enviornment strategies

7/30/2019 enviornment strategies

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4.The Triple Bottom Line Concept

Economy

EnvironmentSociety


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Policy instruments

Regulatory:standards, norms, EPR(environmental performance reviews),labelling, (enforcement)

Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies,credits, financial incentives, etc.

Social: awareness raising, education,information, voluntary initiatives

Others: indicators, green accounting...


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PASSIVE

Ignore pollution

REACTIVE

Dilution and dispersion

PROACTIVE

Cleaner Production

BACKGROUNDResponses of businesses to pollution

CONSTRUCTIVE

End-of-pipe treatment

1 2

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CLEANER PRODUCTIONDefinition by UNEP

Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an

integrated,preventive environmental strategy towards

processes,products andservices in order to increase

overall efficiency andreduce damage and risks forhumans

and the environment.

Continuous

Preventive

Integrated

ENVIRONMENTALSTRATEGY

Processes

Products

Services

RISKREDUCTION

Humans

Environment


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CLEANER PRODUCTIONOperational improvements to business

> CP improves products and services

> CP lowers risks (liability)

> CP improves company image

> CP improves workers health and safety conditions

> CP reduces waste treatment and disposal costs

> CP can be integrated with the business EMS> CP saves costs on raw material, energy and water

> CP makes companies more profitable and competitive

What are the benefits for industrials ?


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Relationship with MEAs:

1- UNFCCC/Kyoto Green House Gas emissions

2- Basel Convention Waste minimisation

3- Stockholm Convention Avoid unintentionally

produced POPs (PCBs, dioxins and furans)

Cleaner Production categoriesIMPLEMENTING CP

TECHNOLOGY

INPUT MATERIALS

OPERATION

PRODUCTS

PRODUCTION PROCESS

WASTE &

EMISSIONS


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INTERNAL BARRIERS> Traditional philosophy of CEOs (low awareness)

> Internal organisation and communication (initial constraints)

> Limited information, data and expertise on waste and emissions

> Focus on end of pipe solutions and short term profits

> Inadequate cost/profit calculations CP options

> Missing, outdated or unreliable process instrumentation

> No or limited support of middle management

> No EMS to achieve continual improvement

EXTERNAL BARRIERS

> Availability of investment capital

> Availability of CP technologies

To be solved by

an organised approach

METHODOLOGYBarriers to CP implementation


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METHODOLOGYCP methodology

The recognized needfor Cleaner Production

1.Planning and

Organization

2.Assessment

3.Feasibility

Analysis

4.Implementation

Successfully implemented

Cleaner Production projects

Sustain

&

Continue

(EMS)

> Obtain management commitment

> Organise project team

> Identify barriers & solutions

> Set objectives

> Pre-assess

> Identify sources (WHERE)

> Analyse causes (WHY)

> Generate possible options (HOW)

> Evaluate options on:

Technical, environmental

and economic feasibility

> Select best options

> Option implementation

> Monitoring and evaluation

> Sustain and continue


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UPWARD DIFFUSIONNational policies

Legislation

Action plans

CP Funds

DOWNWARD DIFFUSION

Local authorities

NGOs

CP Clubs

Partnerships

LATERAL DIFFUSIONNew Sectors

Industrial estates

Building design

Tourism

Eco-towns

LATERAL DIFFUSIONNew Tools

Financial incentives

Environmental reporting

Eco-labeling

ISO 14000

Award scheme

CONCLUSIONAbout CP trends


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Life Cycle Analysis

The Life cycle concept (ISO 14040)

Industrial systems are comprised of interdependent processes and

activities, requiring a systems approach for considering technology

from a cradle-to-grave/cradle perspective.

TheIndustrialSystem

TheEnvironmentInputs Outputs


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Life Cycle Analysis

The Life cycle concept

LCA is a holistic analytical technique for assessing the

environmental effects associated with a product, process,

or activity.

System-wide, multi-media perspective

Functional unit accounting system

Comparative assessment of relative or

functional unit differences


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Life Cycle Analysis

Raw Materials

Extraction/Processing

Product Manufacturing

Product Use/Reuse

Maintenance and Repair

EOL Disposition

Inputs Life-Cycle Stages Outputs

RawMaterials

Energy

WaterEffluents

AirborneEmissions

Solid

Wastes

Products

Co-

ProductsBoundary

General Scope of LCA

source: www.epa.gov.in


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Life Cycle Analysis

Advantages of LCA Supports decision-making for product/production systems with scientificdata and competence

Identifies opportunities of improvement

Identifies key impacts and life-cycle stages of system

Improves marketability of product (ecolabelling, environmentalclaim, product declaration)

Identifies trade offs and information gaps

Results in cost reductions, enhanced public image, competitive advantages,performance, productivity and profits

Helps companies to adopt a remanufacture approach to reduce theresource use and cost

Provides guidance towards optimizing the actual technologyimplementation by pinpointing process steps with high environmental

impact (Schmidinger and Nardoslamsky, 2008)


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Life Cycle Analysis

Limitations of LCA Availability and quality of life-cycle inventory data

Uncertainties in the inventory and in the impact assessmentmethodology

Impossible to assess the quality of results due to its complexity

Differences in LCA problem formulation due to differences invalues

High cost associated with a comprehensive LCA

Practical difficulty in carrying out detailed life-cycle inventories and

also to translate the results into appropriate actions Time consuming and complex nature of LCA

enviornment strategies

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