enviornment notes

7/23/2019 Enviornment notes

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1

i`Foh dk mn~Hko vkSj i;kZ oj.k dk fodkl

fVIi.kh

ekM~;wy&1 i;kZ oj.k ;q xksa ls

1

i`Foh dk mn~ Hko vkSj i;kZoj.k dk fodkl

ge ,d cgq r gh lq a nj xz g ij jgrs gS a ] tks i`Foh ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;g xz g is M+&ikS/ks a] i'kq&if{k;ks a rFkk vU; thoks a dk Hkh fuokl gSA gekjh iFoh ,d fo'kky cz ãka M dk ,d Hkkx gSA

;g cz ãka M yxHkx ia nz g ls chl vjc o"kZ iq jkuk gSA i`Foh dh vk;q yxHkx 4 ls 5 vjc o"kZ gS] tcfd ekuo dk vkfoHkkZ o dksbZ 20 yk[k o"kZ igys gq vk FkkA bl ikB dk vè;;u djus ds ckn vki tkus a xs fd i`Foh dk mn~ xe dS ls gq vk] mls viuk i;kZ oj.k dS ls iz kIr gq vk vkS j ekuo vius dY;k.k vkS j fodkl ds fy, bl i;kZ oj.k ds la lk/uks a dk mi;ks x dS ls djrk jgkA

mís ';

bl ikB ds vè;;u ds lekiu ds i'pkr] vki%

• i`Foh ds mn~Hko dh [kkst dj ldas xs _

• i`Foh ij ik;h tkus okyh mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh lw ph cuk ldsa xs ] tks thou dks lgkjk nsrh gS a vkS j blfy, i`Foh dks foYk{k.k cukrh gSa _

• ekuo dk mn~Hko gksus ls igys thou ds mn~Hko vkSj fodkl dh ?kVukvksa dk Øeokj o.kZ u dj lds a xs_

• i;kZ oj.k 'kCn dk vFkZ le>k lds axs _

• i;kZ oj.k ds tS fod vkS j vtS fod ?kVdks a dk o.kZu dj lds axs A

1-1 i`Foh& cz ãkaM vkSj lkSj ea My dk Hkkx

gekjh iFoh vkS j mldh fofo/rk] vU; xz g rFkk muds mixz g] lw ;Z ] panz ek rFkk vus d xS yS Dlh (yk[kks a rkjks a dk fo'kky lew g) bu lcls cz ãka M dk xBu gq vk gSA lw ;Z ds pkjks a vks j ds ?ks js esa Hkh vla [; {kq nz xz g (Asteroid, ,s LVª kW bM) rFkk /w eds rq (comets) gS a A ;s lHkh cz ãka M ds gh



i;kZoj.k foKku mPprj ekè;fed ikB~;Øe

fVIi.kh

2

ekM~;wy&1 i;kZoj.k ;qxks a ls

Hkkx gS a A ;s bruh nwj&nw j iS Qys gq , gS a fd budk iS Qyko lcls 'kfDr'kkyh nw jchu ls Hkh fn[kkbZ ugha iM+ rkA fdlh dks Hkh irk ugha gS fd cz ãka M dk va r dgka gSA

tc vki fdlh ckny foghu jkf=k es a vkdk'k dh vks j ns [krs gS a rc vkidks cgq r ls pednkj& fca nq fn[kkbZ ns rs gS a ftuesa ls vf/la [; rkjs gks rs gS a A rkjs pednkj] xeZ mTtoy xS lks a ds cM+ s&cM+ s xks ys gS a A ^lw ;Z * Hkh ,d rkjk gh gSA ;g rkjk i`Foh ds lcls utnhd dk rkjk gS tks yxHkx 150 yk[k fdyks ehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA lkS j ea My es a ,d rkjk chp esa gksrk gS vkS j dbZ xz g mlds pkjks a rjiQ ifjØek djrs jgrs gS a A i`Foh bl lkS jea My dk gh Hkkx gSA ;g lkS j ea My ds mu vkB xz gks a esa ls ,d gS ftles a eè; ea s lw ;Z LFkkfir gS vkS j ;s vkBksa xz g mlds pkjks a vks j pDdj yxkrs jgrs gS a A dqN le; igys rd lkS j ea My es a ukS xz gks a dh mifLFkfr ekuh tkrh jgh fiQj Hkh vk/q fud oS Kkfud ekU;rk ds vk/kj ij Iyw Vks dks ftls uoka xz g ekuk tkrk Fkk] vc xz g dk ntkZ ugha fn;k tkrk (fp=k 1-1)

