Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners

wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e hviv Bs‡iRx wkL‡Qb Zv‡`i Rb¨ wØfvlxK Awfavb

English/Bengali

Bs‡iRx / evsjv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This document was developed by Multicultural Programs Unit, Equity Programs and Distance Education Directorate.

Level 14, 1 Oxford Street Darlinghurst NSW 2010.

Phone 9244 5324

The work on this production was supported by a large number of ESL teachers in government schools who assisted in the choice of lexicon.

© State of New South Wales through the NSW Department of Education and Training 2008.

ISBN: 9780731386253 SCIS: 1369363

Contents

Introduction i

How to use the dictionary ii

Dictionary 1

Appendices

1. Numerals and ordinals 80 2. Common countries/states and their adjectival forms 81 3. Common irregular verbs 82 4. Times 84 5. Days of the week/months of the year/units of time 85 6. Weights and measures 85

Bibliography 85

i

IntroductionThe Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners has been developed for use by students in the early stages of learning English as a second language.

The list of words contained in this dictionary includes the most common words that students use in everyday communication and in the classroom. This list provides a scaffold for further language acquisition.

The Bilingual Dictionary for ESL Beginners takes into consideration the Australian culture and way of life including frequently encountered colloquial words and phrases. It is expected that students will use this publication as a reference point for the first 12 to 18 months of English language acquisition.

A companion volume titled Thematic Picture Dictionary for ESL Beginners may be used in conjunction with this volume. It contains over 400 illustrated words, all of which can be found with their translations in this volume.

The two dictionaries are designed for individual student use at school and at home to support English language acquisition.

The skills of many ESL teachers were utilised in the choice of lexicon for this dictionary. Their enthusiastic participation has helped to produce a valuable teaching and learning resource suited to the needs of beginner ESL students.

ii

How to use this dictionary

Notes for the teacher

The information in this dictionary is presented simply showing part of speech, headword in bold, definition if required and phrases for words which need to be read in context for clarity of meaning. You will find explanations regarding the organisation of the dictionary below.

Page Header

The page header is found at the top left of each page in bold for easy identification of the page contents. It shows the first and last English entry on the page.

Example from page 1:

a - afterwards indicates that the first entry on this page is a and the last entry is afterwards.

The Headword

The headword is the word being defined in an entry. It appears in large bold type and is alphabetically ordered. Definitions of the headword appear under the headword (if applicable) and are numbered. Phrases, colloquial phrases, phrasal verbs and interjections containing the headword are translated in full and appear under the definitions.

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationpart of speech

back

n Definition 1. body part only the word back is translated as a noun with the meaning body part

adv Definition 2. opposite front only the word back is translated as an adverb with the meaning opposite front

phrase 3. give it back the phrase give it back is translated in full Example from page 31:

Headword Translationpart of speech

help

n Definition 1. aid only the word help is translated as a noun with the meaning aid

phrase 2. help yourself(serve yourself)

the phrase help yourself is translated in full with the meaning serve yourself

colloq phr 3. I can’t help it (I have no control over it)

the colloquial phrase I can’t help it is translated in full with the meaning I have no control over it

Where there is more than one meaning for an item of lexicon but only one is in common usage the meaning for translation has been included next to the headword in brackets.

Example from page 2:

Headword Translationn angle (mathematical usage) only the word angle is translated as a noun

with the meaning mathematical usage

Abbreviations

Words commonly found in the lexicon as abbreviations appear in the dictionary as abbrev and are not translated. They indicate the full spelling of the word where the translation may be found.

iii

Example from page 4:

Headword Translationabbrev barbie *see barbecue no translation - translation is found at the entry

barbecue

Common present and past tense verb forms

Commonly used irregular present and past tense verb forms have been included in the body of the dictionary as they may not be recognised by the student as a derivative of the base form. These are not translated however and indicate the base form where the translation may be found.

Examples from page 2:

Headword Translationprt v am *see be no translation - translation is found at the entry

beprt v are *see be no translation - translation is found at the entry

be Appendices

Six appendices have been included and may be found at the end of the word list. These are:

1. numerals and ordinals2. common countries/states and their adjectival forms3. common irregular verbs showing the base form, past tense and past participle forms4. times in analog and 24 hour format5. days of the week/months of the year/units of time6. weights and measures.

These appendices have not been translated.

Parts of speech

Parts of speech are abbreviated and found in the left hand column of the English text in the dictionary. Other descriptors such as colloquialism are also abbreviated. A full list of abbreviations used is shown below.

Abbreviations used in this dictionary

Abbreviation Meaningabbrev abbreviationadj adjectiveadv adverbcolloq colloquialismcolloq phr colloquial phraseconj conjunctiondet determinerint interjectionn nounphr v phrasal verbprep prepositionpron pronounprt v present tense verb formpt v past tense verb formv verb

1

a – afterwards

Adet a/an GKwUn ability mvg_©¨

ablev 1. be able to m¶g nIqvadj 2. talented we‡kl Kg©`¶Zvm¤úbœn Aboriginal person Avw`evmx gvbyl

aboutadv 1. approximately cÖvqprep 2. concerning wel‡q, m¤ú‡K©

aboveprep 1. over Dc‡i, wel‡q, m¤ú‡K© phrase 2. the example above Dc‡ii D`vnibwU adj absent Abycw¯’Zadv absolutely m¤úyY©i“‡c, wbwðZfv‡en accent D”Pvibv accept MÖnb Kivadj acceptable MÖnb‡hvM¨n accident `yN©Ubvadj accidental Awb”QvK…Zv accompany m½ †`Iqvn account eY©bv, wnmvev ache ‡e`bv †fvM Kivv achieve AR©b Kivn achievement mdjZv, AR©bprep across AvovAvwofv‡e Gcvi n‡Z Dcv‡iv act ‡Kvb wKQz Kiv, m¤úv`b Kivn activity Kg©ZrciZv, wµqvKjvcn actor Awf‡bZvv add ‡hvM Kivn addition ‡hvM, ms‡hvRbn address wVKvbv n adjective we‡klY

admitv 1. tell the truth about mZ¨ e‡j ¯^xKvi Kivv 2. allow to enter cÖ‡e‡ki AbygwZ †`Iqvv adopt (take on) wbhy³ Kivn adult cÖvßeq¯‹n advantage myweavn adventure Awfhvbn adverb wµqvwe‡klYn advice Dc‡`kn aerobics ü`wc‡Ûi Rb¨ DcKvix e¨vqvgn aeroplane D‡ovRvnvRv afford h‡_ô A_© _vKv, mg_© nIqvadj afraid fxZprep after c‡in afternoon Acivýadv afterwards ciewZ©Kv‡j

2

again – argue

adv again (one more time) cybivqagainst

prep 1. next to cv‡k¦©, cvkvcvwkprep 2. anti wec¶n age eqmadv ago Av‡M, c~‡e©v agree m¤§Z nIqv, GKgZ nIqv

aidn 1. help mvnvh¨, mn‡hvwMZvv 2. help mvnvh¨ Kivv aim (try) ‡Póv Kivn air evZvmn airport wegvb e›`iadj all (every) cÖ‡Z¨‡K, cÖ‡Z¨KwUv allow AbygwZ †`Iqvadv alone GKv, wbtm½adv aloud D”P ¯^‡in alphabet eY©gvjvadv already B‡Zvg‡a¨adv also (too) AviI, AwaKš‘conj although hw`Iadv altogether m¤ú~Y©fv‡eadv always memgqprt v am * see be n ambulance ‡ivMx cwien‡bi Mvwon amount cwigvbn amphibian DfPi cÖvYx ev hvbv analyse (study) cix¶v Kivconj and Gesn angle (mathematical usage) `ywU mij †iLvi ms‡hvM¯’j, †KvYadj angry ivMvwš^Zn animal cÖvYxn ankle cv‡qi †Mvovwjadj annual evrmwiK

answern 1. reply DËi, Revev 2. reply DËi †`Iqv, Reve †`Iqvadj any ‡h †KvbwUadv anymore KL‡bv, cybivqpron anyone ‡h †KD, †Kvb GKRbpron anything ‡h †Kvb wKQzadv apart (separate) Avjv`vfv‡en apology ¶gvv appear (come into view) Avwef©yZ nIqv, †`Lv hvIqvn apple Av‡cjn appointment PvKwi, mv¶vZ, mywPcÎprt v are *see be n area GjvKvv argue ZK© Kiv

3

argument – autumn

n argument weZK©, weev`v arise msNwUZ nIqv, ïi“ nIqvn arm (part of body) ‡`‡ni Dc‡ii A½, nvZn army ‡mbvevwnbxprep around Pviw`‡K

arrangev 1. put in order ¸wQ‡q ivLvv 2. make plans cwiKíbv Kivv arrest (take into custody) ‡MÖdZvi Kivv arrive AvMgb Kivn arrow Zxin art wPÎn artist wPÎKi, wkíxadv as (to such a degree) GKBfv‡en ash QvBadj ashamed jw¾¡Zv ask wRÁvmv Kivv assemble wewfbœ Ask †Rvov jvMv‡bvn assembly mgv‡ekn assignment (for school) KvR we‡kl K‡i ¯‹z‡ji Rb¨v assist mn‡hvwMZv Kivn assistant mn‡hvMxprep at Ae¯’vbpt v ate *see eat n athletics GK ai‡bi †Ljv ev e¨qvgphrase athletics carnival ‡`ŠoSvc cÖwZ‡hvMxZvn atom cigvbyv attach ms‡hvwRZ Kiv

attackn 1. fight cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, Avµgb v 2. fight cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv, Avµgb Kiv

attemptn 1. try cÖ‡Póvv 2. try ‡Póv Kivv attend Dcw¯’Z nIqvn attendance Dcw¯’wZn attention g‡bv‡hvMv attract AvKl©b Kivadj attractive AvKl©bxqn aunt PvPx, KvKx, gvmx, Lvjvabbrev Aussie *see Australiann Australia A‡óªwjqvadj Australian A‡óªjxq n Australian flag A‡óªwjqvi cZvKvn Australiana A‡óªwjqv m¤úwK©Zn author ‡jLK/†jwLKvn autumn kirKvj

4

average – basketball

averagen 1. arithmetical mean Moadj 2. ordinary mvavibv avoid Gwo‡q hvIqvadj awake RvMªZadv away `y‡i, bvMv‡ji evB‡iprep away from eû`y‡iadj awful fqsKipt v awoke *see awaken axe KzVvi

Bn baby wkï

backn 1. body part wcV, cðvrw`Kadv 2. opposite front wecixZ gywLphrase 3. give it back wdwi‡q †`Iqvn backbone ‡gi“`Ûn background e¨w³MZ BwZnvm, cUf~wgn backpack eo _‡j, e¯—vn backyard DVvbadj bad Lvivcn badminton ‡eWwg›Ub †Ljvn bag _‡jv bake ‡muKvv balance fvimvg¨ i¶v Kivn balcony IciZjvi eviv›`v, Szj eviv›`vadj bald b¨vov, UvK gv_v

balln 1. toy ej colloq phr 2. have a ball (good time) Rxeb‡K Dc‡fvM Kivn balloon ‡ejybn banana Kjvn band (music group) ev`K `jn bangle Pzwo, evjvn bank e¨vsK, A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvb

barn 1. place to drink g` cvb Kivi RvqMvv 2. stop from something evav †`Iqvn 3. metal rod avZe jvwVn barbecue gvsm Sjmv‡bvi Rb¨ KvVv‡gv we‡klabbrev barbie *see barbecueadj bare Abve„Z, Dj½n barrier cÖwZeÜK, evavn base (bottom) Zjn basin (wash) ‡avqvi KvR Kivi Rb¨ Mvgjvn basket Szwon basketball ev‡¯‹Uej

5

basketball court – bid

n basketball court ev‡¯‹Uej †Ljvi gvVbat

n 1. sporting equipment ‡Ljvayjvi miÄvg we‡kln 2. animal ev`yon bath ‡Mvmjn bathroom ‡MvmjLvbvn battle msMÖvg, hy×n bay (inlet) DcmvMiabbrev BBQ *see barbecuev be Dcw¯’Z _vKv, †eu‡P _vKvn beach mgy`ª ‰mKZn beach towel mgy`ª ‰mK‡Z e¨envi Kivi †Zvqv‡jn beach umbrella mgy`ª ‰mK‡Z e¨envi Kivi QvZvn beak cvwLi †VvU

beam n 1. ray of light Av‡jvK iw¯§n 2. wooden plank Kv‡Vi Z³vn bean wkgn beard `vwo

beatv 1. win Rq jvf Kivv 2. hit AvNvZ Kivn 3. rhythm Q›`, Zvjadj beautiful my›`ipt v became *see becomeconj because Kvib, †h‡nZzv become nIqv, n‡q IVvn bed weQvbvn bedroom kqb K¶, †kvqvi Nin bee ‡gŠgvwQn beef Mi“i gvsmpt v began *see beginv begin ïi“ Kivn beginner wk¶vbwekv behave f`ª AvPib Kivn behaviour AvPib, ¯^fveprep behind wcQ‡bn bell N›Uvv belong AwaKvify³ nIqvn belt ‡KvgieÜn bench emvi Rb¨ j¤^v Avmbv bend euvKv‡bvpt v bent *see bendadj best me‡P‡q fvj, m‡e©vrK…óv bet evwR aivadj better ‡kªóZi, Kvnv‡iv ev †Kvb wKQzi †P‡q fvj prep between `y‡qi g‡a¨, ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨n bicycle mvB‡Kjv bid cÖ¯—ve Kiv, †Póv Kiv

