DR. B.C.ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE DURGAPUR

TOPIC:-APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENTATION IN MEDICAL WORLD

PRESENTED BY:-

KANHAIYA JHA

SUBMITTED TO:-

ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

TRANSFORMATIONOF THE WORK PLACE

IMPROVEMENT OF THE EQUIPMENTS

MODERNISATION OF INJECTIONS

THE THERMOMETERS

Thermometers has always been one of the most important medical equipment.

It is used to measure the body temperature of the patient.

Monitoring and control of the body temperature of a patient is very important.

WORKING OF THE DIGITAL THERMOMETER

It is now common to measure temperature with electronics. The most common sensor is a thermoresistor.

This device changes its resistance with changes in temperature. A computer or other circuit measures the resistance and converts it to a temperature, either to display it or to make decisions about turning something on or off.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGIt is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to image the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body in both health and disease.

HISTORY DamIn march 1971 Raymond

Vahan adian, an American physician gave the concept of nuclear magnetic resonance

He suggested that these differences could be used to diagnose cancer

WORKING PROCEDUREThe person is positioned within an MRI scanner which forms a strong magnetic field around the area to be imaged. In most medical applications, protons (hydrogen atoms) in tissues containing water molecules are used to create a signal that is processed to form an image of the body. First, energy from an oscillating magnetic field is temporarily applied to the patient at the appropriate resonance frequency. The excited hydrogen atoms emit a radio frequency signal which is measured by a receiving coil. The radio signal can be made to encode position information by varying the main magnetic field using gradient coils. As these coils are rapidly switched on and off they create the characteristic repetitive noise of an MRI scan. The contrast between different tissues is determined by the rate at which excited atoms return to the equilibrium state.

MRI requires a magnetic field that is both strong and uniform. The field strength of the magnet is measured in teslas – and while the majority of systems operate at 1.5T, commercial systems areavailable between 0.2T–7T.

REQUIRED MAGNETIC STRENGTH

WHAT CAN BE DIAGNOSED BY AN MRI SCAN? Most ailments of the brain, including tumours Sport injuries Musculoskeletal problems Most spinal conditions/injuries Vascular abnormalities Female pelvic problems Prostate problems Some gastrointestinal tract conditions Certain ear, nose and throat (ENT) conditions Soft tissue and bone pathology/conditions

How the image is made The dye will reach different

tissues at different rates Often, patients are injected

with a contrast dye during the scan

The image being sent back to the computer will have different strengths depending on the level of contrast dye in the tissues

Advantages of MRI1. No ionizing radiation & no short/long-term effects

demonstrated 2. Variable thickness, any plane3. Better contrast resolution & tissue discrimination4. Various sequences to play with to characterise the

abnormal tissue5. Many details without I.V contrast

DISADVANTAGE OF MRI Claustrophobia: Patients are in a very enclosed space. Weight and size: There are limitations to how big a patient can

be. Noise: The scanner is very noisy. Keeping still: Patients have to keep very still for extended periods

of time. Cost: A scanner is very, very expensive, therefore scanning is also

costly. Medical Contraindications: Pacemakers, metal objects in body

etc.

MRI V/S CT SCAN MRI No ionising radiation► Greater details, hence more

sensitive and more specific► Any plane scanning► Contrast less allergic► No beam hardening artefact

CT SCAN► Faster► Less expensive► Less sensitive to

patient movements► Easier in

claustrophobics► Calcification► Bone details

Glucometer is a medical device for determining approximate concentration of glucose in blood.

The key element of glucometer is that it can be used in home.

GLUCOMETER DEFINATION:

Glucose is a mono-saccarhide with the formula C6-H12-O6 It is simply form during the process of photosynthesis in the

presence of sunlight ,carbon-dioxide, etc in plant It is stored in the as starch in plant and glucogen in human body.

What is glucose?

Glucose is essential for the respiration purpose of cell.

It also help in the photosynthesis process in plant.

Glucose plays a vital role in the metabolic function in living being.

NEED OF GLUCOSE

Types of Glucometer Hospital type Glucometer:

Size: The average size is approximately about a palm size. Test Strips: It contains the chemicals with which the blood

contaminate and give the result. Volume of blood : Most of the glucometer requires 0.3 to 1

microliter. Testing time: 30 to 60 sec is required

Continuous Glucose Monitor(CGM)

Continuous glucose monitor systems consist of a disposable sensor placed under the skin, a transmitter connected to the sensor and a reader that receives and displays the measurements.

A device that provides “real-time” glucose readings and data about trends in glucose levels

Reads the glucose levels under the skin every 1-5 minutes (10-15 minute delay)

Provides alarms for high and low glucose levels and trend information

THREE PARTS OF ALL CGM

SENSOR TRANSMITTER RECEIVER

CGM

Wash hands to prevent infection Decide from where you are taking the blood(i) Finger(ii) Fore arms(iii) Less sensitive area Fix the strip in the glucometer and when it is ready

pierce it in the finger tip and get drop of hanging blood. The result is display

almost within 40 sec.

How To Use Glucometer

CONCLUSION

Biomedical instrumentation has proved itself to be a boon to the society and in the medical field. It has made possible the detection and cure of many vital diseases.

Biomedical instrumentation act like a bridge between engineering world and medical world.

The department’s biosensors and biomedical instrumentation research focuses on the development of novel devices for monitoring the physiological and biochemical state of the human body.

Thank you