fp=k 1-1% lw ;Z ds pkjks a vks j pDdj dkVrs xzg

1-2 czãka M rFkk i`Foh dk mn~xe

cz ãka M ds mn~ xe ds ckjs es a lcls vf/d ekU;rk ^^fcx cS a x** ds fl¼ka r dks feyh gSA bl fl¼ka r ds vuq lkj cz ãka M ,d fo'kky foLiQks V ds lkFk 'kq : gq vkA tc nz O;ks a (/w y&feV~ Vh vkS j xS l) ls iwjk LFkku Hkj x;k] ml le; i`Foh dk rkieku yxHkx lkS [kjc fcfy;u fMxz h ls fYl;l ds vklikl FkkA oS Kkfudks a dk ekuuk gS fd ;g fo'kky ?k"kZ .k yxHkx 15 ls 20 [kjc o"kZ igys gq vk FkkA rc ogka ,df=kr /wy vkS j xS l xks y&xksy ?kw eus yxs tS ls&tS ls og rs t&rs t ?kw eus yxk] ds a nz h; LFkku cgq r xeZ gks x;k] mlls lw ;Z dh mRifÙk gq bZ A bl /w y vkS j xS l ds xksys

'kq Ø cq/ eaxy

'kfu

i`Foh

c`gLifr

v#.k

o#.k

lw;Z



3


fVIi.kh


ds fdukjks a ls /w y ds cM+ s cM+ s Vq dM+ s Vw V&Vw Vdj fxjus yxs vkS j muls xs a n dh vkdkj ds vkB xz gks a dk fuekZ .k gq vkA blls gekjs lkS jea My dh uhoa iM+ hA (fp=k 1-2)A 4-5 [kjc o"kZ igys ,d foLiQksV ds lkFk iFoh vyx gqbZ A og ,d tyrs gq ,] xeZ lisQn ja x dk xS l vkS j /w y ds

lew g ds :i es a FkhA le; chrus ds lkFk cgq r fnuks a ds ckn /w y vkS j xS l us la ?kfur gks rs&gks rs] Bks l pV~ Vku dk :i /kj.k fd;kA bl la ?kuu vkS j fldq M+u us i`Foh dks bruk xeZ cuk fn;k fd pV~ Vku ,d fpifpis rjy inkFkZ dh rjg fi?kyus yxhA yk[kksa o"kks ± ds ckn iFoh dh ckgjh lrg ;k iFoh dh ijr BaMh gq bZ vkS j Bks l pV~ Vku cuh] fcYdq y mlh rjg tS ls xyh gqbZ pkW dys V ;k eks e Ba Mh gksus ij Bks l cu tkrh gSA iFoh dk Hkhrjh fgLlk vc Hkh cgq r xeZ gSA

fp=k 1-2% xzgks a dk fuekZ .k

fi?kys gq , inkFkZ ds vkS j xeZ xS lks a ds Ba Ms gks dj Bks l gks us ls i`Foh ds ijr dk fuekZ .k gq vkA iFoh ds BaMs gks us ij mldh ijr l[r gks x;h vkS j Hkw fe dk fuekZ .k gq vkA iFoh ds Ba Ms gks us ls la ?kfur gq bZ tyh; ok"i rjy ikuh es a ifjofrZ r gqbZ ] ftlls xM~ <s Hkjs vkS j leq nz cusA