6

big – boat

adj big eoabbrev bike *see bicycle

billn 1. money UvKvKwo, A_©n 2. account wnmven 3. of a bird cvwLi †VvUn bird cvwL

birthn 1. act of being born Rb¥phrase 2. date of birth Rb¥ ZvwiLn birthday Rb¥ w`bn biscuit we¯‹zU

bitn 1. small piece ‡QvU UzKivphrase 2. a little bit Lye mvgvb¨pt v 3. *see bitev bite Kvgo †`Iqvadj black (colour) Kv‡jvn blackboard Lwo w`‡q wjLvi Rb¨ Kv‡Vi Kv‡jv djK n blade †e−W (`vwo KvUvi Rb¨ aviv‡jv A¯¿we‡kl)

blamen 1. censure wb›`vv 2. lay responsibility with ‡`vlv‡ivc Kivadj blank duvKv, Lvwjn blanket K¤^jv bleed i³cvZ Kivpt v blew *see blow

blindadj 1. unable to see AÜn 2. window covering Rvbvjv XvKvi c`©v we‡kln blindness AÜZ¡

blockn 1. child’s toy KvV ev cv_‡ii LÛ v 2. stop from doing something †Kvb wKQz Kiv †_‡K weiZ Kiv ev nIqvphrase 3. a block away LvwbKUv `y‡iphrase 4. block of flats GK mvwi evwoadj blond ‡mvbvjx †Kkhy³, ¯^Y©‡Kkxn blood i³adj bloody i³v³

blown 1. hit AvNvZv 2. pertaining to wind cÖevwnZ nIqvphr v 3. blow up we‡ùvwiZ Kiv ev nIqv, ivMvwš^Z nIqv

blueadj 1. colour bxj iscolloq 2. sad `ytwLZn board (stiff material) Kv‡Vi Z³vn board game GK ai‡bi †Ljvn boat ‡bŠKv

7

body – break

n body ‡`nv boil wm× Kiv

boldadj 1. as typeface †gvUv I ¯úó adj 2. daring mvnwmn bomb ‡evgvn bone nvon book eBn bookshelf eB ivLvi Avjgvwin boomerang GK ai‡bi A¯Œ hv wb‡¶cKvixi Kv‡Q wd‡i

Av‡mboot

n 1. of car Mvoxi wcQ‡bi gvj ivLvi RvqMvn 2. footwear eyU RyZv

bordern 1. as of country, state †`‡ki mxgvš—n 2. edge ‡Kvb wKQzi cÖvš— ev wKbvivadj bored wei³, K¬vš—adj boring weiw³Kiv borrow avi Kiv

bossn 1. person in charge ‡bZv ev gwbev 2. tell what to do cwiPvjbv ev wbqš¿b Kivadj both Dfq, `yRbBv bother wei³ Kiv ev R¡vjvZb Kivn bottle ‡evZj

bottomn 1. body part ‡`‡ni wbgœvskn 2. lower edge Zj‡`kpt v bought *see buyv bounce jvwd‡q DVvn bowl eo evwU ev Mvgjvn box ev·n boy evjKabbrev bra *see brassieren brain gw¯—®‹, gMR

branchn 1. of tree e„¶ kvLvv 2. separate wewfbœ kvLvq wef³ Kivn brassiere Aš—e©vmadj brave mvnmxadv bravely mvnmxKZvi mwnZn bread i“wUn breadth cÖ¯’

breakn 1. pause weiwZv 2. opposite of fix fv½vphr v 3. break down (as in car) (Mvox) bó n‡q hvIqvphr v 4. break down (as health) (¯^v¯’¨) †f‡½ hvIqv

8

breakfast – bus stop

phr v 5. break in (as housebreak) ûogyo K‡i cÖ‡ek Kivphr v 6. break up (for holidays) (QzwUi D‡Ï‡k¨) `j †f‡½ †`Iqvn breakfast cÖvZtivk (mKv‡ji bv¯—v)n breath k¦vm-cÖk¦vmv breathe k¦vm †bIqv ev †djv v breed Rb¥ †`Iqv ev cÖme Kivn brick BUn bridge ‡mZz

brightadj 1. shiny D¾¡j adj 2. clever eyw×gvbv brighten Av‡jvwKZ Kivadj brilliant ‡gavexv bring wb‡q Avmvadj broad cÖk¯—, PIovn broccoli GK ai‡bi dzj Kwcpt v broke *see breakcolloq broke (penniless) ‡`Iwjqvphrase broken arm fv½v nvZn brother fvBpt v brought *see bringn brush Zzwjn bucket evjwZv build ‰Zwi Kivpt v built *see buildn bulb (electric light) ‰e`¨ywZK evwZn bullet e›`y‡Ki ¸wj

bullyn 1. person who harasses others ‡h e¨w³ `ye©‡ji Dci AZ¨vPvi K‡iv 2. harass wbg©gfv‡e Drcxob Kiv

bunchn 1. group ¸”Q, †Zvovphrase 2. bunch of flowers dz‡ji †Zvov

burnn 1. injury caused by fire ‡cvov `vMv 2. be on fire cy‡o hvIqvv burst ‡f‡½ UzKiv UzKiv Kiv ev nIqvv bury mgvwnZ Kiv, Kei ‡`Iqvn bus evm

bushn 1. outback cÖZ¨š— I Rbweij ¯’vbn 2. small tree ‡Svc, ¶z`ª R½j

businessn 1. company e¨emvcolloq phr 2. mind your own business wb‡Ri PiKvq †Zj `vIn bus stop evm _vgvi RvqMv

9

bust – cardboard

bustcolloq 1. break ‡f‡½ †djvn 2. female body part e¶, eyKadj busy e¨¯—conj but wKš‘n butcher gvsm we‡µZvn button ‡evZvgv buy ‡Kbv, µq Kivprep by cv‡k©¦, wbK‡U, Kv‡Q

Cn cabbage euvavKwcn cable `wo, iwkn cafe ‡i‡¯—viuvn cage LuvPvn cake wcVvv calculate MYbv Kiv, wnmve Kivn calculator MYbv Kv‡h© e¨eüZ hš¿we‡kln calendar cwÄKv

callv 1. name bvg a‡i WvKvn 2. as for phone ‡dvb Kivphr v 3. call for ‡Kvb wKQz PvIqv, `vwe Kivphr v 4. call off evwZj Kiv, cÖZ¨vnvi Kivphr v 5. call out wPrKvi Kiv

calmadj 1. peaceful kvš—, w¯’iphr v 2. calm down kvš— nIqvpt v came *see comen camera Qwe †Zvjvi hš¿v camp Zveyi g‡a¨ QzwUi w`b KvUv‡bv

canv 1. able to m¶g nIqv, cvivn 2. steel container wU‡bi cvÎn candle ‡gvgevwZn canteen (tuck shop) Lvev‡ii †`vKvb

capn 1. headwear Uzwcn 2. top Pzov

capitaln 1. important location ivRavbxphrase 2. capital letter eo nv‡Zi A¶in capsicum K¨vcwmKvg (GK cÖKv‡ii gwiP)n capsule exR‡Kvl, Jl‡ai ewon captain ‡mbvcwZ, †L‡jvqvo `‡ji †bZvn car Mvwon card ‡Ljvi Zvm, wbgš¿b cÎn cardboard wcR‡evW©

10

care – chalk

v care hZœ †bIqv ev Kivadj careful mveavb, hZœevb, mZK©adv carefully mveavbZv mnKv‡i, mZK©Zvi mv‡_n carnival Avb‡›`vrm‡ei mgqn carrot MvRi

carryv 1. take enb Kivphr v 2. carry on (keep going) Pvwj‡q hvIqv, eRvq ivLv

casen 1. bag _‡jphrase 2. just in case Ae¯’v, e¨vcvin cash bM` UvKv

cassettephrase 1. audio cassette Mv‡bi K¨v‡mUphrase 2. video cassette Qwe †`Lvi K¨v‡mU

castn 1. of a play bvU‡Ki Awf‡bZv Awf‡bwÎv 2. throw wb‡¶c Kivn castle `yM©, cÖvmv`adj casual mvgwqK, Dcw¯’ZgZn cat weovj

catchphrase 1. catch a train aivphrase 2. catch a cold VvÛv/ mw`©‡Z Avµvš— nIqvcolloq phr 3. catch on (understand) eyS‡Z cviv, Dcjwä Kivphr v 4. catch up (reach) bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ Avmvpt v caught *see catch

causen 1. reason Kvibv 2. make happen ‡Kvb wKQz NUvbn cave ¸nvabbrev CD *see compact discn ceiling Qv`n cell Rxe‡Kvl, KvivMv‡ii g‡a¨ ¶z`ª K¶n cent GK Wjv‡ii GK kZvsk g~‡j¨i gy`ªvadj central ‡K›`ªxq

central processing unitn 1. pertaining to computer Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j Askabbrev 2. CPU wmwcBD (Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ask)n centre ‡K›`ªn century kZvwã, kZ ermin cereal km¨ Øviv cÖ¯‘Z mKv‡ji Lvevin ceremony Abyôvbadj certain wbwðZadv certainly wbwðZfv‡en chain (jewellery) wkKj (Mjvi GK ai‡bi AjsKvi)n chair ‡Pqvi, Avmbn chalk wjLvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ Lwo

11

chance – cigarette

n chance my‡hvM, m¤¢vebvchange

n 1. money LyPiv UvKvcqmvv 2. alter cwieZ©b Kivphrase 3. change one’s mind wmØvš— cwieZ©b Kivphrase 4. change clothes ‡cvlvK e`jvbadj changeable cwieZ©bkxjn change room Kvco cwieZ©b Kivi K¶n channel Lvjn chapter Aa¨vqn character (literary) bvUK ev Dcb¨v‡m ewY©Z PwiÎ

chargen 1. cost g~j¨v 2. as for battery we`¨yrkw³ mÂvwiZ Kivphr v 3. in charge `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨v chase avIqv Kiv, Zvov‡bvadj cheap m¯—vv cheat cÖZvibv Kivv check cix¶v Kwiqv †`Lvn cheek (body part) Mvj (†Pv‡Li bx‡Pi Ask)colloq cheeky (naughty) Lvivc

cheerv 1. make happy Lywk Kiv ev Avbw›`Z Kivn 2. sound expressing enthusiasm Avb›`aŸwbn chemist Jla we‡µZvn cheque e¨vsK n‡Z UvKv Zzjvi KvMRn cherry ‡Pix (RvgRvZxq djwe‡kl)n chess `vev †Ljvn chest eyK ev e¶n chewing gum wPev‡bvi j‡RbPzl we‡kl

chickenn 1. animal gyiMxcolloq 2. not brave fxi“n child wkïadj childish wkïmyjfn chin wPeyK ev _yZwb

chipsn 1. hot variety Avjyi cvZjv dvwjn 2. cold crisps VvÛv gPg‡P LvIqvi e¯‘n chocolate P‡Kv‡jUn choir HKZvb mw½Zv choose cQ›` Kiv

chopn 1. meat cut we‡klfv‡e KvUv gvs‡mi UzKivv 2. cut UzKiv UzKiv Kwiqv KvUvpt v chose *see choosen church MxR©vn cigarette wmMv‡iU

12

cinema – coin

n cinema wm‡bgvn circle e„Ë, Pµadj circular e„ËvKvi, PµvKvin circumference cwiwan city kni

claimn 1. assertion ‡Nvlbvv 2. assert `„p fv‡e ejv, wbwðZfv‡e ejv

clapn 1. loud noise Zvwjv 2. show appreciation KiZvwj w`‡q cÖksmv Kivn class (group of students) we`¨vj‡qi cvV‡kªYxn classmate mncvVxn classroom ‡kªYxK¶phrase classroom block ‡kªYxK‡¶i mvwin claw cïcvLxi Zx¶è bLn clay Kv`vgvwU

cleanv 1. remove dirt cwi¯‹vi Kivadj 2. opposite dirty cwi¯‹viadj clear ¯úó, ¯^”Qadj clever PvjvKn cliff ce©‡Zi Lvov cvk¦©v climb Av‡ivnb Kivv cling Rwo‡q a‡i _vKvn clock Nwo

closev 1. shut eÜ Kivadj 2. near wbKUeZ©xadj closed eÜn cloth Kvcon clothes RvgvKvcon clothes line wfRv RvgvKvco ïKv‡Z †`Iqvi Rb¨ `won clothing ‡cvlvKn cloud ‡gNadj cloudy ‡gNv”Qbœ

clubn 1. group of people mwgwZn 2. implement mvgvwRK cÖwZôvbn clue inm¨ mgvav‡bi m~În coal Kqjvn coast mgy`ªZxi, DcKzjadj coastal DcKzjeZ©xn coat ‡KvU, nvZvIqvjv Rvgv we‡kln cockatoo KvKvZzqvn coconut bvwi‡Kjn coffee Kwdn coin cqmv

13

cold – concern

coldn 1. illness mw`©adj 2. opposite hot VvÛvadj cold-blooded wbg©g, wbôzin collar Rvgvi Kjviv collect msMÖn Kivn collection msMÖnn college gnvwe`¨vjq

colourn 1. hue iOv 2. make colourful iO Kivadj colourful iwOb

combn 1. hair accessory wPi“wbv 2. do one’s hair wPi“wb w`‡q AvPovb

comev 1. move towards Avmvphr v 2. come from cwiYZ nIqvphr v 3. come out (as in sun) Avwef©yZ nIqv, †`Lv †`Iqvcolloq phr 4. Come on! (Let’s go.) ZvovZvwo Kiv A‡_© (Pj hvB)adj comfortable Avivg`vqKn comic ev”Pv‡`i QweIqvjv M‡íi eBn comic strip KZ¸wj avivevwnK wPÎ hvi gva¨‡g GKwU Mí

ejv nqv command wb‡`©k †`Iqv, Av‡`k Kivadj common cÖvqB N‡U Ggb, MZvbyMwZKn commonsense KvÛÁvb, mvaviY eyw×n communication ‡hvMv‡hvMn community m¤cÖ`vq, `j, †Mvôxn compact disc wmwW (mvavivYZt hv‡Z Mvb †iKW© Kiv nq)n company (business) e¨emv cÖwZôvbv compare Zzjbv Kivn compass K¤úvm, w`K wbY©q Kivi hš¿n compasses (geometry

equipment)e„ËvsK‡bi hš¿

v compete cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivn competition cÖwZ‡hvwMZvv complain Awf‡hvM Kiv, bvwjk Kivn complaint Awf‡hvM, bvwjk

completev 1. finish ‡kl Kivadj 2. finished m¤ú~Y©v complicate RwUj Kivadj complicated RwUjn complication RwUjZvn composer myiKvin composition iPbv, MVbn computer Kw¤úDUvin concern D‡ØM

