylinders. Refer to Figures 16a and 16b. 646
6.9.2.1.1 Valves-Fixed volume sample cylinders are typically available with either one or two 647
valves serving as cylinder inlet and outlet valves. Recommend using two-valve fixed volume 648
sample cylinders due to their ease of cleaning and purging prior to sampling. For repeated use, it 649
is recommended that one-valve fixed volume sample cylinders be used for only one product, due 650
to difficulty in cleaning. 651
6.9.2.1.2 Internal Outage (Ullage) Tubes- Recommend fixed volume sample cylinders be 652
equipped with an internal outage (ullage) tube, designed to provide a vapor space of typically 653
20% of the cylinder capacity, allowing for liquid thermal expansion. The end of the cylinder 654
fitted with the outage (ullage) tube shall be clearly marked. If the cylinder does not have an 655
internal outage (ullage) tube, use alternative purging and venting procedures to obtain a 656
minimum 20 % ullage in the cylinder. An internal outage tube within a fixed volume sample 657
cylinder may also be known as an ullage tube or dip tube. Typical sample cylinders are shown in 658
Figures 16a and 16b. 659
6.9.2.2 Sample Cylinder Usage Considerations-The type of sample cylinder used and its 660
materials of construction as well as hoses and fittings can affect the validity of the sample, as 661
well as the accuracy of the analysis. 662
6.9.2.2.1 When the observed vapor pressure of the liquid being sampled is close to the line 663
pressure, the reduction in sample pressure associated with the creation of the ullage space may 664
result in phase separation that can make subsequent representative sub-sampling difficult. In 665
these circumstances, a floating-piston variable volume cylinder should be used to ensure that the 666
sample is maintained at sufficient pressure to prevent phase separation. 667
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D4057-XX
32 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
6.9.2.2.2 Where small concentrations of contaminants must be quantified or where 668
concentrations of volatile compounds other than the predominant component must be quantified, 669
a floating-piston variable volume cylinder is recommended. NOTE 2: Practice D3700 describes 670
a recommended practice for obtaining a representative sample of a light hydrocarbon fluid and 671
the subsequent preparation of that sample for laboratory analysis when dissolved gases are 672
present. Use of Practice D1265, using a fixed volume cylinder, will result in a small but 673
predictable low bias for dissolved gases due to the liquid venting procedure to establish the 20 % 674
minimum ullage. 675
6.9.2.3 Sample Cylinder Construction-Sample cylinder construction is primarily dependent 676
on the pressure and temperature of the product to be sampled, and the pressure vessel approval 677
and certification requirements in the jurisdictions in which it is to be used and transported. All 678
sample cylinder material, and equipment used for obtaining the sample, shall meet appropriate 679
standards for construction, cleanliness and suitability for use, including product compatibility. 680
Use corrosion resistant metal sample cylinders certified by the authority having jurisdiction for 681
pressure vessels with adequate pressure rating for the product being sampled. Common materials 682
used are non-magnetic 300-series stainless steel, Monel, Viton elastomeric components, and 683
possibly other materials. The size of the cylinder depends upon the amount of sample required to 684
perform the anticipated laboratory tests, and retain. Blanking cover caps may be provided to seal 685
the valve connection points of high pressure sample cylinders prior to their transportation 686
between the sampling location and the laboratory. 687
6.9.2.4 Floating Piston Sample Cylinders-A floating piston sample cylinder, also known as 688
pressure-balanced piston cylinders, or constant pressure cylinders, can be used to sample pure 689
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D4057-XX
33 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
and multi-component liquids and when properly operated, maintains the sample as a single-phase 690
liquid. This device uses one, or two pistons, inside of the sample cylinder to maintain separation 691
between the liquid sampled and the backpressure inert gas. The inert gas is vented slowly to 692
allow the sample to enter the cylinder while maintaining a constant pressure on the sample. 693
Floating piston sample cylinders are typically constructed from a honed metal tube equipped 694
with end caps, valves, piston, a relief device to protect against over-pressure, and a method of 695
displaying the piston position. See Figures 17a, 17b and 17c. 696
6.9.2.4.1 Refrigerated Products-The floating piston sample cylinder shall be safely cooled to 697
the temperature of the product being sampled when sampling refrigerated liquids that are near or 698
below atmospheric pressure. Low cargo temperature (more than approximately 15C below 699
ambient) and low cargo pressure (near atmospheric pressure) may affect the ability of the user to 700
successfully capture a representative liquid sample using a floating-piston variable volume 701
cylinder if additional care is not taken; and the use of a vacuum pump may be required. Refer to 702
Practice D3700 and GPA 2174. 703
6.9.2.4.2 Piston Position Indicator-The floating piston cylinder shall be equipped with a 704
piston position indicator such as a magnetic follower, piston rod, or equivalent that is used to 705
indicate the sample volume to comply with the maximum percent fill (maximum fill density) 706
allowed for storage and transportation. Do not use floating piston cylinders that are not equipped 707
with a piston position indicator without a procedure to allow the operator to verify fill density 708
immediately after sampling prior to transport. Consult the authority having jurisdiction for 709
acceptable procedures. See Figures 17a and 17b. 710
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D4057-XX
34 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Copyright API, Washington D.C. All Rights Reserved.
6.9.2.4.3 Lubricants-Lubricants used to lubricate or seal the floating piston, O ring seals, and 711
other components shall be inert to the product being sampled. 712
6.9.2.5 Cylinder Coatings-Some cylinders may be internally coated or lined to reduce the 713
chances of bare metal surfaces reacting with trace reactive components, potentially altering the 714
quality and integrity of the sample. For example, H2S can be absorbed into the structure of 316 715
stainless steel, so that testing for H2S may require the cylinder to be coated. Protective internal 716
coatings or surface treatments are acceptable for floating piston sample cylinders provided that 717
they do not adversely affect the free movement of the piston, or effectiveness of the seals. 718
6.9.2.6 Cylinder Pressure Relief-Fit a ruptured disk or a self-resetting pressure relief valve to 719
the cylinder to prevent overpressure as the result of liquid thermal expansion. It is recommended 720
to use a spring relief valves if self-resetting is required. Typically, the maximum operating 721
system pressure should be limited to 80% of the nominal rating of the rupture disc for static 722
operating pressure and ambient temperature. The relief maximum burst pressure shall not exceed 723
the cylinder test pressure. Refer to applicable regulatory requirements for safe filling limits. 724
6.9.2.6.1 Cylinder Pressure Relief Inspection-The strength of rupture discs can deteriorate with 725
time due to temperature, corrosion, and fatigue. In addition, pulsating pressure, vacuum/pressure 726
cycling, heat, and corrosive fluids and atmospheres can reduce the discs burst pressure. Relief 727
valves and rupture discs should be inspected regularly. Do not alter valves or safety relief 728
devices that are part of a cylinder permit or exemption. NOTE 3: The USA has an exemption 729
system, and Canada has a permitting procedure for non-American Society of Mechanical 730
Engineers (ASME) or Department of Transportation (DOT) cylinders. 731
6.9.2.6.2 Cylinder Pressure Relief Release-The sudden release, typically accompanied by a 732
loud noise and product released at high velocity, might create a hazard. If the sample cylinder 733
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D4057-XX
35 This document is not an API/ ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an API/ ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an API/ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of API/ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyri