Bicuspid AV

Parasternal long axis view demonstrating eccentric valve closure in a patient with abicuspid aortic valve; note the aortic root is dilated as well.

Parasternal short axis view of aortic root; a bicuspid aortic valve can be identified within the aortic root.

Fig 24

Bicuspid aortic valve causing aortic stenosis

Parasternal long axis view in a patient with abicuspid aortic valve, demonstrating thickenedvalve leaflets.

Doppler colour flow demonstrating the proximal acceleration and distal flow disturbance.

Fig 25

Bicuspid aortic valve with AR

Parasternal long axis view in a patient with abicuspid aortic valve, demonstrating thin butdoming aortic valve leaflets.

Doppler colour flow demonstrating the aortic valve regurgitation during diastole.

LV LVAo

RV

LA

Ao

LA

Fig 26

Congenital AS

Parasternal longaxis and short axis view showing a congenital aortic stenosis causingby a possible unileaflet aortic valve. The valve leaflet itself looks dysplastic.

LV

RV

AoAo

Fig 27

Sub AS

a

b

c

LV

RV

Ao LA

LV

vsd

RV

a:Apical five chamber view demonstrating a sub-aortic ridge.b:Colour flow Doppler showing turbulent flow start from sub-aortic area and a shunt through a VSD.c: Continuous Doppler trace from the LVOT showing a peak velocity of 4.2 m/s

Fig 28

Sub aortic stenosis

3D imagines demonstrating a sub-aortic fibrio-muscular ring

LV Ao

Fig 29

Small Aortic Root

Parasternal long-axis view of a fibromuscular subaortic tunnel. The aortic root itself is also small

Colour Doppler demonstrate mild aortic regurgitation

Fig 30