14

concerned – couple

adj concerned DwØMœn concert HKgZ¨, HKZvbn condition Ae¯’vn cone (geometrical shape) R¨vwgwZK †KvYv confuse weåvš— Kiv, Zvj‡Mvj cvwK‡q †djvv congratulate Awfb›`b Rvbv‡bvv connect mshy³ Kivn connection ms‡hvMadj conscious m‡PZbv consider we‡ePbv Kivphr v consist of MwVZ nIqvn consonant m½wZc~Y©, e¨ÄbeY©v contain aviY Kiv, mshZ ivLvn container avib Kivi cvÎn contents (as of a book) mvigg©v continue Pvwj‡q hvIqv

contrastn 1. difference Zzjbvg~jK ‰emv`„k¨v 2. find differences Zzjbvg~jK ˆemg¨ cÖ`k©b Kivv control wbqš¿b Kivn conversation Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv

convictn 1. person convicted of a crime Acivaxv 2. find guilty of a crime Acivax ewjqv ivq †`Iqvv cook ivbœv Kiv

cooladj 1. opposite warm VvÛvcolloq 2. trendy AvaywbK, nvj d¨vm‡bi AbyeZ©x

copyn 1. imitation bKjv 2. imitate bKj Kivn corner ‡KvY

correctv 1. make right ms‡kvab Kivadj 2. right mwVKn corridor evoxi wewfbœ K‡¶i g‡a¨ ms‡hvMKvix c_v cost `vg, g~j¨ †`Iqvn cotton Zzjvn cotton wool Zzjvi cuvR

coughn 1. the act or sound of coughing Kvwki kãv 2. expel air from the lungs Kvkvn council mfv, mfvi m`m¨eM©n counsellor civgk©`vZv

countryn 1. political division cÖ‡`kn 2. opposite city MÖvgvÂjn couple `¤úwZ

15

courage – crush

n courage mvnmadj courageous mvnmx

coursen 1. set of lessons cvV¨µgn 2. way to go MwZc_phrase 3. of course (naturally) Aek¨B, ¯^fveZtBn court (as tennis court) ewni½b µxovi Rb¨ cwi‡ewóZ ¯’vbn cousin PvPv‡Zv, †RVv‡Zv, gvgv‡Zv, Lvjv‡Zv fvB ev

†evbcover

n 1. outside of a book eB‡qi cÖ”Q`v 2. put cover on something ‡Kvb wKQz‡K †X‡K †`Iqvn coward Kvcyi“ln crab KuvKovv crack dvUj aiv

craftn 1. vessel Zix ev RvnvRn 2. handiwork n¯—wkí

crashn 1. collision msNl©v 2. shatter Qz‡o †g‡i †f‡½ †djvadj crazy Db¥Ë, weK…Zgw¯—®‹n creature Rxe, cÖvYxn creek Luvwov creep nvgv¸wo †`Iqvn crescent (shape) Aa©P›`ª

cricketn 1. insect wSu wS †cvKvn 2. sport wµ‡KU †Ljv

criminaln 1. person who commits crime Acivaxadj 2. against the law Acivag~jKn crocodile Kzwgiadj crooked weK…Z, Amvayn crops ‡gvU dmj ev km¨

crossn 1. a symbol of two intersecting

linesµzkvKvi e¯‘

adj 2. angry ivMvwš^Zv 3. move from one side to another AvovAvwofv‡e wKQz ¯’vcb Kivphr v 4. cross out (delete) gy‡Q †djvn crossword k‡ãi auvavn crowd fxoadj crowded fx‡oc~Y©, RbvKxY©adj cruel wbôzi

crushv 1. flatten Pvc w`‡q P~Y© Kivcolloq 2. a liking for someone Kv‡iv cÖwZ fvjjvMvi AbyfywZ

16

cry – darkness

cryn 1. loud utterance wPrKvi Kivv 2. weep Kuv`vn cube Nb‡¶În cucumber kmvn cupboard Avjgvwiv cure Av‡ivM¨ Kivadj curious ‡KŠZznjx

curln 1. ringlet of hair ‡KvKov‡bv Pzjv 2. form curls eµ Kiv, evKv‡bv ev cvKv‡bvn currency (money) gy`ªv

currentadj 1. topical PjwZ, AvRKvjKvin 2. moving water Rj‡mªvZn curtain Rvbvjvi ci`vn curve eµ‡iLvn custom ixwZ, cÖ_vn customer ‡µZvv cut KvUvadj cute my›`i

cyclev 1. ride evBmvB‡K‡j Povn 2. circular event ‡Kvb NUbvi KvjPµ ev AveZ©bKvjn cylinder ‡ejbvKvi e¯‘

Dabbrev dad *see fatherabbrev daddy *see fatheradj daily ‰`wbK

damagen 1. injury ¶wZv 2. cause injury ¶wZ Kivadj damp wfRv, ‡muZ‡mu‡Zn damper (type of bread) GK ai‡bi wcVv

dancen 1. social gathering for dancing bv‡Pi `jv 2. rhythmical movement bvPvn danger wec`adj dangerous wec¾bK, SuywKc~Y©adj daring mvnmx, wbf©xK

darkadj 1. opposite light AÜKvigqadj 2. opposite fair Kv‡jvn darkness AÜKvi

17

date – dependable

daten 1. calendar ZvwiLn 2. fruit ‡LRyin daughter Kb¨vn day w`badj dead g„Zadj deaf ewai, †h e¨w³ Kv‡b ï‡bb bv

dealn 1. amount cwigvbv 2. give out mieivn Kivn death g„Z¨yn debt Fb decayn 1. decomposition ¶qv 2. rot ¶‡q hvIqv, c‡P hvIqvv deceive cÖZvibv Kivv decide wm×vš— †bIqvn decimal `kwgKn decision wm×vš—n deck (of house) cvUvZb ev Zjvv declare ‡Nvlbv †`Iqv

decreasen 1. diminution n«vmv 2. become smaller in number K‡g hvIqv, Kgv‡bvadj deep Mwfi

defeatn 1. loss civRqv 2. beat civwRZ Kivv define mwVKfv‡e eY©bv Kiv

degree n 1. of temperature ZvcgvÎvn 2. amount cwigvb

delayn 1. hold up wej¤^v 2. put off till later ¯’wMZ ivLv, gyjZwe Kivabbrev deli *see delicatessenn delicatessen ivbœv Kiv my¯^v`y Lv`¨vw`n delight cigvb›`adj delightful cigvb›``vqKv deliver mieivn Kiv

demandn 1. urgent requirement `vwev 2. ask for with authority ûKzg Kivv demonstrate cÖ`k©b Kivn demonstration cÖ`k©bn dentist `uv‡Zi wPwKrmKv depend wbf©i Kivadj dependable wbf©i‡hvM¨

18

dependant – discussion

adj dependant fiY‡cvlYvw`i Rb¨ Kv‡iv Dc‡i wbf©ikxjn depth MfxiZvv descend ‡b‡g Avmvv describe eY©bv Kivn description eY©bv

desertn 1. hot, dry place gi“f~wgv 2. leave Z¨vM Kivv deserve ‡hvM¨ nIqv

desiren 1. longing AvKvsLv, B”Qvv 2. wish for AvKvsLv Kiv, B”Qv Kivn desk †jLv covi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †Uwejv destroy aŸsm Kivn destruction aŸsm

detailn 1. minute part cy•Lvbycy•L eY©bvv 2. describe fully cy•Lvbycy•Li“‡c eY©bv Kivn detective ‡Mv‡q›`vn detention (pertaining to

school)AvUK

v dial ‡dvb Kivn diameter e¨vm

diamondn 1. precious stone nxivadj 2. shape nxiK AvK„wZin diary w`bwjwcn dictionary wWKkbvixpt v did *see don didgeridoo A‡óªwjqvi Avw`evwm‡`i GKai‡bi ev`¨hš¿v die gyZ¨y eiY Kivn diet mylg Lv`¨adj different wfbœadj difficult KwVbv dig Lbb Kivn dingo wWs‡Mv (GK ai‡bi KzKzi)n dinner mܨv‡fvRn dinosaur WvB‡bvmin direction wb‡`©kbvn dirt ayjvadj dirty gqjvv disagree GKgZ bv nIqvn disagreement AgZn disc (round, flat object) ‡MvjvKvi e¯‘n disco bvBUK¬vev discover Avwe¯‹vi Kivn discovery Avwe¯‹viv discuss Av‡jvPbv Kivn discussion Av‡jvPbv

19

disease – drop

n disease ‡ivMn dish Lv‡`¨i c`, _vjvn dishwasher (appliance) _vjv evmb cwi¯‹vi Kivi hš¿we‡kln disk (of computers) Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kivi wW¯‹n disk drive Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h As‡k wW¯‹ XyKv‡bv nqv dislike AcQ›` Kivv dismiss eiLv¯— Kiv, ev` †`Iqvn distance `yiZ¡v disturb wek„•Ljv Kivv dive R‡j Wye †`Iqv ev Suvc †`Iqvv divide wef³ Kiv, wew”Qbœ Kivn division wef³ Ae¯’v, wefvMv divorce ZvjvK †`Iqv

dov 1. perform Kiv phrase 2. What does she do? (What’s

her job?)‡m wK KvR K‡i?

phrase 3. How do you do? (greeting) ‡Kgb AvQ? n doctor wPwKrmKn document `wjj, cÖgvYcÎn dog KzKzi n dollar Wjvin door `iRvv double wظb Kiv ev wظb nIqv

doubtn 1. uncertainty m‡›`nv 2. hesitate to believe wek¦vm Ki‡Z BZ¯—Zt Kivv drag ‡U‡b wnuP‡o wb‡q hvIqvn dragon WªvMbpt v drank *see drinkv draw AsKb Kiv, AvKl©b Kiv, Uvbvn drawer ‡`ivR

dreamn 1. images during sleep ¯^cœv 2. imagine Kíbv Kivpt v dreamt *see dream

dressn 1. woman’s clothing RvgvKvco, †cvlvKv 2. to put on clothing ‡cvlvK civpt v drew *see draw

drinkn 1. beverage cvbxqv 2. swallow liquid cvb Kivv drive Pvjv‡bv ev cwiPvjbv Kivn driveway Mvwoeviv›`v

dropn 1. small amount of water ‡duvUv ev we›`yv 2. let fall ‡d‡j †`Iqv

20

drought – email

n drought Livpt v drove *see drivev drown Wy‡e giv ev WyevBqv gvivn drug gv`K`ªe¨n drum XvK †Xvjn drunk (person who drinks too

much alcohol)gvZvj

adj dry ïK‡bvpt v dug *see digadj dumb (of speech) ‡evev, bxieprep during ‡Kvb mgq e¨vwcqv

dustn 1. dirt ayjvv 2. clean of dirt aywjgy³ Kivn duster ay‡jv Svovi Rb¨ e¨eüZ †bKovn duty (something you must do) `vwqZ¡

En eagle CMj cvwLn ear Kvbadj early cÖ_gw`‡Ki, cÖvPxb v earn Avq Kivn earring Kv‡bi `yjn earth c„w_exn east c~e©adj easy mnRv eat LvIqvn echidna mviv Mv‡q KuvUvIqvjv GKai‡bi cÖvYxwe‡kln edge cÖvš— ev wKbvivv edit m¤úv`bv Kivn education wk¶vn effect Kv‡Ri djvdj, cÖfven effort K‡Vvi cÖ‡Póvn egg wWgadj either ‡h †KvbwU ev †h †Knn elastic w¯’wZ¯’vcK `wo ev wdZvn elbow KbyB

elderadj 1. older than `yR‡bi g‡a¨ eon 2. older person e‡qv‡R¨ô e¨w³n election wbe©vPbn electrician we`¨y‡Zi wg¯¿xn electricity we`¨yr

emailn 1. Internet letter B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g cvVv‡bv wPwVv 2. send an Internet letter B›Uvi‡b‡U wPwV cvVv‡bv

21

embarrass – excellent

v embarrass weeÖZ Kivadj embarrassed weeÖZn emergency Ri“ix Ae¯’vn emigrant ‡`kvš—ixn emotion Av‡eMv employ PvKzwi‡Z wb‡qvM Kivn employee Kg©Pvixn employer wb‡qvMKZ©vn employment PvKzixadj empty kyb¨n emu A‡óªwjqvi AwZ eo AvK„wZi cvwLwe‡klv encourage DrmvwnZ Kiv

endn 1. termination ‡kl, Aemvbv 2. finish ‡kl Kiv ev †kl nIqvn enemy kΓ

engagedadj 1. busy e¨¯—adj 2. soon to be married weev‡ni evM`Z¡ ev evM`Z¡vn engine BwÄbv enjoy Dc‡fvM Kivadj enormous wekvjadj enough h‡_ôv enquire wRÁvmv Kiv, AbymÜvb Kivv enter cÖ‡ek Kivv entertain wPËwe‡bv`b Kivn entertainment wPËwe‡bv`b, Av‡gv`cÖ‡gv`n entrance cÖ‡ekc_n entry cÖ‡ekc_, cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i ZvwjKvn envelope Lvgn environment cwi‡ekadj equal mgvb, mgK¶n equator wbi¶‡iLvn equipment miÄvgvw`

escapen 1. an act of escaping gyw³, cjvqbv 2. get away gyw³ cvIqv, cjvqb Kivadj even (divisible by two) ‡Rvon evening mܨvn event NUbvadj every cÖ‡Z¨Kabbrev exam *see examinationn examination cix¶v

examplen 1. illustration bgybvabbrev 2. e.g. D`vniYadj excellent PgrKvi

22

exchange – factory

exchangen 1. act of exchanging wewbgqv 2. give up for an equivalent wewbgq Kivv excite D‡ËwRZ Kivadj excited D‡ËwRZn excitement D‡ËRbvadj exciting D‡ËRbvKin excursion cÖ‡gv`ågb

excusen 1. justification ARynvZv 2. pardon ¶gv Kivint 3. Excuse me! f`ªZvm~PK ¶gvcÖv_©bvwe‡kl

exercisen 1. physical work e¨vqvgn 2. class work cvV¨cy¯—‡Ki Abykxjbxn 3. exercise book Abykjbxi eB

exitn 1. way out evwni nIqvi c_v 2. go out evwn‡i hvIqvv expect cÖZ¨vkv Kivadj expensive `vgx

experiencen 1. thing undergone AwfÁZvv 2. undergo AwfÁZv jvf Kiv, †fvM ev mn¨ Kiv

experimentn 1. science trial M‡elYvv 2. try something cix¶v Kivv explain e¨vL¨v Kivn explanation e¨vL¨vv explode D”P k‡ã we‡ùvwiZ Kiv ev nIqvv explore Avwe¯‹v‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ ågb Kiv

expressadj 1. fast `ª“Zv 2. say cÖKvk Kiv

expressionn 1. on face gyLfven 2. in words fvlvq cÖKvkadj extra AwZwi³n eye ‡PvLn eyebrow ‡Pv‡Li å“F

facen 1. part of body gyLgÛjphrase 2. face the front mvg‡bi w`‡K gyL K‡i Ae¯’vb Kivcolloq phr 3. Face it! (believe it) gy‡LvgywL ev m¤§yLxb nIqvn fact cÖK„Z NUbv, mZ¨n factory KviLvbv

