1. 1. English Phonetics And Phonology
2. 2. Stress-timed rhythm Syllable-timed rhythm Foot Stress-shift M.Mahdipour
3. 3. The notion of rhythm involves some noticeable event happening at regular intervals of time. It has often been claimed that English speech is rhythmical and that the rhythm is detectable in the regular occurrence of stressed syllables. M.Mahdipour
4. 4. This theory implies that stressed syllables will tend to occur at relatively regular intervals whether they are separated by unstressed syllables or not. It states that in languages like English, Russian, Arabic the times from each stressed syllable to the next will tend to be the same, irrespective of the number of intervening unstressed syllables. Ex/ `Walk `down the `path to the `end of the caal M.Mahdipour
5. 5. The theory also claims that there is another kind of rhythm in some languages (French) called syllable-timed rhythm in which all syllables whether stressed or unstressed tend to occur at regular time intervals and the time between stressed syllables will be shorter or longer due to the number of unstressed syllables. M.Mahdipour
6. 6. Foot is a unit of rhythm. It begins with a stressed syllable and includes all following unstressed syllables up to the next stressed syllable. `walk `down the `path to the `end of the ca `nal M.Mahdipour
7. 7. Some feet are stronger than others, producing strong-week patterns in larger pieces of speech above the level of the foot. For example; the word twenty has one strong and one weak syllable, forming one foot. And so does the word places. S W S W twen ty pla ces M.Mahdipour
8. 8. Now consider the phrase twenty places where places normally carries stronger stress. W S s w s w twen ty pla ces M.Mahdipour
9. 9. Looking at this phrase in the context of a longer phrase twenty places further back, well have: w w w w w w twen ty pla ces fur ther back The strength of any particular syllable can be measured by counting up the number of times an S symbol occurs above. M.Mahdipour
10. 10. English speech tends towards a regular alternation between stronger and weaker, and tends to adjust stress levels to bring this about. This is the effect called stress-shift. As you can see below, the stresses are altered according to context. Compact (adj) /km`pkt/ Compact disk /kmpkt disk/ Westminster /west`mnst/ Westminster Abbey /`westmnst `bi/ M.Mahdipour
11. 11. In speaking English we vary in how rhythmically we speak: sometimes we speak very rhythmically (like in public speaking) while at other times we may speak arhythmically if we are hesitant or nervous. Stress-timed rhythm is characteristic of one style of speaking, not of English speech as a whole. M.Mahdipour
12. 12. Regressive Progressive (Coalescent) Assimilation of place Assimilation of voice M.Mahdipour
13. 13. In natural connected speech, sounds belonging to one word can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighbouring words. we call this difference assimilation. . Cf Ci .. word boundary Assimilation is sth which varies in extent according to speaking rate and style and is more likely to be found in rapid, casual speech. M.Mahdipour
14. 14. If Cf changes to become like Ci in some way, the assimilation is called regressive.( The following phoneme affects on its preceding) If Ci changes to become like Cf, then the assimilation is called progressive. This kind of assimilation is sometimes called Coalescence. In words like: Not yet & could you A final t,d and an initial j following often combine to form t, , so that not yet Is pronounced /net/ and could you is /ku/. 2.1 Regressive assimilation 2.2 Progressive assimilation M.Mahdipour
15. 15. This is the case parallel to regressive/progressive where a Cf with alveolar place of articulation is followed by an Ci with a place of articulation that is not alveolar. ex/ that person is /p psn/ that man /p mn/ meat pie /mip pa/ that case /k kes/ bright colour /brak kl/ good boy /gb b/ bad thing /bd / card game /kg gem/ green paper /grm pep/ ten girls /te glz/ this shoe / u/ those years / jz/ M.Mahdipour
16. 16. It is important to know the consonants that have undergone assimilation have not disappeared; the duration of consonants remains more or less what one would expect for a two-consonant cluster. The change in the manner of articulation is most likely towards an easier consonant which makes less obstruction to the airflow. A case of progressive assimilation where Ci becomes identical in manner to the Cf. ex/ in the /n / /nn/ get them /get m/ /gettm/ read these /rid iz/ /riddiz/ M.Mahdipour
17. 17. This is found in a limited way and there is only regressive assimilation of voice. If Cf is a lenis (voiced) consonant and Ci is fortis (voiceless) the lenis consonant often becomes voiceless too. ex/ I have to /a hf tu/ A type of assimilation that has become fixed is the progressive assimilation of vioce with the suffixes s,z (3rd person singular, plural, possessive) where S is pronounced as /S/ if the preceding consonant is fortis (voiceless) and as /Z/ if the preceding consonant is lenis (voiced). Cats /kts/ dogs /dgz/ Jumps /dmps/ runs /rnz/ Pats /pts/ pams/pmz/ M.Mahdipour
18. 18. Assimilation creates sth of a problem for phoneme theory: For example when d in good/gd/ in the context good girl gives /gg gl/ or b in the context good boy /gb b/ should we say that one phoneme has been substituted for another? English has no dental or labiodental plosive phonemes, so in these cases, although there is clearly assimilation , there could not be said to be a substitution of one phoneme for another. The alternative is to say that assimilation causes a phoneme to be realized by a different allophone. This would mean that the phoneme d of good has velar and bilabial allophones. M.Mahdipour
19. 19. In certain circumstances a phoneme may be realised as zero or have zero realisation or be deleted, this is called Elision. It is typical of rapid, casual speech. M.Mahdipour
20. 20. 1. Loss of weak vowel after p,t,k: potato, tomato, canary, perhaps, today. 2. Weak vowel + n, l, r becomes syllabic consonant: tonight /tnat/ police/plis/ correct/krekt/ 3. Avoidance of complex consonant clusters: acts/ks/ looked back/lk bk/ scripts/skrps/ 4. Loss of final v in of before consonants: Lots of them/lts m/ west of money/west mni/ M.Mahdipour
21. 21. Had, would (d) : pronounced /d/ (after vowels), /d/ (after consonants) Is, has (s): pronounced /s/ (after fortis consonants), /z/ (after lenis consonants) Will (ll): pronounced /l/ (after vowels), /l/ (after consonants) Have (ve): pronounced /v/ (after vowels), /v/ (after consonants) Are (re): pronounced //, /r/(after vowels) M.Mahdipour
22. 22. In real connected speech we link words together in a number of ways. The most familiar case is the use of linking r. Here /h/ but here are/hr / Four /f/ but four eggs/fr egz/ M.Mahdipour
23. 23. It is using r for linking words ending with a vowel, even when there is no justification. Formula A /fmjlr e/ Australia all out /strelir l at/ Media event /midir vent/ M.Mahdipour
24. 24. Linking r and intrusive r are special cases of juncture. Take a look at some other examples: my turn /ma tn/ long a, aspirated t might earn/mat n/ shortened a, unaspirated t my train /ma tren/ might rain /mait rein/ Tray lending /tre lendi/ long e, clear l Trail ending /trel endi/ shortened e, dark l keeps ticking t aspirated in ticking keep sticking t unaspirated after s M.Mahdipour
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