BACTERIA (KINGDOM: MONERA)

BACTERIA(KINGDOM: MONERA)Chapter 171VOCABULARYAerobic respirationAntibioticAntisepticBacterial cultureBinary fissionConjugationClassificationDisinfectantEcological role

FermentationMotilityMutationProkaryoteResistant/resistance2READINGBasic structure of prokaryotic cell p.360-361Unifying characteristics p.361-364Form, distribution, motility, ecological role, nutrition, human diseases p.361-366, 369-372Fermentation, aerobic respiration, photosynthesis in Monerans p.365-367How bacterial decomposers and parasites obtain their food p.365Antibiotics, disinfectants, antiseptics p.374Antibiotic resistance p.368Beneficial roles p370-37234

THE FIVE KINGDOMS4http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm5Introduction to Bacteria2 TYPES OF BACTERIA:Bacteria-Get food from an outside source

Blue-green Bacteria-Make their own food

5http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htmhttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html6BACTERIABacteria - small one celled moneransBacteria like a warm, dark, and moist environmentThey are found almost everywhere:-water-air-soil-food-skin-inside the body-on most objects

6http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIFhttp://www.mctmnet.gov.om/committee/BACTERIA.GIF7Spiral:spirillarod-shaped: bacilli, bacillusRound:cocci

3 Shapes of BacteriaBacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:7http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF83 Shapes of Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis (bacillus)Neisseria meningitidis (coccus)

Leptospira interrogans (spirilla)

8http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF97 Major Structures of a Bacteria CellCapsuleCell wallRibosomesNucleoidFlagellaPilliCytoplasm

9http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF10

Capsule7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells11

Cell wall7 Major Structures of a Bacteria CellThick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell12

Ribosomes7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell cell part where proteins are made

Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs13

Nucleoid7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell a ring made up of DNA 14

Flagella7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion15

Pilli7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell hollow hair-like structures made of protein

allows bacteria to attach to other cells.

Pilli-singular Pillus-plural16

Cytoplasm7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell

Bacterial Growth

Bacteria Reproduce QuicklyIn optimal conditions, an E. coli bacteria can double every 20 minutes.

The time it takes a bacteria to double is known as the Generation time A Growth TableTime (min)# of E. Coli0120240460880161003212064140128160256180512Time (min)# of E. Coli2001024220204824040962608192280163843003276832065536340131072360262144380524288At just over 6.5 hours you have over 1 MILLION E. coli.

Imagine that growing on your sandwichThis type of growth has a special name. It is known as Exponential growth.

Exponential growth starts out slow but once it gets going it grows quickly.Lets Graph it!

Time# of E. coli

Time (min)# of E. coli# of E. coli versus TimeSalmonellaSalmonella has a generation time of about 30 minutesIt can be found on chicken and can make you quite sick.Luckily it takes about 10 million of them to get sick so thats quite a few.Lets calculate how long it takes for bacteria to reach 10,000,000 if we have 1000 on our chicken sandwich.

The Special EquationThere is a special equation to use with exponential growthN = N02t/T

N = is the number of bacteriaN0 = the number of bacteria you start withT = the amount of time it takes to doublet = the actual time

In ideal optimal conditions in about 3 days bacteria could reproduce sooooo much that they would weigh more than our planet. Lucky for usLucky for us those conditions dont usually exist, and a graph of bacterial growth generally looks like this

29Binary Fission- the process of one organism dividing into two organismsFission is a type of asexual reproductionReproduction of Bacteria

How?...The one main (circular) chromosome makes a copy of itselfThen it divides into twoAsexual reproduction- reproduction of a living thing from only one parent

29www-raider.stjohns.k12.fl.us/.../ sv16.html 30BINARY FISSION

Bacteria dividingCompletedReproduction of Bacteria30http://www.cellsalive.com/ecoli.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/cam2.htm

31The time of reproduction depends on how desirable the conditions are

Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in warm, dark, and moist conditions

Some can reproduce every 20 minutes (one bacteria could be an ancestor to one million bacteria in six hours)Reproduction of Bacteria31http://www.east-buc.k12.ia.us/Ins/00-01/HS/le1.GIF32

Bacterial Cell & Nucleiod DNA RingDNA replicationCell wall synthesisCell separationBinary Fission32http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/MBG/MBG3/CB.Binaryfission.GIF33Bacteria Survival Endospore- a thick celled structure that forms inside the cellthey are the major cause of food poisoningthey can withstand boiling, freezing, and extremely dry conditionsit encloses all the nuclear materials and some cytoplasm

allows the bacteria to survive for many years34Bacillus subtilisEndospore-the black section in the middle

highly resistant structurescan withstand radiation, UV light, and boiling at 120oC for 15 minutes.Bacteria Survival 35Bacteria Survival Food sources parasites bacteria that feed on living things

saprophytes use dead materials for food (exclusively)

decomposers get food from breaking down dead matter into simple chemicals

important- because they send minerals and other materials back into the soil so other organisms can use them35http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html36Harmful Bacteria some bacteria cause diseases

Animals can pass diseases to humans

Communicable Disease Disease passed from one organism to another

This can happen in several ways:AirTouching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrushDrinking water that contains bacteria

36http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html37 1 1 1 1 1Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar (rough areas)

Harmful Bacteria 37http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60

38Helpful BacteriaDecomposers help recycle nutrients into the soil for other organisms to grow

Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to break down grass and hay

Most are used to make antibiotics

Some bacteria help make insulin

Used to make industrial chemicals

38http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html39 1 1 1 1 1

E.coli on small intestinesHelpful Bacteria39http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=6040Used to treat sewage Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria, used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no longer present to produce odors, sludge, pollution, or unsightly mess.

foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese, sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria that grows in milk

Helpful Bacteria40http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/monera.html41Controlling Bacteria3 ways to control bacteria:1) Canning- the process of sealing food in airtight cans or jars after killing bacteriaendospores are killed during this process2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk to kill harmful bacteria3) Dehydration- removing water from foodBacteria cant grow when H2O is removed example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal41http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm42Controlling BacteriaAntiseptic vs. DisinfectantsAntiseptic- chemicals that kill bacteria on living thingsmeans against infectionExamples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, soap, mouthwashDisinfectants- stronger chemicals that destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving things

43BLUE-GREEN BACTERIAAutotrophs make their own food through photosynthesiscommonly grow on water and surfaces that stay wetsuch as rivers, creeks and dams larger than most bacterial cells Some live in salt water, snow, and acid water of hot springs food source for animals that live in the water 43http://www.specialedprep.net/MSAT%20SCIENCE/KingdomMonera.htm44BLUE-GREEN BACTERIABlooms- occur when the bacteria multiplies in great numbers and form scum on the top of the water

can be toxic to humans and animals

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Bacillus anthracis - rod, vegetative stage prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 21185A 46http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60

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Neisseria meningitidis - coccus prokaryote (bacterium)Image Number: 97214E 47http://www.denniskunkel.com/PublicHtml/Edu-SearchResults.asp?Category=&ImageNumber=&Keyword3=&Keyword2=&Keyword1=bacteria&offset=60

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Leptospira interrogans - spiral shaped prokaryote (spirochete)

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Chart112481632641282565121024204840968192163843276865536131072

# Bacteria

Sheet1Time# Bacteria012024046088016100321206414012816025618051220010242202048240409626081922801638430032768320655363401310723602621443805242884001048576420209715244041943044608388608480167772165003355443252067108864540134217728560268435456580536870912

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# Bacteria

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