23

fade – fence

v fade ïwK‡q hvIqvv fail e¨_© nIqv

faintadj 1. not dark weeY©, A¯úóv 2. become unconscious Ávb nvwi‡q †djv

fairadj 1. just b¨vh¨, c¶cvZnxbadj 2. light D¾¡j, cwi¯‹viadv fairly (quite) cy‡ivcywifv‡en fairy cixv fall c‡o hvIqvadj false wg‡_¨adj familiar cwiwPZ

familyn 1. kin msmvi, cwievin 2. family tree cwievi cwiRbadj famous weL¨vZ

fann 1. great admirer f³n 2. equipment to blow air cvLvadj far `yieZ©xn fare (cost for trip) fvovn farm Lvgvin fashion iKg, aib, Kvq`vadj fashionable ‡cvlv‡KAvkv‡K Av`eKvq`v †`vi¯—

fastadv 1. quick `ª“Z‡e‡Madv 2. forward in time AMÖMvgx n‡qv 3. go without food Dcevm Kivv fasten `„pfv‡e euvavadj fat ‡gvUv n father wcZvn fault ΓwUn favour AbyKz‡jadj favourite wcÖqn fax d¨v·

fearn 1. feeling of impending danger AvZsKv 2. be afraid fq cvIqv, AvZswKZ nIqvn feather cvjKv feed LvIqv‡bv

feelv 1. as emotion mnvbyf~wZm¤úbœ nIqvv 2. touch ¯úk©Øviv Abyfe Kivpt v fell *see fallpt v felt *see feeladj female (of gender) ¯¿x‡jvKn fence ‡eov

24

ferry – flashing

n ferry ‡LqvZixn festival Drmen fever R¡iadj few AímsL¨K

fieldn 1. where sport is played †Ljvi gvVn 2. open land gq`vbadj fierce wnsmª

fightn 1. battle hy×v 2. engage in battle hy× Kiv

figuren 1. number msL¨v, ivwkn 2. person e¨w³phr v 3. figure out (understand) mgvavb Kivv fill k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kivn film Pjw”PÎadj final Pzovš—v find Luy‡R †ei Kiv

fineadj 1. not raining PgrKvi, my›`iadj 2. opposite thick cvZjvadj 3. well (healthy) ¯^v¯’¨MZfv‡e fvjn finger Av½yj

finishn 1. end point ‡kl ch©vqv 2. end ‡kl Kiv

firev 1. cease to employ eiLv¯— Kivv 2. shoot e›`yK `vMvn 3. something burning Av¸bn fireworks AvZkevwRadv first me©cÖ_‡g, me©v‡MÖn first aid cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv

fishn 1. water creature gvQv 2. catch fish gvQ aivn fishing rod gvQ aivi eowk

fitadj 1. healthy Kg©¶gn 2. size Dchy³ ev gvbvbmBphrase 3. fit in with (match well) Dc‡hvMx nIqv ev Kivb, gvbvbv fix ‡givgZ Kivn flag cZvKvn flame AwMœwkLvn flash (bright light) Av‡jvi SjKadj flashing Sj‡K D‡V Ggb

25

flat – form

flatn 1. dwelling d¬¨vU (emev‡mi Rb¨ wbwg©Z AUªvwjKv)adj 2. shape mgZjn flavour myMÜpt v flew *see flyn flight DÇqbv float fvmvn flood eb¨v

floorn 1. part of a room N‡ii †g‡Sn 2. level of a building M„nvw`i Zjvn floppy disk d¬wc wW¯‹ (Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv nq)v flow cÖevwnZ nIqvn flower (plant) dzjabbrev flu *see influenza

flyn 1. insect gvwQv 2. move through the air Iovn fog (weather condition) Kzqvkvadj foggy Kzqvkv”Qbœv fold fuvR Kivn folder LyP‡iv KvMRcÎvw` ivLvi Rb¨ ev·we‡klv follow AbymiY Kivn font GKB iKg I AvqZ‡bi A¶img~nn food Lv`¨n fool g~L© e¨w³adj foolish g~L©n foot cv‡qi cvZv, PiYn football dzUejn footwear RyZv

forphrase 1. for us Avgv‡`i Rb¨phrase 2. for NSW wbD mvD_ I‡qj&m Awfgy‡Lphrase 3. for $5 5 Wjv‡ii wewbg‡q

forcen 1. strength kw³. ¶gZvv 2. impose on kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kivadj foreign (not native) we‡`kxn foreigner we‡`kx e¨w³n forest Aib¨, eo ebpt v forgave *see forgivev forget fy‡j hvIqvv forgive ¶gv Kivpt v forgot *see forgetn fork KuvUvPvgyP

formn 1. paper you fill in Av‡e`b cÎv 2. make ‰Zix Kiv, wbg©vb Kiv

26

fortnight – funeral

n 3. shape AvKvin fortnight c¶ (`yB mßvn) adj fortunate ‡mŠfvM¨evbadv fortunately ‡mŠfvM¨ekZt

fortunen 1. large amount of money m¤ú`n 2. luck A`„ó, fvM¨pt v fought *see fightpt v found *see findn fountain Sibvn fraction fMœvskn frame KvVv‡gv

freeadj 1. costing nothing webvg~‡j¨adj 2. unoccupied Lvwjv 3. let go gy³/ ¯^vaxb Kivn freedom ¯^vaxbZvv freeze ei‡d cwibZ Kiv ev nIqvn freezer (appliance) Lv`¨`ªe¨ gRyZ ivLvi Rb¨ wngvqb hš¿adj frequent wbqwgZ, AmsL¨adj fresh ZvRvabbrev fridge *see refrigeratorn friend eÜzadj friendly eÜzZ¡c~Y©n fright AvZ¼v frighten AvZw¼Z Kiv

fromphrase 1. from Sydney n‡Zphrase 2. from my grandmother ‡mŠR‡b¨phrase 3. from $10 ïi“

frontadj 1. opposite back m¤§yLprep 2. in front of mvg‡bn front door mvg‡bi `iRvn front steps mvg‡bi wmuwov frown å“ ‡KvPKv‡bvpt v froze *see freezen fruit dj

fulladj 1. opposite empty fiwZadj 2. not hungry ¶zav Abyfe n‡”Q bv Ggbn full stop (punctuation mark) hwZ wPý

funn 1. mirthful amusement ‡KŠZzK, Zvgvkvcolloq phr 2. make fun of (ridicule) gRv Kiv, Zvgvkv Kivn funeral g„‡Zi A‡š—¨wówµqv

27

funny – girl

funnyadj 1. humorous gRv`viadj 2. strange A™¢~Zn fur cïi ‡jvgn furniture AvmevecÎadj further cybivqn future fwel¨rGv gamble Ryqv †Ljvn game ‡Ljv, µxovn gaol *see jailn gap duvKv¯’vb, ïb¨¯’vbn garage (of house) Mvox ivLvi ev †givgZ Kivi Nin garden evMvbn garlic imybn gas M¨vmn gate dUK, cÖ‡ek c_v gather Rgv‡qZ nIqv, msMÖn Kivpt v gave *see give

gayadj 1. happy nvwmLykxadj 2. homosexual mgKvgxn gender wj½

generaladj 1. usual mvaviYn 2. rank in army mvgwiK Kg©KZ©vadv generally mvaviYZtn generosity D`viZvadj generous D`viadj gentle f`ª

getv 1. become nIqv ev n‡q DVvv 2. receive cvIqv, MÖnb Kivv 3. possess AwaKvi Kivv 4. arrive Avmv, AvMgb Kivv 5. obtain jvf Kivphr v 6. get on with (like) mym¤úK© _vKvphr v 7. get out (leave) ‡ewi‡q hvIqvphr v 8. get together (meet) wgwjZ nIqvphr v 9. get up (arise) Nyg †_‡K DVvphr v 10. get rid of (dispose of) evwZj Kiv, †d‡j ‡`Iqv

giantn 1. huge mythical being ‰`Z¨adj 2. very big ‡ek eon gift Dcnvin girl evwjKv

28

give – grain

givev 1. hand to mvnvh¨ Kivphr v 2. give in (hand in) ‡`Iqvcolloq phr 3. give in (surrender) AvZœmgc©Y Kivphr v 4. give out (distribute) weZib Kivphr v 5. give up (surrender) nvj ‡Q‡o †`Iqvphr v 6. give up (stop as for smoking) Z¨vM Kivadj glad Avbw›`Z

glassn 1. window material KuvPn 2. drinking vessel cvwb LvIqvi M−vmn glasses (for eyesight) Pkgvn glove nv‡Z civi `¯—vbv

gov 1. move hvIqvphrase 2. go by bus ev‡m K‡i hvIqvphrase 3. go out with m¤úK© Movphr v 4. go wrong e¨_© nIqvphr v 5. go on with (continue) Pvwj‡q hvIqvphr v 6. go well mdj nIqvphr v 7. go over (check) cix¶v Kivphr v 8. go through (check) cix¶v Kivphr v 9. go after (chase) avIqv Kivn god ‡Lv`v, †`eZvn gold ‡mvbv, ¯^Y©adj golden ‡mvbvjx

goodadj 1. opposite bad fvjphrase 2. vegetables are good for you ¯^v¯’¨Kicolloq phr 3. Good for you! (congratulations) evnev (cÖksmvm~PK Awfe¨w³)int 4. Good afternoon (greeting) ïf Acivý (ï‡f”QvÁvcK Awfe¨w³)int 5. Goodbye we`vqint 6. Good day (greeting) ïf w`b (ï‡f”QvÁvcK Awfe¨w³)int 7. Good morning (greeting) ïf mKvj (ï‡f”QvÁvcK Awfe¨w³)int 8. Good night (farewell) ïf ivwÎ (ï‡f”QvÁvcK Awfe¨w³)

goodnessn 1. virtue m`¸Yint 2. My goodness! (expression of

surprise)we¯§qm~PK Awfe¨w³

n goods gvjvgvjn gossip MvjMí, Ríbvpt v got *see getv govern cwiPvjbv Kiv, wbqwš¿Z Kivn government miKvin governor wbqš¿K, ivR¨cvjv grab AuvK‡o aivadv gradually ax‡i ax‡i, µ‡g µ‡gn grain km¨KYv

29

grand – habit

adj grand e„nr, gnrn grandchild bvwZ ev bvZwbn granddaughter bvZwbn grandfather `v`vn grandmother `v`xn grandparent `v`v `v`xn grandson bvZxn grape AvOyin graph wP·jL, bKkvn grass Nvmadj grateful K…ZÁn grave Kei, mgvwaadj great gnr, gnvbn greed †jvfadj greedy ‡jvfxadj green meyRv greet mv`i m¤¢vlb Kivn greeting ï‡f”Qvpt v grew *see growadj grey aymin grief `ytL, †kvKv grieve `ytL †`Iqv ev cvIqvv grill (cooking) Sjmv‡bv

grossadj 1. total ‡gvUcolloq 2. disgusting weiw³Ki

groundn 1. earth fywg, gvwUadj 2. bottom (as for ground floor) bxPZjvn group `jphrase group of students QvÎQvÎx‡`i `jv grow ‡e‡o DVvn grown-up cÖvßeq¯‹v guard cvnviv ‡`Iqvn guardian AwffveKv guess Abygvb Kivn guest ‡gngvb

guiden 1. leader ‡bZv, c_wb‡`©kKv 2. show the way c_ cÖ`k©b Kivn guilt Acivaadj guilty Acivaxn guitar wMUvi (ev`¨ hš¿we‡kl)n gum tree Mvg MvQabbrev gym *see gymnasiumn gymnasium e¨vqvgvMvi

Hn habit Af¨vm

30

had – have

pt v had *see have n hail (weather condition) wkjve„wón hailstorm wkjvSon hair Pzjn haircut Pzj KvUvi Kvq`vadj halal nvjvj

halfadj 1. equal part of A‡a©Kphrase 2. half-past eight mv‡o AvUUv ev AvUUv wÎk wgwbU n hall eoNi, njNin hallway MgbvMgb c_v halve `ywU mgvb fv‡M wef³ Kivn hamburger gvs‡mi wKgv †`Iqv m¨vÛDBP we‡kln hammer nvZzwo

handn 1. body part nvZn 2. hand-out cyw¯—Kvphr v 3. hand in ‡`Iqvn handbag nvZ e¨vMn handball n¨vÛej †Ljv

handlen 1. thing that may be held nvZj v 2. touch bvovPvov Kivadj handsome my`k©bn handwriting nv‡Zi †jLv

hangv 1. suspend Szwj‡q ivLv, wej¤^ Kivphr v 2. hang around (loiter) A‡c¶v Kivphr v 3. hang onto (hold) a‡i ivLvphr v 4. hang up (put receiver down) ‡dvb †i‡L †`Iqvint 5. Hang on! (wait) A‡c¶v Kiv!v happen NUv, msNwUZ nIqvn happiness myL, Avb›`adj happy myLxn harbour ‡cvZvkªq, e›`i

hardadj 1. difficult KóKiadj 2. not soft k³, KwVbadv hardly (rarely) K`vwPr, Lye Kgv harm ¶wZ Kivn harvest km¨ KvUvi mgqn hat Uzcxv hate N„bv Kiv

havev 1. own AwaKvix nIqvphrase 2. have a headache mgm¨v _vKvphrase 3. have dinner mܨv‡fvR Kivphrase 4. have a hair cut Pzj KvUv‡bvphr v 5. have on (wear) RvgvKvco cov

