Bacteria Bacteria Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera

Mrs. S. Pipke-PainchaudMrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud

Diversity of Life Biology 20Diversity of Life Biology 20

ObjectivesObjectives 2.2. Recognize the role of monera, protists, and fungi in the Recognize the role of monera, protists, and fungi in the

ecosystem.ecosystem. 2.1 Describe viral structure and activity. 2.1 Describe viral structure and activity.

2.2 Identify some viral diseases prevalent in plants, animals, 2.2 Identify some viral diseases prevalent in plants, animals, and humans in Saskatchewan. and humans in Saskatchewan.

2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified. 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified. 2.4 Describe some diseases caused by bacteria which 2.4 Describe some diseases caused by bacteria which affect organisms living in Saskatchewan. affect organisms living in Saskatchewan. 2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem 2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by bacteria. by bacteria. 2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

2.7 Describe how the protist kingdom is classified. 2.7 Describe how the protist kingdom is classified. 2.8 Collect, culture, and observe a variety of protists. 2.8 Collect, culture, and observe a variety of protists.

2.9 Describe the general characteristics of fungi. 2.9 Describe the general characteristics of fungi. 2.10 Collect and observe some samples of fungi. 2.10 Collect and observe some samples of fungi. 2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.

Bacteria?Bacteria?

Briefly jot down what this term Briefly jot down what this term means to you? (i.e. when someone means to you? (i.e. when someone says bacteria, what does it make you says bacteria, what does it make you think of?)think of?)

Could you include any examples?Could you include any examples?

Intro to Bacteria?Intro to Bacteria? ““Bacteria are often maligned as the Bacteria are often maligned as the causescauses of human of human

and animal and animal diseasedisease. However, certain bacteria, the . However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms” (UCMP bacteria-like organisms” (UCMP http://http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.htmlwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.html))

Videos:Videos:

Bacteria Song:Bacteria Song: http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=tqOVYphttp://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=tqOVYp

kZ0qskZ0qs Bacterial Growth:Bacterial Growth:

http://ca.youtube.com/watch?http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc&feature=relatedv=gEwzDydciWc&feature=related

Bacteria Examples: (Microscope Bacteria Examples: (Microscope images)images) http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/

bacteria.htmbacteria.htm

Bacterial HistoryBacterial History Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) – oldest fossils Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) – oldest fossils

are nearly 3.5 billion years old.are nearly 3.5 billion years old. Fossil bacteria has also been found in:Fossil bacteria has also been found in:

AmberAmber Mummified tissuesMummified tissues Fossilized bones show Fossilized bones show

the presence of disease the presence of disease causing bacteriacausing bacteria

Magnetobacteria:Magnetobacteria: ““form tiny, nanometer-sized crystals of magnetite (iron form tiny, nanometer-sized crystals of magnetite (iron

oxide) inside their cells” (oxide) inside their cells” (UCMP-Fossil BacteriaUCMP-Fossil Bacteria). These ). These magnetite crystals have been identified in rocks as old magnetite crystals have been identified in rocks as old as 2 billion years (size: a few hundred millionths of a as 2 billion years (size: a few hundred millionths of a meter)meter)

-All info from (-All info from (UCMP-Fossil BacteriaUCMP-Fossil Bacteria). ).

BacteriaBacteria

LeptospiraLeptospira: causes serious : causes serious disease in livestock disease in livestock ((http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/bacteria.html))

Prokaryotic vs Prokaryotic vs EukaryoticEukaryotic

ProkaryotesProkaryotes:: Lack membrane Lack membrane

bound organellesbound organelles Smaller, simplerSmaller, simpler Example:Example:

BacteriaBacteria

EukaryotesEukaryotes:: Have membrane Have membrane

bound organellesbound organelles Have a membrane Have a membrane

bound nucleusbound nucleus Example:Example:

Most cells that we Most cells that we encounter encounter

Cellupedia Examples: Cellupedia Examples: http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/ehttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.htmlukaryote_examples.html

2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and 2.6 Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.eukaryotes.

For more details, please refer to:For more details, please refer to: http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/ProkaryoticvsEukaryotic.htmhttp://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/ProkaryoticvsEukaryotic.htm

What is Bacteria?What is Bacteria? A microscopic, single celled organismA microscopic, single celled organism ProkaryoticProkaryotic Major Types:Major Types:

Archeabacteria or EubacteriaArcheabacteria or Eubacteria Variety of shapesVariety of shapes Size: micrometres (millionth of a meter)Size: micrometres (millionth of a meter) Found in all types of environments.Found in all types of environments.

Classified by:Classified by: Shape:Shape:

Rod – called bacilliRod – called bacilli Sphere – called cocciSphere – called cocci Spiral – called spirillaSpiral – called spirilla Other more complex shapes do exist.Other more complex shapes do exist.

Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygenAerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygen Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining techniqueGram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining technique Autotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteriaAutotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteria

(Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria (Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.htmlhttp://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.html))

2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified. 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified.

Classification of BacteriaClassification of Bacteria Classified by:Classified by:

Shape:Shape: Rod – called bacilliRod – called bacilli Sphere – called cocciSphere – called cocci Spiral – called spirillaSpiral – called spirilla Other more complex shapes do exist.Other more complex shapes do exist.

Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need Aerobic – need oxygen/ Anaerobic don’t need oxygenoxygen

Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining Gram Positive/ Gram Negative – a staining techniquetechnique

Autotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteriaAutotrophic or Heterotrophic bacteria(Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria (Buzzle.com – Different Types of Bacteria http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-types-of-bacteria.html))

2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are 2.3 Discuss the various ways bacteria are classified. classified.

SpirilliumSpirilliumhttp://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/spirillum.jpghttp://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/images/spirillum.jpg

Types of BacteriaTypes of Bacteria

Types of Bacteria:Types of Bacteria: http://http://ca.youtube.com/watch?vca.youtube.com/watch?v

=RrTjOrzva3I=RrTjOrzva3I

Bacterial CellBacterial Cell

Refer to the Refer to the following link following link for more for more detail.detail.

http://www.mhttp://www.microbeworld.oicrobeworld.org/microbes/brg/microbes/bacteria/look.aacteria/look.aspxspx

2.11 Identify the basic structural features of bacteria.

Bacterial CellBacterial Cell

CellupedCellupedia: ia: http://library.thinkquhttp://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/proest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.htmlkaryotic_cells.html

Did you also know…Did you also know… Sometimes referred to as germsSometimes referred to as germs Bacteria are around us all the timeBacteria are around us all the time Can be positive:Can be positive:

Make vitaminsMake vitamins Breakdown garbageBreakdown garbage Maintain atmosphereMaintain atmosphere Examples:Examples:

Lactobacillus acidophilus (found in yogurt)Lactobacillus acidophilus (found in yogurt) ““Lactic acid bacteria (bacteria that ferment sugars into lactic acid)Lactic acid bacteria (bacteria that ferment sugars into lactic acid)play an essential role in the production of wine, as well as suchplay an essential role in the production of wine, as well as suchfermented foods as cheese, yogurt, pickles, sausage and salami.”fermented foods as cheese, yogurt, pickles, sausage and salami.”

((http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgi-rtt100302.phphttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgi-rtt100302.php))

Can live in:Can live in: Temperatures above boiling and below freezingTemperatures above boiling and below freezing

Feed off of:Feed off of: Sugar/starchSugar/starch SunlightSunlight Sulphur/ ironSulphur/ iron ““There's even a species of bacteria—There's even a species of bacteria—Deinococcus radioduransDeinococcus radiodurans

—that can withstand blasts of radiation 1,000 times greater—that can withstand blasts of radiation 1,000 times greater than would kill a human being.” than would kill a human being.”

Info from:Info from: Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/

Includes a quick video.Includes a quick video.

By fermenting lactic acid, Oenococcus oeni plays a critical role in de-acidifying wine.

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-10/dgi-rtt100302.php

More Bacteria Info: More Bacteria Info:

Sometimes known as Sometimes known as microorganisms, bacteria, is an microorganisms, bacteria, is an important decomposer.important decomposer. Help to breakdown dead and decaying Help to breakdown dead and decaying

remains.remains.

Extreme Bacteria:Extreme Bacteria: Types of ArchaeaTypes of Archaea There are three main types of archaea: There are three main types of archaea:

the crenarchaeota the crenarchaeota (kren-are-key-oh-ta)(kren-are-key-oh-ta), which are characterized by , which are characterized by their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity. their ability to tolerate extremes in temperature and acidity.

The euryarchaeota The euryarchaeota (you-ree-are-key-oh-ta)(you-ree-are-key-oh-ta), which include methane-, which include methane-producers and salt-lovers;producers and salt-lovers;

the korarchaeota the korarchaeota (core-are-key-oh-ta)(core-are-key-oh-ta), a catch-all group for archaeans , a catch-all group for archaeans about which very little is known. about which very little is known.

Subtypes:Subtypes: MethanogensMethanogens (meth-an-oh-jins)(meth-an-oh-jins) — — archaeans that produce methane archaeans that produce methane

gas as a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy.gas as a waste product of their "digestion," or process of making energy. Halophiles Halophiles (hal-oh-files)(hal-oh-files) — — those archaeans that live in salty those archaeans that live in salty

environments.environments. Thermophiles Thermophiles (ther-mo-files)(ther-mo-files) — — the archaeans that live at extremely hot the archaeans that live at extremely hot

temperatures.temperatures. Psychrophiles Psychrophiles ((sigh-crow-filessigh-crow-files) —) — those that live at unusually cold those that live at unusually cold

temperatures. temperatures. Meet the Microbes: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/ Refer to Where they Live: for more details: Refer to Where they Live: for more details:

http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/where.aspxhttp://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/archaea/where.aspx

Roles of BacteriaRoles of Bacteria

2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in 2.5 Identify some valuable roles played in the ecosystem by bacteria. the ecosystem by bacteria.