1-2-1 i`Foh

iFoh vius uhys vkdk'k] fo'kky egklkxj vkS j gjs&Hkjs ta xyks a lfgr vus dks a iz dkj ds thoks a dk fuokl LFky cuhA iFoh dk ,d viuk vuw Bk okrkoj.k gSA ;g okrkoj.k vkl&ikl ds rkieku dks fu;a f=kr djus es a lgk;rk djrk gS] tks thou dks lgkjk ns us ds fy, mi;q ÙkQ gSA

tc vki iFoh es a xgjk xM~ <k [kksnrs gS a rks ftruk uhps tkrs gS a ] xehZ c<+ rh tkrh gSA vkB fdyksehVj dh xgjkbZ rd igq apus ij ogka bruh xehZ gks tkrh gS] fd og ekuo 'kjhj dks >q ylkus ds fy, dkiQh gks rh gSA 32 fd-eh- dh xgjkbZ rd igq ¡ pus ij vki i`Foh ds ml Hkkx rd igq a p tk,a xs ftls iz kokj (mantle) dgrs gS a a A ;g Bks l pV~ Vku dh cuh gSA iFoh ds ds Unz ;k Øks M Hkkx vFkok lrg (core ) ls yxHkx 9]400 fd-eh- dh nwjh ij gS] tgka dk rkieku 50000

ls fYl;l ds vkl&ikl gSA i`Foh dk vf/dka 'k ØksM Hkkx xeZ vkS j rjy gSA (fp=k 1-3 d)

cM+ k lk ?kw erk gq vk xS l dk fi.M xks ykdkj gq vk vkS j blds /z q oks a dh vks j

mHkkj vk x;s

ds Unz h; fi.M lsvyx gks rh gq bZ fi.M dh fjax

fi.M dk inkFkZ Ba Mk gq vk] fldq M+dj d{kk ea s ds Unz h;

fi.M ds :i ea Bks l xz g cuk tks lw ;Z dgykrk gSA

(d) ([k) (x)



i;kZoj.k foKku mPprj ekè;fed ikB~;Øe

fVIi.kh

4

ekM~;wy&1 i;kZoj.k ;qxks a ls

tS lk fd vki tkurs gS a iFoh 24 ?ka Vks a es a ,d ckj ?kw ers gq , yV~ Vw dh rjg viuh /q jh ij ?kw erh gSA blfy, fnu vkS j jkr dk pØ 24 ?ka Vks a dk gksrk gSA xz g dh /q jh ,d dkYifud js [kk gS] tks xz g ds chp ls xqtjrh gS (fp=k 1-3 [k) i`Foh u ds oy viuh /q jh ij ?kw erh gS] cfYd

lw ;Z ds pkjks a vks j Hkh PkDdj yxkrh gS a A i`Foh lw ;Z ds bnZ fxnZ pDdj yxkus ea s ;k bl pØ dks iw jk djus ea s 365¼ fnu yxkrh gS a A xz g ftl iFk ls lw ;Z dk pDdj yxkrs gS a ] mls xz giFk (d{k) dgrs gS a A

fp=k 1-3 (d)% i`Foh dk Hkhrjh Hkkx fp=k 1-3 ([k)% pDdj yxkrh iFoh

tgk¡ ,d rjiQ i`Foh lw ;Z ds pkjksa vks j pDdj yxkrh gS] ogha pa nz ek Hkh iFoh dk pDdj yxkrk gSA panz ek ,d pDdj 27-33 fnuksa esa iw jk djrk gSA tS lk fd vc ge tkurs gS a fd pa nz ek ij

ikuh] gok vkS j thou ugha ik;k tkrk gSA va rfj{k ls iFoh] vius uhps egklkxjks a ds dkj.k] ,d lq a nj mTtoy uhyk xz g tSlh fn[kkbZ ns rh gSA

ikBxr iz'u 1-1

1- iFoh yxHkx fdrus o"kZ iqjkuh gS\&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

2- ml rkjs dk uke crkb, ftlds pkjksa vksj lkS jea My ds vU; xz gks a ds lkFk] i`Foh pDdj yxkrh gS\&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

3- lkSjeaMy ls vki D;k le>rs gS a\&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

4- fnu vkS j jkf=k dk pØ ds oy 24 ?ka Vksa dk gh D;ks a gks rk gS\&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

5- ;fn vki va rfj{k ls iFoh dks ns [ksa rks i`Foh dk dkS u lk ja x fn[kkbZ nsxk\&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

iiZVh (mQijh LFkyeaMy)(xgjkbZ 45 fdeh)

LFky ea My 100 fdeh

C1 = nz oh; ckg~ ; ØksM

C2 = xSl vka rfjd Øks M

1420 fdeh

izkokj

2 9 0 0

K m s

v{k

Øks M

dks j (1420 fdeh)



5


fVIi.kh


1-3 i`Foh&,d vf}rh; xzg tks thou dks cuk;s j[krk gS

gekjs lkS jea My esa iFoh gh ,d ek=k ,s lk xz g gS tgka tho&tUrq ik, tkrs gS a ] ds oy iFoh ij

gh ok;q vkS j ikuh gS] tks thfor jgus ds fy, vko';d gSA

ge ;gka la {ks i es a lkS jea My ds vU; lkr xz gksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ks a dk fo'ys "k.k djrs gS a %

• cq/ (Mercury) lw ;Z ds lcls utnhd gS o bldk tks fgLlk lw ;Z ds lkeus vkrk gS mldk rkieku 4270 ls fYl;l vkS j va/dkj okys fgLls dk rkieku &2700 lsfYl;l gks rk gSA ogka ok;q ea My ugha ik;k tkrk gSA

• 'kqØ (Venus) i`Foh dk lcls utnhd dk xz g gSA og yxHkx 40 yk[k fdeh ehy dh nw jh ij gSA ;g ,d

vR;a r xeZ xzg gS ftldk rkieku 4800

lsfYl;l gSA mlds ok;q ea My esa 96% dkcZ u MkbvkW DlkbM vkS j lYiQj MkbvkWDlkbM rFkk dkcZ u eks uksvkWDlkbM tS lh fo"kSyh xSls a ik;h tkrh gS aA

• ea xy (Mars) Hkh iFoh ds dkiQh utnhd gSA ;g yky xz g dgykrk gSA blesa 85% dkcZ u eks uksvkW DlkbM vkS j yky /w y gSA ;g vU; xzgksa dh rqyuk es a cgq r Ba Mk xz g gS vkS j vc rd ogka thou ds gksus dh ckr dks varr% ekU;rk ugha fey ik;h gSA

• c` gLifr (Jupiter) lkS jea My dk lcls cM+k xz g gSA ;g eq[;r% rs t&rst ?kweus okyk xSl fo'ks"kdj veksfu;k ds cknyks a dk xks yk gS vkS j mldh lrg Bksl ugha gSA

• 'kfu (Saturn) es a eq [;r% gkbMªks tu vkS j ghfy;e gks rs gS aA mlds ok;q ea My es a 90 izfr'kr ukbVªkstu gks rh gS bldk rkieku 1870 lsfYl;l jgrk gSA ;g gkbMªks tu lk;ukbM tSls vR;ar fo"kSyh xSl ls Hkh cuk gSA blds pkjks a vksj ,d ?ks js dk gks uk bldh fo'ks"krk gSA

•

v#.k (Uranus) Hkh cgq r BaMk xzg gSA v#.k lkS jea My dk ,d cgqr nwj dk xz g gS vkS j lkS jeaMy ls nw jh dh n`f"V ls og lkros a LFkku ij gSA v#.k vkS j o#.k lkS jea My ds lcls ckgjh Hkkx ij fLFkr xzg gSA bldh ?kw eus okyh /q jh cgq r gh >q dh gq bZ gSA

• o#.k (Neptune) i`Foh ds eq dkcys cgq r NksVk] Ba Mk vkS j va/dkjiw .kZ gS ftldh lrg teh gq bZ ehFks u ls <dh gqbZ gSA

• i`Foh ,dek=k ,s lk xz g gS] tgk¡ tho&ta rq ik, tkrs gS aA

o#.k

v#.k

'kfu

c` gLifr

eaxy iFoh 'kqØ cq / lw ;Z

fp=k 1-4 gekjk lkS jea My

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