31

have to – his

phr v have to (be compelled to) eva¨ nIqv, Aek¨B Kivpron he ‡m

headn 1. body part gv_vn 2. leader ‡bZvn headache gv_ve¨_vn heading (title) wk‡ivbvgn health ¯^v¯’¨adj healthy ¯^v¯’¨evbn heap (pile) ¯‘c, ivwkv hear ‡kvbvpt v heard *see hearn heart ü`q, ü`wcÛv heatv 1. warm DËß Kiv, Mig Kivn 2. warmth DËvcn heater (appliance) Ni Mig Kivi Pzwj−we‡kladj heavy fvixn height D”PZvpt v held *see holdn helicopter ‡nwjKÞviint hello n¨v‡jv e‡j m¤¢vlb

helpn 1. aid mvnvh¨phrase 2. help yourself (serve yourself) wb‡R Ki“bcolloq phr 3. I can’t help it (I have no control

over it)Avwg Bnv bv K‡i cvwi bv

adj helpful mvnvh¨Kvixn hemisphere c„w_exi Aa©vsk, †Mvjva©

herphrase 1. ask her Zv‡K wRÁvmv Ki“bphrase 2. her book Zvi eBadv here GLv‡bn hero bvqK, exicyi“lv hesitate BZt¯—Z Kiv, wØav Kivn hexagon lof~R †¶Îint hi GB e‡j m¤¢vlbpt v hid *see hidev hide jywK‡q _vKv

highadj 1. tall j¤^vadj 2. as for musical note D”Pphrase high-heeled shoe DuPz wnjIqvjv RyZvn high school D”P we`¨vjqn hill cvnvopron him Zvnv‡K, Zv‡Kn hip cvQv, cðv`‡`kv hire fvov Kivpron his Zvnvi, Zuvi

32

history – however

n history BwZnvmhit

v 1. strike AvNvZ Kivcolloq 2. winner we‡RZvv hitch-hike we‡b cqmvq ågb Kivn hobby mL

holdv 1. grasp AvK‡o aivn 2. hold-up (robbery) WvKvwZn 3. hold-up (delay) wej¤^int 4. Hold it! (stop) _vgvIcolloq phr 5. hold on (wait) A‡c¶v Kin hole MZ©n holiday QzwUadj hollow duvcvadj holy cweÎn home evwoadj homesick ¯^‡`‡ki Rb¨ gb Kuv‡` Ggbn homework (school work you

do at home)evwoi KvR

n honest mrhook

n 1. curved piece of metal AvsUvv 2. catch aiv

hopen 1. expectation Avkvv 2. wish Avkv Kivn horizon w`Mš—

horn n 1. animal part wksn 2. car part Mvoxi nb©adj horrible fqvbKn horror AvZsKRbKn horse ‡Nvovn hospital nvmcvZvjn host wbqš¿bKZ©vn hostel QvÎvevm

hotadj 1. very warm AZ¨š— Migcolloq 2. very good Lye fvjn hotel ‡i‡¯—uvivn hotplate Pyjvn hour N›Uvn house evmv n housework (domestic work) M„n¯’vjxi KvR

howadv 1. in what way wKfv‡ecolloq phr 2. how come? (why) ‡Kb?conj however hvB ‡nvK

33

huge – industry

adj huge wekvj, cÖKvÛhuman

adj 1. of people gvbyl m¤^Üxqn 2. human being gvbeRvwZn humour ‡KŠZzK, nvm¨imn hung *see hangadj hungry ¶zavZ©v hunt wkKvi Kiv

hurryv 1. move quickly ZvovZvwo Kivcolloq phr 2. hurry up ZvovZvwo Ki

hurtv 1. injure AvnZ Kivadj 2. wounded AvnZn hut KzwViIpron I Avwgn ice eidn ice-cream AvBQwµgadj ideal Av`k©¯^i“cconj if hw`adj ill Amy¯’adj illegal ‡eAvBwbn illness Amy¯’Zvn illustration wek` wPÎv imagine Kíbv Kivadj immediate Ri“ixadv immediately Ri“ixwfwˇZn immigrant Awfevmxadj important ¸i“Z¡c~Y©adj impossible Am¤¢ev improve DbœwZ Kiv

inprep 1. indicates enclosed place wfZ‡iphrase 2. in Australia A‡óªwjqvqphrase 3. in January Rvbyqvix‡Zphrase 4. in English Bs‡iRx‡Zphrase 5. in pencil ‡cbwmj w`‡qphrase 6. in love ‡cÖ‡g covphrase 7. in danger wec‡` covphrase 8. in time (not late) wbw`©ó mg‡q ev ZviI Av‡Mv include Aš—f©y³ Kivn income Avqadj incorrect fyjv increase e„w× Kiv ev e„w× cvIqv n index m~wPcÎadj indoor Af¨š—‡iin industry wkí, kªgwkí

34

infect – is

v infect `ywlZ Kiv ev msµwgZ Kivn infection msµgb v influence cÖfve LvUv‡bvn influenza msµvgK mw`© R¡iv inform Rvbv‡bvn information Z_¨prep in front of mvg‡bv inhabit evm Kivn inhabitant Awaevmx, evwm›`v

initialadj 1. first cÖv_wgKn 2. first letter of name bv‡gi cÖ_g A¶in injection wUKv cÖ‡qvMv injure AvnZ Kiv, ¶wZ Kivn injury AvNvZ, ¶wZadj inner Avf¨š—wibadj innocent wb‡`©vkn insect KxU, cZ½v insert cÖ‡ek Kivbprep inside wfZ‡i, Af¨š—‡iv insist ‡R` Kiv

instantn 1. moment gyûZ©adj 2. immediate Zvr¶wbKadv instead cwie‡Z©v instruct wk¶v †`Iqvn instruction wk¶vn instrument (musical) ev`¨ hš¿n insurance exgvadj intelligent eyw×gvbv intend B”Qv Kivn interest my`adj interested AvMÖnxadj interesting wPËvKl©K, AvKl©bxqn Internet B›Uvi‡bUv interrupt evav †`Iqvn intersection Pvi iv¯—vi wgjb¯’jn interview Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ mv¶vrprep into g‡a¨, wfZ‡iv introduce cwiPq Kwi‡q †`Iqvn introduction (of a book) cy¯—‡Ki f~wgKvv invent D™¢veb Kivn invitation wbgš¿bv invite wbgš¿b Kiv

ironn 1. metal ‡jvnvn 2. household appliance Bw¯¿v 3. as for clothing Bw¯¿ Kivprt v is *see be

35

island – keyboard

n island Øxcit

pron 1. subject Bnvpron 2. object Bnvpron its (possessive) Bnvi

Jn jacket Rvgv we‡kln jail ‡RjLvbv, KvivMvin jar ‡Kvb wKQz ivLvi cvÎ, Avaviadj jealous Cl©vwš^Z, Cl©vcivqbn jeans wR‡Ýi Kvco, c¨v›Un jet †RUwegvbn jewel RniZ, iZœn jewellery AjsKvin job PvKixv jog e¨vqv‡gi D‡Ï‡k¨ †`Šov‡bvn jogger †`Šov‡bvi RyZvwe‡kl

joinv 1. unite GKwÎZ nIqvv 2. as a club ‡hvM †`Iqvadj joint ms‡hvMn joke ‡KŠZzKn journey ågbn joy Avb›`

judgen 1. person in court wePviKv 2. make a decision about ivq ‡`Iqvn judgment ivqn judo Rvcvbx Kzw¯— we‡kln juice imv jump jvd ‡`Iqvn jumper (clothing) VvÛv AvenvIqvq civi Rvgv

justadv 1. only ïaygvÎ, †Kejadj 2. fair b¨vh¨

Kn kangaroo K¨vsMvi“

keepv 1. hold on to a‡i ivLvphr v 2. keep away `y‡i ivLvphr v 3. keep going Pvwj‡q hvIqvphr v 4. keep out cÖ‡e‡k wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kivphr v 5. keep up eRvq ivLvcolloq phr 6. The teacher kept us in wk¶K Avgv‡`i a‡i †i‡LwQ‡jbpt v kept *see keepn key Pvwen keyboard wcqv‡bvi gZ ev`¨hš¿we‡kl

36

keyring – large

n keyring Pvwe †Svjv‡bvi AvsUvwe‡kln keyword GKwU kã hv †Kvb †jLvq evi evi Av‡mv kick jvw_ gvivcolloq kid (child) ev”Pvv kill nZ¨v Kivn killer nZ¨vKvix

kindadj 1. good hearted `qvjy, m`qn 2. type cÖKvi, iKgn kindness `qv, c‡ivcKvin king ivRvv kiss Pz¤^b Kivn kitchen ivbœv Nin knee nuvUzv kneel nuvUz †M‡o emvpt v knelt *see kneelpt v knew *see known knife Qzwi, †Qvivv knit eybb Kivn knob `iRvi nvZjv knock cÖPÛ AvNvZ Kivn knot wMÆz

knowv 1. understand Rvbvv 2. be acquainted with cwiwPZ nIqvphrase 3. Let me know (tell me) Avgv‡K ejn koala ‡Kv‡qjv (GK ai‡bi cÖvYx) n kookaburra A‡óªwjqvi gvQivOv

Labbrev lab *see laboratoryn label wPiKzUn laboratory imvqbvMvin labour k&ªgv lack Afven lad evjKn ladder gBpt v laid *see layn lake n«`n lamp evwZ

landn 1. opposite of sea ¯’jfvMn 2. country ivR¨, †`kv 3. as for plane f~wgn language fvlv

lapn 1. body part ‡Kvjn 2. distance in a pool cyKz‡ii Gcvi n‡Z Icv‡ii `yiZ¡adj large eo, we¯—…Z, e¨vcK

37

last – less

lastadj 1. opposite of first me©‡klv 2. endure wU‡K _vKvadv lastly ‡kl ch©š—¨, Ae‡k‡ladj late (opposite of early) wejw¤eZadv lately B`vwbs, m¤cÖwZadv later cieZ©xKv‡jv laugh nvmvn laughter nvwmn laundry ‡avcvLvbvn law AvBbn lawn Nv‡m XvKv Rwgn lawyer AvBbÁ e¨w³, DwKj

layv 1. as for eggs wWg cvovv 2. put ivLv, ¯’vcb Kivadj lazy Ajm

leadv 1. go first AMÖeZ©x nIqvn 2. holder for a dog KzKzi a‡i ivLvi myZvn leader ‡bZvn leadership ‡bZ…Z¡n leaf cvZvv leak wQ`ª w`‡q Zij/ M¨vm ‡ei nIqv

leanv 1. incline ‡n‡j covadj 2. thin cvZjvv leap jvd †`Iqvn leap year Awael©v learn wk¶v †bIqvpt v learnt *see learnadj least mvgvb¨Zg, ¶z`ªZgn leather Pvgov

leavev 1. separate from Avjv`v ivLv ev Avjv`v Kivn 2. time off QzwUphr v 3. leave alone GKv _vK‡Z †`Iqv, wei³ bv Kivphr v 4. leave on Kvnv‡iv Dc‡i `vwqZ¡ †`Iqvphr v 5. leave out ev` †`Iqvpt v led *see leadpt v left *see leaveadj left (opposite of right) evgadj left-handed evg nv‡Z Af¨¯— n leg cvn lemon ‡jeyv lend avi ‡`Iqvn length ‰`N©¨pt v lent *see lendadv less Kg cwigv‡b

38

lesson – lizard

n lesson wk¶vlet

v 1. allow AbygwZ †`Iqvv 2. rent fvov ‡`Iqv

lettern 1. as of alphabet eY©, A¶i n 2. correspondence wPwVn letterbox wPwVi ev·n lettuce ‡jUzmadj level mgZj, gm„bn liar wg_¨vevw`n library cvVvMvi n licence AbygwZcÎv lick ‡jnb Kiv, †P‡U LvIqvn lid cvÎvw`i XvKbv

liev 1. tell untruths wg_¨v ejvphr v 2. lie down ‡kvqvn life Rxebn lifesaver Rxebi¶vKvix

liftv 1. raise DuPz Kiv, Zz‡j aivn 2. elevator gvbyl I gvjvgvj DVvbvgvi hš¿, wjd&Un 3. car ride Zz‡j wb‡q hvIqv

lightn 1. opposite of darkness Av‡jvn 2. as for electric light ‰e`¨ywZK evwZadj 3. not dark D¾¡jadj 4. not heavy nvjKvn lighter (as for cigarettes) wmMv‡iU aiv‡bvi hš¿we‡kln lightning weRwj, evR

likev 1. be fond of cQ›` Kivprep 2. similar to GKiƒc, Abyiƒcn limit mxgv, mxgv‡iLvn line mi“ j¤^v `vMn lip ‡VuvUn liquid Zij c`v_©n list ZvwjKvv listen ‡kvbvpt v lit *see lightn litter cwiZ¨³ AveR©bvw`adj little ‡QvU

livev 1. exist ‡eu‡P _vKvadj 2. opposite of dead Rxeš—n living (job) RxweKv, Rxebavi‡Yi Dcvqn living room ‰eVKLvbvn lizard wUK&wUwK, wMiwMUx

39

load – lunch

v load ‡evSvB Kivn lobster Mj&`v-wPswo

localn 1. person from a particular area ¯’vbxq Awaevmxadj 2. pertaining to an area ¯’vbxqn location Ae¯’vbv lock Zvjv †`Iqvn log (wood) Kv‡Vi ¸won lolly cÖavbZt KvwV‡Z AvUKv‡bv wgVvBwe‡kladj lonely GKvKx, wbtm½

longadj 1. opposite of short j¤^v, `xN©phr v 2. long for (want) AvKvsLv Kiv, B”Qv Kivphrase 3. How long? (as time) KZ¶b?phrase 4. How long? (as length) KZ `yi?phrase 5. long ago A‡bK w`b Av‡M

lookn 1. glance `„wó, Pvnwbphr v 2. look at ZvKv‡bvphr v 3. look after ‡`Lv‡kvbv Kivphr v 4. look for ‡LuvR Kiv, mÜvb Kivphr v 5. look forward to A‡c¶v Kivphr v 6. look up to MY¨ Kivphrase 7. look like (resemble) ‡`L‡Z cÖvq GKiKg, m`„kadj loose AvjMv, wkw_j

losev 1. opposite of find nvwi‡q †djvv 2. opposite of win ‡n‡i hvIqvphrase 3. she lost her mother (her

mother died)‡m Zvi gv‡K nvwi‡qwQj

n loss †jvKmvb, ¶wZpt v lost *see lose

lotn 1. destiny wbqwZphrase 1. a lot of cÖPzi cwigvbadj loud ‡Kvjvnjc~Y©n lounge room Ajmfv‡e kq‡bi ¯’vb, Avivg K¶

loven 1. passionate affection fvjevmv, †mœnv 2. feel passionate fvjevmv, †mœn Kivadj low wbPzn lower case ‡QvU nv‡Zi A¶iadj loyal AbyMZn luck fvM¨adj lucky fvM¨evbn lump `jv, wcÛn lunch ga¨vý‡fvR

