basic enviornment

8/11/2019 basic enviornment

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-enviornment 1/5

Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is a natural layer that is the part of the Earth's atmosphere. This layer is made upof oxygen and contains high concentrations of ozone O3. Highly concentrated oxygen molecules

are part of this layer; this concentrated oxygen is much higher than the concentrations in the

lower atmosphere. However, O3 only contributes still small as compared to the main

components of the atmosphere.

Although the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life

because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun.

The "thickness" of the ozone layer - that is, the total amount of ozone in a column overhead -

varies by a large factor worldwide, being in general smaller near the equator and larger as one

moves towards the poles. It also varies with season, being in general thicker during the spring

and thinner during the autumn.



Eco System

An eco-system is a naturally created biological environment, this network comprises of non-

living and living elements like water, soil, air, humans, mammals etc. the ecosystem is on land

and aquatic. The size of each ecosystem differs. The major ecosystems are Tropical Rain forest

ecosystem, Grassland Eco system and Desert ecosystem.

Sustainability of ecosystem is based on the balance between the users and resources. A food

chain is the integral part of an ecosystem some animals or plants serve others as food and cycle

move from one to another based upon needs of organisms living.

Eco system has a linkage with all organisms and disciplines, which include ecology, bio geo

chemistry, aquatic ecology and even resource economics.

Ecosystem can be best exampled as shown in the above picture that water evaporates due to solar

reactions, plants and animals use these vapor as rain as nutrition and by this plants grow, animals

feed on those plants and vid e vid.



Estuaries

Estuaries are coastal ridges that collect large freshwater overflow from land, and experience open

tidal circulation with the ocean. In other words, estuaries are the openings of rivers dropping into

the sea. Pakistan has five large rivers of which only river Sindh has an estuaries two other are

located in Balochistan named Hingol and Dasht.

These become important due to scientific importance regarding a balanced ecosystem between

fresh water and seas, tidal circulations in estuaries are also interesting for scientists as well as for

the recreational activity.

Worlds 60% population lives nearby these estuaries, degrading estuaries due over fishing, overgrazing and farming.

TIDAL POWER



Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy being produced by ocean waves due to tides

waters.

In early 20th century, engineer s developed ways to use tidal movement to generate electricity in

areas where there is a significant tidal range.

Tidal energy assembly is still in its initial stages and amount of power produced using this

technology is small. “There are very few commercial-sized tidal power plants operating in the

world. The first was located in La Rance, France”1 . The largest facility is the Sihwa Lake Tidal

Power Station in South Korea. The United States has no tidal plants and only a few sites where

tidal energy could be produced at a reasonable price. China, France, England, Canada, and

Russia have much more potential to use this type of energy.

GEO THERMAL POWER

Geothermal energy is obtained by the heat from the Earth. It's unpolluted and viable for ecology.

“Resources of geothermal energy ranges from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock

found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high

temperatures of molten rock called magma”.

Almost everywhere, the shallow ground or upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly

constant temperature between 50° and 60°F (10° and 16°C). Geothermal heat pumps can tap into

this resource to heat and cool buildings. A geothermal heat pump system consists of a heat pump,



an air delivery system (ductwork), and a heat exchanger-a system of pipes buried in the shallow

ground near the building. In the winter, the heat pump removes heat from the heat exchanger and

pumps it into the indoor air delivery system. In the summer, the process is reversed, and the heat

pump moves heat from the indoor air into the heat exchanger. The heat removed from the indoor

air during the summer can also be used to provide a free source of hot water

References

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/geothermal-energy

http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/encyclopedia/tidal-energy/?ar_a=1

http://www.wildlifeofpakistan.com/IntroductiontoPakistan/coastlineofPakistan.htm

http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/o/ozone_layer.htm










basic enviornment

Documents