Examples:

•Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracis causes causes anthrax, a deadly disease in cattle anthrax, a deadly disease in cattle and a potential bioweapon against and a potential bioweapon against humans.humans. (found in Saskatchewan (found in Saskatchewan soil)soil)

•Brucella abortusBrucella abortus causes breeding causes breeding losses in livestock.losses in livestock.

Antrhax: http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm

AnthraxAnthrax

““This This rod-shapedrod-shaped bacteria grows in long colonies with the bacteria grows in long colonies with the cells joined end-to-end. The shape of the cells is more cells joined end-to-end. The shape of the cells is more apparent under high magnification. This was the first apparent under high magnification. This was the first bacterium that was shown (by Robert Koch in 1877) to be bacterium that was shown (by Robert Koch in 1877) to be the cause of a disease : anthrax. Anthrax mainly the cause of a disease : anthrax. Anthrax mainly affects affects herbivoresherbivores but occasionally is transmitted to humans. but occasionally is transmitted to humans.

It causes death fairly rapidly, and could theoretically be It causes death fairly rapidly, and could theoretically be used in biological warfare. used in biological warfare. The Defense Dept vaccinated troops against anthrax The Defense Dept vaccinated troops against anthrax during the Gulf War. The British government tested an during the Gulf War. The British government tested an anthrax bomb in 1941 on Gruinard island in Scotland. The anthrax bomb in 1941 on Gruinard island in Scotland. The island was finally declared “safe” almost 50 years later in island was finally declared “safe” almost 50 years later in 1990 after the soil was soaked to a depth of at least 6 1990 after the soil was soaked to a depth of at least 6 inches with formaldehyde to try to kill any spores that inches with formaldehyde to try to kill any spores that remained.”remained.”

Antrhax:

http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm

Examples:Examples: CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green (formerly known as blue-green

algae) live in water, where they produce large algae) live in water, where they produce large amounts of the oxygen we breathe.amounts of the oxygen we breathe.

Escherichia coliEscherichia coli (a.k.a. (a.k.a. E. coliE. coli) lives in the ) lives in the gut, where it helps digest food and produces gut, where it helps digest food and produces Vitamin K. The "bad" strain of Vitamin K. The "bad" strain of E. coliE. coli O157:H7 causes severe food borne sickness.O157:H7 causes severe food borne sickness.

Lactobacillus bulgaricusLactobacillus bulgaricus helps turn milk into helps turn milk into cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products.cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products.

Bacterium tuberculosism MycobaBacterium tuberculosism Mycoba causes causes tuberculosis, a major killer from the past that tuberculosis, a major killer from the past that has recently resurged with the advent of has recently resurged with the advent of AIDS.AIDS.

Info from:Info from: Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://http://www.microbeworld.orgwww.microbeworld.org /microbes/bacteria//microbes/bacteria/

Examples Continued:Examples Continued: RhizobiaRhizobia convert free nitrogen into a form convert free nitrogen into a form

that the plants can use in order to grow. that the plants can use in order to grow. (found in the root nodules of nitrogen fixing (found in the root nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria)bacteria)

StaphylococcusStaphylococcus (a.k.a. (a.k.a. staphstaph) can cause ) can cause serious infections and is one of the most serious infections and is one of the most drug-resistant bacteria.drug-resistant bacteria.

Streptococcus pneumoniaeStreptococcus pneumoniae causes strep causes strep throat, meningitis, and pneumonia.throat, meningitis, and pneumonia.

Streptomyces griseuStreptomyces griseus makes the antibiotic s makes the antibiotic streptomycin.streptomycin.

Thermus aquaticusThermus aquaticus is a heat-loving bacterium is a heat-loving bacterium from which scientists got the enzyme Taq from which scientists got the enzyme Taq polymerase that makes routine DNA polymerase that makes routine DNA fingerprinting and fingerprinting and gene sequencinggene sequencing possible. possible.

Info from:Info from: Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/Microbe World: Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/bacteria/

Where do they live?Where do they live?

Refer to the following website for Refer to the following website for habitat info:habitat info: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/

bacteria/where.aspxbacteria/where.aspx

Where They’re FoundWhere They’re Found Bacteria can be found virtually everywhere. They are in Bacteria can be found virtually everywhere. They are in

the air, the soil, and water, and in and on plants and the air, the soil, and water, and in and on plants and animals, including us. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains animals, including us. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains about a billion bacterial cells (and about 120,000 fungal about a billion bacterial cells (and about 120,000 fungal cells and some 25,000 algal cells). The human mouth is cells and some 25,000 algal cells). The human mouth is home to more than 500 species of bacteria.home to more than 500 species of bacteria.