40

machine – match

Mn machine hš¿, Kj

madadj 1. angry ivMvwš^Zadj 2. insane cvMjcolloq phr 3. mad about (loves) fvjevmvq cvMj ev Db¥v`n madam ‡Kvb gwnjv‡K f`ªZvm~PK m‡¤^vabpt v made *see maken magazine mvgwqK cwÎKvn magic hv`yn magpie g¨vMcvB cvwL

mailn 1. correspondence wPwVcÎv 2. send WvK‡hv‡M cvVv‡bvadj main cÖavb, gyL¨

makev 1. manufacture ‰Zix Kivphrase 2. make the bed weQvbv †MvQv‡bvphrase 3. make friends eÜzZ¡ Kiv phr v 4. make up (reconcile) f~j †evSveywSi Aemvb Kivn make up (cosmetics) cÖmvab mvgMÖxadj male cyi“ln mammal ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYxn man cyi“lgvbylv manage cwiPvjbv Kiv, wbqš¿b Kivn manager e¨e¯’vcK, cwiPvjKn mandarin ¶z`ª Kgjv‡jeywe‡kl n mango Avgn manner (way) cÖYvjxn manners (pertaining to polite

behaviour)Av`eKvq`v

v manufacture Drcv`b Kivadj many A‡bK, cÖPzin map gvbwPÎn margin (of a book) eB‡qi AwjwLZ cÖv‡š—i Askn marijuana MuvRv

markv 1. correct wVK Kiv, ms‡kvab Kivn 2. numerical value for work msL¨vevPK gvbn 3. spot `vM, wPýn market evRvin marriage weevnv marry weevn Kivn mat gv`yi

matchv 1. suit gvbvbmB nIqv ev gvbvbn 2. implement for lighting w`qvkjvB

41

mate – midday

n 3. game ‡Ljvn mate (friend) eÜzn material Dcv`vbn mathematics AsKabbrev maths *see mathematics

mattern 1. substance c`v_©phrase 2. What’s the matter? welqphrase 3. It matters a lot G‡Z A‡bK hvq Av‡mv may (allowed to) AbygwZ cÖvß nIqvadv maybe m¤¢eZ, nq‡Zvpron me Avgv‡Kn meal Lvevi

meanv 1. intend B‡”Q Kiv, AwfcÖvq Kivn 2. average Mophrase 3. I didn’t mean it (accidental) Avwg GUv B‡”Q K‡i Kwiwbn meaning A_©, gg©n means (resources) m¤úwËpt v meant *see meanadv meanwhile B‡Zvg‡a¨v measure cwigvc Kivn measurement cwigvcn meat gvsmn meat pie gvsm fiv wc‡Vn mechanic KvwiMin medication Jlan medicine Jlaadj medium ga¨g, gvSvwiv meet ‡`Lv Kivn melon dywU, ZigyRv melt M‡j hvIqvn member m`m¨v memorise gyL¯— Kivn memory ¯§„wZv mend ‡givgZ Kivadj mental gvbwmKv mention D‡j−L Kiv

menun 1. list in restaurant Lvev‡ii ZvwjKvn 2. list on a computer Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ Kv‡Ri ZvwjKvn mess G‡jv‡g‡jvn message evZ©vpt v met *see meetn metal avZzn method cÖwµqv, cÖYvjxn microscope Abyex¶b hš¿n microwave (oven) Lvevi Mig Kivi hš¿we‡kln midday `ycyi, ga¨vý

42

middle – moist

middleadj 1. central ga¨eZ©x, gvSvgvwSn 2. centre ‡K›`ªadj middle-aged ga¨-eqmxn midnight gvSivZ

mightv 1. express possibility n‡Z cv‡in 2. strength kw³, ejn migrant hvhvei, Awfevmxadj mild g„`y, bign military mvgwiK evwnbxn milk `yan milkbar `y‡ai ‰Zix wgwówe‡kl

mindn 1. consciousness gbphrase 2. Keep in mind g‡b ivLvphrase 3. Never mind (don’t worry) wKQz fve‡eb bvphrase 4. I don’t mind Avwg wKQz g‡b Kie bvphrase 5. Mind the step (be careful of

the step)mveav‡b wmuwo‡Z cv †djyb

minepron 1. possessive Avgvin 2. underground excavation Lwbn mineral LwbR c`v_©n minister (government) miKv‡ii gwš¿prep minus ev‡`, e¨wZ‡i‡K

minuten 1. unit of time wgwbUadj 2. very small Lye †QvUn mirror Avqbvadj miserable `ytLRbK, `y`©kvMÖ¯—v misplace fyj RvqMvq ivLv

missn 1. woman’s title gwnjvi c`wev 2. long for AvKvsLv Kivv 3. opposite of hit j¶¨ †f‡` e¨_© nIqvadj missing Abycw¯’Z, nvwi‡q †M‡Q Ggbn Missus Kvnv‡iv ¯¿xi cÖwZ m¤¢vlbn Mister Rbve, gnvkqn mistake f~jv misunderstand f~j †evSvv mix wgwkªZ Kivn mixture wgkªbn mobile phone ‡gvevBj †dvb

modeln 1. representation AweKj cÖwZiƒcn 2. person who shows clothes ‡h e¨w³ Rvgv Kvco cÖ`k©b K‡ibadj modern AvaywbKadj modest f`ª, bgªadj moist Av`ª

43

moment – naked

n moment gyûZ©n money A_©, UvKv cqmvn monitor (computer) Kw¤úDUv‡ii gwbUin month gvmn mood (frame of mind) ‡gRvRn moon Puv`adj moral ‰bwZKadv more AviI AwaKn morning mKvjn mosque gmwR`adj most me©v‡c¶vn mother gvn motor MwZ ev kw³ mÂvjK hš¿n motor bike ‡gvUi mvB‡Kjn motor scooter ‡gvUi mvB‡Kj

mousen 1. animal Bu`yin 2. computer part gvDR, Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kivi hš¿we‡klphrase mouse button (computer) Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kivi gvD‡Ri †evZvgn mousepad Kw¤úDUv‡ii gvDR ivLvi c¨vWn moustache ‡Muvdn mouth gyLv move bov ev bvovbn movement MwZ, Pjbn movie Pjw”PÎabbrev Mr *see Misterabbrev Mrs *see Missusn Ms AweevwnZ gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ c`weadv much cÖPzi, A‡bKadj multicultural eûmvs¯‹„wZKn multiplication e„w×v multiply eû¸‡Y e„w× Kivabbrev mum *see mother

murdern 1. unlawful killing ‡eAvBwbfv‡e nZ¨vv 2. kill unlawfully ‡eAvBwbfv‡e nZ¨v Kivn muscle ‡ckxn mushroom e¨v‡Oi QvZv, QÎvKn music msMxZv must Aek¨ Kivpron my Avgvin mystery inm¨Nv nag wei³ Kiv

nailn 1. body part bLn 2. metal spike ‡c‡iKadj naked bMœ

44

name – nobody

namen 1. title bvgphrase 2. given name cÖ_g bvgphrase 3. family name cvwievwiK bvgadj narrow mi“adj nasty Acwi®‹vin nation RvwZadj nationality RvZxqZvadj native ¯’vbxq, ¯^‡`kxq

naturen 1. person’s character PwiÎn 2. environment cÖK„wZprep near wbKUeZ©xadv nearby KvQvKvwQ, wbK‡Uadv nearly cÖvqadj neat cwi®‹viadj necessary Ri“ixn neck Mjvv need `iKvi nIqvn needle m~P

negativen 1. film wdj¥ (†h wdZvq Qwe †Zvjv nq)adj 2. opposite of positive bv m~PKv neglect Ae‡njv Kivn neighbour cÖwZ‡ekxadv neither bv m~PK Awfe¨w³n nerve g‡bvejadj nervous GKUz‡ZB Nve‡o hvq Ggbn nest cvLxi evmv

netn 1. trap Rvjn 2. sport equipment e¨vWwg›Ub ev †Uwbm †Ljvq e¨eüZ Rvjabbrev Net * see Internetn netball (game) †bUej †Ljvadv never KLbI bqadj new bZzbn newspaper Le‡ii KvMR

nextadv 1. after this cieZ©xadj 2. following Avmbœphrase 3. next door cv‡ki evoxadj nice my›`in night ivZn nightclub ‡hLv‡b iv‡Zi †ejv Mvb bv‡Pi Avmi e‡mn night dress iv‡Z Nygv‡bvi Rvgv

noint 1. opposite yes bvdet 2. not at all ‡gv‡UB bvpron nobody ‡KD bq

45

nocturnal – obvious

adj nocturnal wbkvPiv nod gv_v bvov‡bv, bv †evaK Awfe¨w³n noise ‡Kvjvnjadv noisily D”P k‡ãadj noisy ‡Kvjvnjc~Y©pron none ‡KD bqn noon `ycyi †ejvpron no-one ‡KD bqconj nor bq, b‡nadj normal ¯^vfvweKn north DËi w`Kn nose bvKn nosebleed bvK w`‡q i³cvZadv not bv, bq

noten 1. money UvKv, A_©n 2. short piece of writing wPiKzUphrase 3. take note (be careful) g‡bv‡hvM †`Iqvphrase 4. take notes ‡Kvb e³e¨ wj‡L ivLvpron nothing k~b¨, wKQzB bvn notice weÁwß, †Nvlbvn notice board ‡h †ev‡W© †NvlbvcÎ Szwj‡q ivLv nqn noun we‡kl¨c`, bvgc`n novel Dcb¨vmadv now GLb, eZ©gv‡badv nowadays AvRKvjadv nowhere ‡Kv_vI bqadj nude bMœ

numbern 1. numeral msL¨vv 2. count msL¨v MYb Kivphrase 3. a number of wKQz, wKQz cwigvbabbrev 4. no. (see number)n nurse ‡mweKv

nutn 1. fruit ev`vgcolloq 2. mad person Db¥v`n nutrition cywóOadj obedient AbyMZ, eva¨v obey m¤§vb Kiv, gvb¨ Kiv

objectn 1. thing e¯‘n 2. aim j¶¨v 3. be against AvcwË Kiv, we‡ivwaZv Kivn objection AvcwËv obtain AR©b Kiv, jvf Kivadj obvious ¯úó

46

occasion – only

n occasion mgq, Dcj¶adv occasionally K`vwPr, Lye Kgn occupation ‡ckv, KvRn ocean gnvmvMiadv o’clock mg‡q

oddadj 1. strange A™¢yZphrase 2. odd number we‡Rvo msL¨vprep of ‡_‡K, Giint of course Aek¨B

offadv 1. away from `y‡iprep 2. opposite on eÜcolloq phr 3. Off you go! Gevi Pj!n offence Aciva

offern 1. proposal cÖ¯—vev 2. present for approval Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Kivn office `dZi, Kvh©¨vjqn officer Kg©KZ©vadj official Aby‡gvw`Zadv often cÖvqBint oh! Avnv

oiln 1. of petroleum ‰Zjv 2. grease ‰Zjv³ Kivint okay MÖnb‡hvM¨, mš‘óRbK

oldadj 1. opposite new cyivZbadj 2. opposite young e„×n old age e„× eqmadj old-fashioned ‡m‡K‡j, cyiv‡bv a¨vbavibv iv‡L Ggb

onprep 1. representing location Dc‡i, DuPz‡Zadj 2. opposite off Pvjy, Pj‡Q Ggbphrase 3. on fire AvMÖwn, Drmvnxphrase 4. on foot cv‡q †n‡Uphrase 5. on time mgqgZphrase 6. on holidays QzwU‡Z _vKvphrase 7. on the left ev‡gphrase 8. on the right Wv‡bphrase 9. on top me‡P‡q fvj Ae¯’v‡b

onceadv 1. one time GKeviphrase 2. at once wVK GB gyû‡Z©phrase 3. once a week mßv‡n GKeviadj one GK, GKwUn onion ‡cuqvRadv only GKgvÎ, †Kej

47

open – overcrowded

openadj 1. opposite of closed †Lvjvphrase 2. in the open (outside) evwnin opening dvUj, wQ`ª, my‡hvM

operatev 1. work KvR Kivv 2. carry out surgery A‡¯¿vcPvi Kivn operation KvR, A‡¯¿vcPvin opinion gZvgZn opportunity my‡hvMv oppose we‡ivwaZv Kivn opposite wecixZ

orangeadj 1. colour Kgjv isn 2. fruit Kgjvn orchestra HKZvev`K `j

ordern 1. numerical sequence µgn 2. direction for a supply ‡Kvb wKQz mieivn Kivi Rb¨ digvkv 3. put in sequence ch©vqµ‡g ivLvv 4. arrange supply of †Kvb wKQz mieivn Kivi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v Kivadj ordinary mvavib

organn 1. musical instrument msMx‡Zi ev`¨hš¿we‡kln 2. body part ‡`‡ni A½n organisation cÖwZôvbv organise e¨e¯’v Kivn origin DrcwË, Drm, g~jpron other Aci, Ab¨conj otherwise Ab¨_vqpron our Avgv‡`i

outadv 1. opposite in evwn‡iprep 2. out of Kvi‡bphrase 3. Lights out! Av‡jv wb‡f hvIqvphrase 4. made out of ‰Zixphrase 5. out of bounds wbwl×phrase 6. out of date AcÖPwjZ, †m‡K‡jphrase 7. out of order bó, KvR Ki‡Q bvphrase 8. out of work ‡eKviadv outside evwn‡iadj oval (shape) wW¤^vKvi

overadv 1. finished ‡klprep 2. pertaining to location Dc‡iphrase 3. over and over evieviphrase 4. over there ILv‡bphrase 5. fall over c‡o hvIqvadj overcrowded AwZwi³ fx‡o cwic~Y©

