kingdom monera (bacteria). ciera verschneider 2009
TRANSCRIPT
Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)
Ciera Verschneider 2009
Characteristics of Bacteria
• 1 celled organism (unicellular)• Does not have a nuclear membrane• Chromosome is a single long chain• Lacks organelles like mitochondria or
chloroplasts• how big are they?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
Shapes
• Cocci• Round spheres
Bacilli
• Rods (pieces of chalk)
Spirilli
• Corkscrews
Movement
• Some bacteria have flagella to help them move
• Flagella are whiplike tails
Reproduction • Fission• One parent cell
splits into 2 daughter cells after doubling its DNA
• Daughter cells are clones
Breathing
• Aerobes use oxygen• Anaerobes do not use oxygen
Cyanobacteria
• Blue green bacteria make food using
• Sunlight, CO2, and water due to a colored pigment called
• Chlorophyll
Good bacteria
• Used to make foods like• Cheese• Sauerkraut• Yogurt• And vinegar
Saprophyte
• Decomposer: breaks down dead materials
• (recycles)
Nitrogen fixing bacteria• Help farmers to grow plants • (works like fertilizer)
Industry uses for
• Make medicine, • Enzymes,• Cleaners• Glues• Etc.
Bad Bacteria• Pathogen• Bacteria that
causes disease• Treat with
ANTIBIOTICS• Prevent with
VACCINATION
Virus
• No cells• Only reproduce inside other cells• No form of respiration (energy)
Graphic image on next slide
Smallpox
Reproduction
• Attach to outside of host cell
• Inject DNA into host, becomes part of host DNA
• Copy: host makes copies of virus
• Release: host cell bursts, viruses leave to infect new cells
Prevent with VACCINE
• First vaccine made by Jenner in 1600’s
• Used his SON to prevent SMALLPOX
To make a vaccine• 1. Kill virus DNA
• 2. Inject dead virus into an animal• 3. Animal makes memory cells (white
blood cells or T4 cells)• 4. That is your immune system • WBC’s make antibodies (14-21 days)• 5. BAM! next time it recognizes the
protein coat of a real one, • Kills it dead
Famous Science Dudes
• Leeuvenhoek• Microscope
2. Edward Jenner
• 1600’s• Made first vaccine to smallpox
virus• Tested it on his son
3. Louis Pasteur (1850’s)
• Proved bacteria cause disease• Created first rabies vaccine• Pasteurization• Quickly heat and then cool milk• To kill bacteria, but keeps flavor
4. Josef Lister (1850’s)
• Germ Theory of Disease• Proved patients would live if
doctors and nurses washed their hands in carbolic acid
• Hospitals were a place to go to die• They smelled like rotting meat
Alexander Fleming (1928) went away for vacation, and left
some agar plates on the shelf came back and noticed no bacteria
were growing around a spot of fungus• The fungus was Penicillium notatum,
and we now use an extract of the fungus as PENICILLIN (an antibiotic)
• Penicillin does not let bacteria form a cell wall
5. Jonas Salk (1940’s)
• Polio vaccine