Some bacteria (along with archaea) thrive in the most Some bacteria (along with archaea) thrive in the most forbidding, uninviting places on Earth, from nearly-boiling forbidding, uninviting places on Earth, from nearly-boiling hot springs to super-chilled Antarctic lakes buried under hot springs to super-chilled Antarctic lakes buried under sheets of ice. Microbes that dwell in these extreme sheets of ice. Microbes that dwell in these extreme habitats are aptly called habitats are aptly called extremophilesextremophiles..

Bacteria live on or in just about every material and Bacteria live on or in just about every material and environment on Earth from soil to water to air, and from environment on Earth from soil to water to air, and from your house to arctic ice to volcanic vents. Each square your house to arctic ice to volcanic vents. Each square centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A centimeter of your skin averages about 100,000 bacteria. A single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion single teaspoon of topsoil contains more than a billion (1,000,000,000) bacteria.(1,000,000,000) bacteria.

What do they eat?What do they eat?

Refer to the following website:Refer to the following website: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/

bacteria/eat.aspxbacteria/eat.aspx

What they eat..What they eat.. Some bacteria are photosynthetic Some bacteria are photosynthetic (foe-toe-sin-(foe-toe-sin-

theh-tick)theh-tick)—they can make their own food —they can make their own food from sunlight, just like plants. Also like from sunlight, just like plants. Also like plants, they give off oxygen. Other bacteria plants, they give off oxygen. Other bacteria absorb food from the material they live on or absorb food from the material they live on or in. Some of these bacteria can live off unusual in. Some of these bacteria can live off unusual "foods" such as iron or sulfur. The microbes "foods" such as iron or sulfur. The microbes that live in your gut absorb nutrients from the that live in your gut absorb nutrients from the digested food you've eaten. digested food you've eaten.

Many more interesting facts about bacteria Many more interesting facts about bacteria can be found throughout the Microbe website, can be found throughout the Microbe website, so keep clicking and reading.so keep clicking and reading.

How do they move?How do they move?

Refer to the following website:Refer to the following website: http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/

bacteria/move.aspxbacteria/move.aspx

Movement:Movement: How They MoveHow They Move Some bacteria have hair- or whip-like appendages called Some bacteria have hair- or whip-like appendages called

flagella used to ‘swim’ around. Others produce thick coats of flagella used to ‘swim’ around. Others produce thick coats of slime and ‘glide’ about. Some stick out thin, rigid spikes called slime and ‘glide’ about. Some stick out thin, rigid spikes called fimbriae to help hold them to surfaces. Some contain little fimbriae to help hold them to surfaces. Some contain little particles of minerals that orient with the planet’s magnetic particles of minerals that orient with the planet’s magnetic fields to help the bacteria figure out whether they’re swimming fields to help the bacteria figure out whether they’re swimming up or down.up or down.

Bacterium with flagellaBacterium with flagellaHarwood, Harwood, ASM ASM MicrobeLibraryMicrobeLibrary

Some bacteria move about their environment by means of long, Some bacteria move about their environment by means of long, whip-like structures called flagella. They rotate their flagella whip-like structures called flagella. They rotate their flagella like tiny outboard motors to propel themselves through liquid like tiny outboard motors to propel themselves through liquid environments. They may also reverse the direction in which environments. They may also reverse the direction in which their flagella rotate so that they tumble about in one place. their flagella rotate so that they tumble about in one place.

Other bacteria secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like Other bacteria secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs. Others are fairly stationary. slugs. Others are fairly stationary.

  

Examples of bacterial Examples of bacterial diseases which affect diseases which affect

Saskatchewan organisms Saskatchewan organisms – – 2.42.4 Lyme Disease:Lyme Disease:

Lyme disease is a serious bacterial Lyme disease is a serious bacterial infection caused by a tick bite and infection caused by a tick bite and affects humans and animals. affects humans and animals.

http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Oasis/6455/saskatchewan-links.htmlhttp://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Oasis/6455/saskatchewan-links.html

ResourcesResources

Meet the Microbes:Meet the Microbes: http://www.microbeworld.rg/microbes/bacteriahttp://www.microbeworld.rg/microbes/bacteria

// Timeline: Timeline:

http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/timelinhttp://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/timeline1.aspxe1.aspx

UCMP – All exhibits:UCMP – All exhibits: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/

index.phpindex.php Bacteria: Images and short infoBacteria: Images and short info

http://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htmhttp://www1.fccj.org/dbyres/bacteria.htm