48

overdo – pass

v overdo evovevwo Kivadj overdue e‡Kqv, †gqv` DËxY© n‡q‡Q Ggbn overhead projector ‡`qv‡j eo cÖwZdjb ‰Zix Kivi hš¿we‡klv overhear Avwo ‡c‡Z †kvbv, ï‡b †djvadj overnight mvivivZ a‡iadv overseas we‡`k, †`‡ki evB‡iv oversleep AwZwi³ mgq Nygv‡bvv overtake ‡cQ‡b †d‡j Avmvv owe FY _vKvphrase owing to (due to) Kvi‡b

ownv 1. have AwaKv‡i _vKvphrase 2. his own money Zvi wb‡Ri UvKvn owner gvwjKn oxygen Aw·‡RbPv pack ‡gvo‡K fivphrase pack of cards Kv‡W©i ev·n packet ‡QvU †gvoK, c¨v‡KUn pad (as note-pad) GK‡Î euvav‡bv †jLvi KvMRn paddock ‡Niv RvqMvn page c„óvpt v paid *see payn pain e¨_vv paint is Kivn painting wPÎn pair ‡Rvovadj pale d¨vKv‡k, `ye©jn pan KovBn pants c¨v›U, cvRvgvn pantyhose gwnjv‡`i GKai‡bi Aš—©evmn paper KvMRn paragraph cÖe‡Üi fvM ev Askadj parallel mgvš—ivjn parallelogram mvgš—wiK ‡¶În parent wcZvgvZv

parkn 1. green space meyR f~wgv 2. as a car Mvox _vgv‡bvn part Askn participle (grammar) wµqvc‡`i iƒcwe‡kladj particular wbw`©ón partner m½xadj part-time LÛKvjxbn party (gathering) ‡Kvb mvgvwRK Abyôvb

passv 1. go by Qvwo‡q hvIqv, †cQ‡b †d‡j Avmvv 2. opposite of fail K…ZKvh© nIqv

49

passage – persuade

v 3. hand over mieivn Kiv, ¯’vbvš—i Kivphrase 4. train pass ‡Uª‡b Povi cvmn passage c_, Mgbc_n passenger hvÎxn passport cvm‡cvU©

pastn 1. time gone by AZxZphrase 2. walk past ‡Kvb wKQzi cvk w`‡q †nu‡U hvIqvphrase 3. half past three mv‡o wZbUvphrase 4. past tense AZxZ Kvjn pasta cv¯—v (gq`v, wWg BZ¨vw`i ˆZix Lvevi)

pasten 1. glue AuvVvv 2. stick with paste AuvVv w`‡q jvMv‡bvn path cv‡q Pjv c_

patientn 1. a person under medical

treatment‡ivMx

adj 2. calm under stress ‰ah©¨kxj n pause mvgwqK weiwZn paw _vev

payn 1. earnings ‡eZbv 2. provide with money UvKv †`Iqvn pea gUi, KjvBn peace kvwš—adj peaceful kvwš—c~Y©n pen Kjgn pencil ‡cwÝjn pencil case ‡cwÝj ivLvi ev·n penguin ‡cs¸Bb cvLxn pentagon cÂf~R mgZj †¶În pepper ‡Mvj gwiPadv per cent cÖwZ †m‡›Un percentage kZKiv nviadj perfect wbLuyZv perform cvjb Kivn perfume myMwÜadv perhaps m¤¢eZ, †eva nq

periodn 1. school day division ¯‹z‡ji wewfbœ †kªbxi mgqn 2. pertaining to menstruation ‡g‡q‡`i FZzmªv‡ei mgqn 3. amount of time mgqn permission AbygwZ

permitn 1. licence AbygwZcÎv 2. allow AbygwZ †`Iqvn person e¨w³, †jvKv persuade ivwR Kivb

50

pet – plate

n pet ‡cvlv cÖvYxn petrol LwbR ‰Zj, ‡cUªjabbrev phone *see telephonen photocopy Abywjwc

photographn 1. picture Qwev 2. take a picture Qwe †Zvjvn phrase Dw³, evYxadj physical kvixwiKn pianist wcqv‡bvev`Kn piano wcqv‡bv

pickv 1. choose cQ›` Kivcolloq phr 2. pick on (bully) we`ª“c Kiv, DZ¨³ Kivcolloq phr 3. pick up some English AíwKQz Bs‡iRx †kLvphrase 4. take your pick Avcbvi cQ‡›`i wRwbmwU †e‡Q wbbn picnic eb‡fvRbn picture Qwen piece UzK‡ivn pile ¯‘cn pill Jl‡ai ewon pillow evwjkn pilot wegvb PvjKn pin Avjwcbn pineapple Avbvimn pipe bj pityn 1. shame `yf©vM¨v 2. feel sorry for ‡Kvb wKQzi Rb¨ `ytwLZ nIqv

placen 1. location ¯’vbv 2. put ivLvphrase 3. take place (occur) msNwUZ nIqvphrase 4. my place (home) Avgvi evox

plainn 1. field mgZj f~wgadj 2. ordinary mvavibphrase 3. It’s plain (clear) GUv ¯úó

plann 1. scheme Kg© cwiKíbvv 2. organise cÖ¯—ve Kivabbrev plane *see aeroplanen planet MÖnn plant PvivMvQ, Dw™¢`

plasticadj 1. resinous substance c−vw÷Kn 2. mouldable bgbxqn plate (household item) Lvev‡ii _vjv

51

platform – pool

platformn 1. on station ‡÷kb c−¨vUdg©n 2. for diving †h Z³vi Dci `vwo‡q cvwb‡Z Svc

†`Iqv nq n platypus c−vwUcvm (GK ai‡bi cªvYx)

playn 1. drama bvUKv 2. have fun gRv Kivphrase 3. play a game ‡Ljvayjv Kivphrase 4. play a CD wmwW Pvjv‡bvn playground ‡Ljvi gvVadj pleasant Avb›``vqKint please AgvwqK fve cÖKv‡ki Awfe¨w³adj pleased Lywk, mš‘ón pleasure Avb›`n plenty cÖPzi cwigvb, cÖvPzh©

plugn 1. stopper ‡evZ‡ji gyL eÜ Kivi wQwcn 2. electrical ‰e`¨ywZK c−vMphr v 3. plug in ms‡hvM Kiv

pluraladj 1. more than one eûn 2. grammar form eûePbprep plus Ges, GQvovI, AwaKš‘

pocketn 1. pouch ‡QvU _‡j, c‡KUn 2. pocket money UzKUvK Li‡Pi UvKvn poem KweZv, Kve¨n poet Kwen poetry KweZv, Kve¨

pointn 1. sharp end muyPv‡jv cªvš—n 2. reason Kvib, †nZzn 3. numerical value `kwgKv 4. gesture with finger Av½yj w`‡q Bw½Z Kivphr v 5. point out cÖ`k©b Kiv, wb‡`©wkZ Kivphrase 6. point of view gZvgZv poke ‡LuvPv‡bv ev DmKv‡bvn pole ‡gi“n police cywjk

polishn 1. substance used for shining hv w`‡q N‡l PKP‡K Kiv nqv 2. make glossy N‡l PKP‡K Kivadj polite f`ª, webqxn politics ivRbxwZv pollute `ywlZ Kivn pollution `ylbn pool (of water) ¶z`ª Rjvkq

52

poor – preparation

pooradj 1. opposite rich Mwieadj 2. not very good bxPz gv‡bicolloq 3. pitiable `ytLRbKabbrev pop *see popularadj popular RbwcÖqn population RbmsL¨v

positionn 1. location Ae¯’vbn 2. viewpoint on gZvgZ

positiveadj 1. opposite negative nu¨v ‡evaKadj 2. sure wbwðZv possess AwaKvi Kiv, gvwjK nIqvn possession AwaKvi, AwaK…Z m¤úwËadj possible m¤¢en possum bv Rvbvi fvbv post ‡cv÷ Kiv n postage stamp wPwVi ÷¨v¤ún postcard ‡cv÷KvW© (‡h wPwV Lvg QvovB cvVv‡Z nq)n post office WvKNin poster weÁvcbcÎn pot (container) cvÎn potato Avjyn pot plant N‡ii wfZ‡i ivLvi MvQn pouch ‡QvU _‡jn powder ¸ov

powern 1. strength kw³, mvg_©¨phrase 2. in power (in charge) `vwqZ¡adj powerful kw³kvjxn power point ‡hLvb †_‡K ‰e`¨ywZK ms‡hvM †`Iqv nqadj practical ev¯—em¤§Zn practice PP©v, Af¨vmv practise PP©v Kiv

praisen 1. appoval Aby‡gv`bv 2. express approval Aby‡gv`b †`Iqvv pray cÖv_©bv Kivn prayer cÖv_©bvadj precious g~j¨evbv prefer cQ›` Kiv, ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqvadj pregnant Mf©eZxn prejudice Kzms¯‹vi

premiern 1. state government leader ivR¨ miKv‡ii cÖavbadj 2. leading cÖavbn preparation cÖ¯‘wZ

53

prepare – progress

v prepare cÖ¯‘Z Kivn preposition c`vb¨qx Ae¨q c`n prescription (doctor’s) e¨e¯’vcÎ

presentn 1. gift Dcnviv 2. give out Dc¯’vwcZ Kivadj 3. opposite absent Dcw¯’Zphrase 4. at present (now) GLb, eZ©gv‡bn president ivóªcwZ, mfvcwZ

pressn 1. media gva¨gv 2. push Pvc †`Iqvv pretend fvb Kivadj pretty my›`iv prevent i¶v Kivadj previous c~e©eZ©xn price g~j¨v prick ‡LuvPv, `vMn pride AnsKvi, Me©adj primary cÖv_wgKn primary school cÖv_wgK we`¨vjqn prime minister cÖavbgš¿x

principaln 1. school head Aa¨¶adj 2. leading cÖavbn principle wbqgbxwZ

printv 1. of handwriting gyw`ªZ Kivv 2. of machine Qvcv‡bvn printer (computer) Kw¤úDUv‡ii wcÖ›Uvin prison KvivMviadj private e¨w³MZn prize cyi¯‹vin probability m¤¢ve¨Zvadj probable m¤¢ve¨adv probably m¤¢eZtn problem mgm¨vv proceed AMÖmi nIqvn process cÖwµqvn procession wgwQj

producen 1. yield Drcv`b v 2. make ‰Zix Kivn product cb¨n profession ‡ckvn professor Aa¨vcKn profit jvfn program weeib cÎn progress DbœwZ

54

project – pyjamas

n project (as school project) Kg©cwiKíbvpromise

n 1. assurance cÖwZÁvv 2. vow kc_ Kivn pronoun me©bvgv pronounce D”Pvib Kivn pronunciation D”Pvibn proof cÖgvYadj proper wbf©~j, mwVKadv properly wbf©~jfv‡e, mwVKfv‡en property m¤úwËv protect i¶v Kiv n protection i¶v, Avkªq

protestn 1. objection cÖwZev`v 2. object AvcwË Kiv, cÖwZev` Kivadj proud Mwe©Zv prove cÖgvb Kivv provide ‡hvMv‡bvn pub cvbkvjv (†hLv‡b e‡m g` cvb Kiv nq)adj public me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ hv Db¥y³, †Lvjvn public school cvewjK ¯‹zj phrase public transport me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ cwienb

pullv 1. tug Uvbvphr v 2. pull down (demolish) ‡f‡½ †djvphr v 3. pull up (stop) _vgvcolloq phr 4. pull oneself together ivMvwš^Z nIqvi ci kvš— nIqvn pump Rj †Zvjvi Kjadj punctual wbqgvbyeZ©xv punish kvw¯— †`Iqvn punishment kvw¯—

pupiln 1. eye part ‡Pv‡Li Zvivn 2. school student QvÎ/QvÎxadj pure weï×adj purple ‡e¸bx is

pushv 1. exert force av°v ‡`Iqvphr v 2. push in (go before your turn) jvBb †f‡½ GwM‡q hvIqv

putv 1. place ¯’vcb Kivphr v 2. put away (pack up) KvR †kl Kivi ci wRwbmcÎ †MvQv‡bvphr v 3. put off (delay) wej¤^ Kivphr v 4. put on (dress in) Rvgv covphr v 5. put out (as fire) Av¸b †bfv‡bvphr v 6. put up with (endure) mn¨ Kivn puzzle nZeyw× Kiv ev nIqvn pyjamas cvqRvgv

55

pyramid – realise

n pyramid wcivwgWQv qualify (make competent) ‡hvM¨ ev Dc‡hv³ nIqvadj quality ¸Yn quantity cwigvbv quarrel SMov Kivn quarter PZz_©vskn queen ivbxn question cÖkœn queue mvwiadj quick `ªyZadv quickly `ª“ZZvi mv‡_, ZvovZvwoadj quiet kvš—, bxieadv quietly kvš—fv‡ev quit Z¨vM Kivadv quite m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c

Rrace

n 1. competition cÖwZ‡hvwMZvn 2. ethnicity RvwZv 3. compete cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kivn racism eY©ev`n radio ‡eZvin radius e¨vmn railing LuywUi †eovn railway ‡ij iv¯—vn rain e„wón rain coat e„wó‡Z covi †KvUv raise e„w× Kivpt v ran *see runpt v rang *see ringn range Kg© cwiwa, e¨vwßv rank c`exadj rapid `ª“Zadj rare weij, K`vwPr N‡U Ggbn rash (skin eruption) Pvgovi PzjKvwb, dzmKzwoadv rather (to a certain extent) wKQzUv, wKQz cwigv‡badj raw KuvPv

reachv 1. arrive at ‡cŠQv‡bvphrase 2. out of reach (unobtainable) Aev¯—e, hv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv †bBv react cÖwZwµqv Kiv ev †`Lvbn reaction cÖwZwµqvv read ‡Kvb wKQz covadj ready cÖ¯‘Zadj real Avmj, cÖK„Zv realise eyS‡Z cviv

56

really – republic

adv really cÖK…Zc‡¶adj rear ‡cQ‡bin reason Kvib, ‡nZzv receive (get) MÖnb Kivadj recent mv¤cÖwZKn recess (morning tea) weiwZ ev wekªvgcolloq reckon (think or suppose) g‡b Kiv, Abygvb Kivv recognise wPb‡Z cvivv record bw_fy³ Kiv

recountn 1. story genre wKQz NUbvi cybivq eY©bvv 2. narrate eY©bv †`Iqv

recoverv 1. get back wd‡i cvIqvv 2. get better Av‡ivM¨ jvf Kivn rectangle AvqZ‡¶Îadj red jvjv reduce Kgv‡bvv refer D‡j−L Kivn referee ‡h e¨w³i Kv‡Q wm×vš— PvIqv nqn refrigerator Lvevi `vevi VvÛv ivLvi hš¿n refugee DØv¯‘v refuse cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivn region Aâjv regret `ytL Kivadj regular wbqwgZadv regularly wbqwgZfv‡en relation (kin) AvZœxqn relationship m¤úK©n relative AvZœxqv relax wekªvg †bIqvn religion ag©v remain Aewkó _vKvn remark j¶¨ Kivv remember ¯§ib Kiv, g‡b ivLvv remind ¯§ib Kwi‡q †`Iqvn reminder hv †Kvb wKQz ¯§ib Kwi‡q †`qv remove mwi‡q †djv

rentn 1. payment for accommodation fvovv 2. hire fvov †bIqvv repeat cybivq Kivv replace cwieZ©b Kivv reply DËi ‡`Iqv

reportn 1. written account weeiYv 2. give an account weeiY †ck Kivn reporter evZ©v †jLKn republic cÖRvZš¿

57

request – ring

requestn 1. petition cÖv_©bvv 2. ask for Aby‡iva Kivv rescue D×vi Kiv

reserven 1. park D`¨vbv 2. keep aside fwel¨‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Rgv ivLvn resident Awaevmxn respect m¤§vb Kivn responsibility `vwqZ¡adj responsible `vqx

restn 1. relaxation wekªvgv 2. relax wekªvg Kivn 3. remainder evwK, Aewkón restaurant ‡iu‡¯—vivn rest room wekªvgvMvin result djvdj

returnn 1. arrival back AvMgbv 2. go back to wd‡i hvIqvv 3. give back to wdwi‡q †`Iqvphrase 4. return tickets ‡dir wU‡KU

reverseadj 1. opposite forward ‡cQ‡bv 2. go backwards ‡cQ‡bi w`‡K hvIqvv revise cybivq cov

revolutionn 1. full circle N~Y©b, AveZ©bn 2. war wec−en reward cyi¯‹vin rhythm Q›`n ribbon wdZvn rice fvZadj rich abxv rid gy³ Kivv ride mvB‡K‡j ev ev‡m Pov

rightadj 1. opposite wrong mwVKadj 2. opposite left Wvbadv 3. direction w`Kn 4. just claim AwaKviphrase 5. all right (as for health) m¤ú~Y© wVKphrase 6. all right (as for agreement) MÖnb‡hvM¨phrase 7. right now (immediately) Lye kxwNªn right angle Wvb †Kvb

ringn 1. jewellery AvswUv 2. as a phone ‡dvb Kiv

58

ripe – run

v 3. as a bell N›Uv evRv‡bvadj ripe cvKv

risen 1. ascent Av‡ivnbv 2. get up DVv, Av‡ivnb Kivn risk SywKn river b`xn road iv¯—vv roar MR©b Kivn robot ¯^qswµq hš¿we‡kln rock cv_in rockpool we‡kl K‡i mgy‡`ªi av‡i cv_i w`‡q †Niv

cvwbi Avavin rod `Ûpt v rode *see ride

rolln 1. absentee list Dcw¯’wZi ZvwjKvn 2. form of bread iywUi †ivjv 3. move by turning over Mwo‡q Mwo‡q ¯’vb cwieZ©b Kivn roof Qv`n room K¶n root g~j, wkKon rope iwk

rosen 1. flower ‡Mvjvc dzjpt v 2. *see riseadj rough Agm„b

roundadj 1. circular ‡MvjvKviphrase 2. round the corner Lye wbK‡U

rown 1. arrangement in a line mvwin 2. fight SMov Kivv 3. as a boat ‡bŠKvi `vo Uvbvadj royal ivRKxqv rub Nlvn rubber ievi (hv w`‡q N‡l †jLv gyQv hvq)n rubbish AveR©bvadj rude wbg©g, iƒpv ruin aŸsm Kiv

rulen 1. regulation AvBb, kvmbv 2. as a line i“jvi w`‡q `vM Uvbvv 3. govern kvmb Kivn ruler (school equipment) jvBb Uvbvi i“jvi

runv 1. move fast ‡`Šov‡bvphrase 2. a river runs into the ocean b`x mvM‡i wgwjZ nqphr v 3. run away from cvwj‡q hvIqvphr v 4. run out of ‡kl n‡q hvIqv

59

rung – scissors

phr v 5. run over (with a car) Mvox Pvcv †`Iqvn rung (of a ladder) gB‡qi avcn runner-up wØZxq ¯’vb AwaKvixphrase runny nose mw`©v rush Lye `ª“Z ‡Kvb wKQz KivSadj sad `ytwLZadj safe wbivc`pt v said *see say

sailn 1. part of ship Rvnv‡Ri cvjv 2. cause movement of ship using

windmgy`ª hvÎv Kiv

n salad mvjv`n salary ‡eZbn sale weµqn salt jebadj same GKBn sand evwjn sandal m¨v‡Ûj, PwUn sandwich m¨vÛDBPpt v sang *see singpt v sat *see sitn satisfaction mš‘wóadj satisfactory mš‘óRbKadj satisfied mš‘óv satisfy mš‘ó Kivn sauce mm (i“wPKi Zij Lveviwe‡kl)n sausage m‡mR (gvs‡mi ‰Zix Lveviwe‡kl)

savev 1. rescue i¶v Kivv 2. keep on computer Kw¤úDUv‡i Rgv K‡i ivLvv 3. keep as money mÂq Kiv

sawn 1. tool KivZ&pt v 2. *see seev say ejv

scalen 1. covering on animals ‡Lvjmn 2. measuring device gvcvi hš¿adj scarce weij, `y®cÖvc¨n scarf MjveÜ i“gvjn scene `„k¨n scenery `„k¨vw`n school we`¨vjqn school shoe we`¨vj‡q c‡o hvIqvi RyZvn science weÁvbn scissors KuvwP

60

score – set

scoren 1. points made in a game ‡Ljvi mvdj¨ wb‡`©kK msL¨vv 2. to get points AR©b Kiv, jvf Kivv scream wPrKvi Kivn screen c`©vn screw ¯Œzn sea mvMin seagull mgy‡`ªi GK ai‡bi cvwL

searchn 1. the act of searching ‡LvRv 2. look for ‡LvR Kivn season FZzn seat Avmb

secondn 1. unit of time ‡m‡KÛadj 2. after first wØZxqadv secondly wØZxqZ

secretn 1. something hidden ‡Mvcbadj 2. unknown by others Ab¨‡`i ARvbvn section wefvMv see ‡`Lvn seed exRv seek †LuvR Kiv, mÜvb Kivadv seldom K`vwPrv select wbe©vPb Kivadj selfish K…cbv sell wewµ Kivv send cvVv‡bv

sensen 1. one of the five faculties Bw›`ªqphrase 2. make sense (be intelligible) ‡evaMg¨adj sensible myeyw×m¤úbœ,KvÛÁvbm¤úbœpt v sent *see sendn sentence evK¨

separateadj 1. disconnected Avjv`vv 2. to keep apart Avjv`v Kiv ev ivLvn sequence µgn series aviv

seriousadj 1. important ¸i“Z¡c~Y©adj 2. opposite of lighthearted M¤¢xin servant PvKiv serve KvR Kivn service ‡mev

setv 1. to put in a particular place ¯’vcb Kivn 2. a group of things GKBiKg e¯‘i A‡bK¸wj GKmv‡_

61

settle – short cut

phr v 3. set off (go) hvÎv Kivphr v 4. set out (put in order) mvwR‡q ivLvphr v 5. set up (prepare) cÖ¯‘Z Kiv

settlev 1. to live in ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Kivb ev Kivphr v 2. settle on (agree on) m¤§Z nIqvn settlement ¯’vqx emevm, Dcwb‡ekn settler Dcwb‡ekKvixadj several wZb ev ZZwaKv sew ‡mjvB Kivn sex wj½n sexism wj½ ˆelg¨n shade Qvqvgq ¯’vbn shadow Qvqvv shake SvKv‡bvv shall fwel¨ZKvj wb‡`©kK mn‡hvMx wµqvc`adj shallow AMfxin shame j¾¡vn shampoo k¨v¤úyn shape AvKvi

sharen 1. portion Askv 2. divide up fvMvfvwM Kivadj sharp aviv‡jvn sharpener avi Kivi hš¿v shave Pzj, `vwo, ckg BZ¨vw` KvUv ev QvUv‡bvpron she †m (¯¿xwj½ A‡_©)n sheep †fov

sheetn 1. of paper KvMRn 2. of bedding weQvbvi Pv`in shelf ZvKn shell (of sea) kvgyK, K”Qc BZ¨vw`i k³ †LvjKn shelter Avkªqv shine SKgK Kivadj shiny SKg‡Kn ship RvnvRn shirt kvU©n shock AvNvZn shoe RyZvv shoot ¸wj Kiv, Qwe †Zvjv

shopn 1. place to buy goods ‡`vKvbv 2. buy goods gvjvgvj ‡Kbvn shore DcKzj

shortadj 1. opposite tall Lv‡Uvadj 2. opposite long ‡QvUn short-cut mnR c_

62

shorts – skate

n shorts (clothing) nvdc¨v›Ushot

n 1. gunfire eÜz‡Ki AvIqvRpt v 2. *see shootv should DwPrv shout wPrKvi Kivv shove av°v †`Iqv

showv 1. display cÖ`k©b Kivn 2. as on TV ‡Uwjwfk‡bi Abyôvbphr v 3. show off (be pretentious) fve †`Lvb, AnsKvi †`Lvb

showern 1. weather condition cÖPÛ e„wóv 2. wash oneself ‡Mvmj Kivn 3. bathroom apparatus ev_i“‡g ‡Mvmj Kivi Rb¨ jvMv‡bv hš¿v shrink KuyP‡K hvIqv, †QvU n‡q hvIqvv shut eÜ Kivadj shy jvRyKadj sick Amy¯’n sick bay Rvnv‡Ri †W‡Ki †h Ask nvmcvZvj wn‡m‡e

e¨eüZ nqn side w`K& ev Askadv sideways cvk¦©vwfgyLn sight `„k¨

signn 1. information board Z_¨, †Nvlbv BZ¨vw` †Svjv‡bvi †evW©v 2. write one’s signature ¯^v¶i †`Iqvn signal ms‡KZn signature ¯^v¶in sign language mvs‡KwZK fvlvn silence bxieZvadj silent bxien silk ‡ikgadj silly ‡evKv‡Un silver iƒcvadj similar m`„k, GKBiKgadj simple mnRv sing Mvb MvIqvadj single GKvn singlet nvZv KvUv Rvgvwe‡kln singular (grammatical) GKePb

sinkn 1. tub for washing Kvco †avqvi evjwZwe‡klv 2. go down Wy‡e hvIqvn Sir (respectful form of address) m¤§vbm~PK m‡¤^vabn sister ‡evbv sit emv

skatev 1. glide over the ground ‡¯‹BU w`‡q wcQjvBqv Pjvn 2. equipment for skating wcQjvBqv Pjvi hš¿we‡kl

63

skateboard – so

n skateboard ‡¯‹BU‡evW©n skateboarding ‡¯‹BU‡evW© w`‡q Pjvn ski Zzlv‡ii Dci w`‡q Pjvi Rb¨ RyZvwe‡kln skiing w¯‹ Kivadj skilful `¶n skill `¶Zvn skin Pvgov

skipv 1. jump jvd †`Iqvv 2. pass over ev` w`‡q hvIqvn skirt NvMivn sky AvKvkn slang BZi fvlv ev eywjv slap Po gvivn slave `vmv sleep Nygv‡bvadj sleepy Nyg Nyg Abyfe, wb`ªvjypt v slept *see sleepn slice dvwjv slide wcQjvBqv Pjvadj slim Lye cvZjvn sling cv_i wb‡¶‡ci Rb¨ ¸jwZwe‡klv slip dm‡K hvIqv, cjvqb Kivn slipper (type of shoe) PwU, m¨v‡Ûj BZ¨vw`adj slippery wcw”Qjv slit j¤^vjw¤^ KvUvn slope Xvjy ¯’vb

slowadj 1. opposite fast axiadj 2. behind time wejw¤^Zadv slowly ax‡i ax‡iadj small ‡QvUadj smart (clever) PvjvKv smash UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i †f‡½ †djv

smelln 1. odour MÜv 2. inhale an odour MÜ ev NÖvb †bIqv

smilen 1. facial expression nvwmv 2. make facial expression nvmv

smoken 1. visible substance from fire ‡auvqvv 2. inhale a substance aygcvb Kivadj smooth gm„bn snack RjLvevin snake mvcv sneeze nuvwP †`Iqvn snow Zzlviconj so (consequently) myZivs

64

soap – sphere

n soap mvevbn soccer mKvi †Ljv (dzUej †Ljv)n society mgvRn sock (clothing) gyRv

softadj 1. opposite hard ‡Kvgjadj 2. opposite loud g„`yadv softly g„`yfv‡ept v sold *see sell

solidadj 1. having three dimensions wÎgvwÎKn 2. matter that is not liquid or gas KwVb c`v_©

solutionn 1. answer mgvavbn 2. mixture (scientific) `ªebv solve mgvavb Kivdet some wKQzUv, K‡qKRbn somebody ‡Knn someone ‡Knadv sometimes KL‡bv KL‡bv, gv‡S gv‡Sn son cyÎn song Mvbadv soon kxwNÖ

soreadj 1. painful hš¿bv`vqKn 2. painful spot hš¿bvc~Y© ¯’vbphrase 3. sore throat Mjvfv½vadj sorry `ytwLZv sort evQvB Kivn soul AvZœvn sound kã, AvIqvRn soup myi“qv, m¨ycadj sour UKn south `w¶b

spacen 1. outside earth’s atmosphere gnvk~b¨n 2. room duvKv RvqMvn spade ‡Kv`vjadj spare AwZwi³v speak K_v ejvadj special we‡kl, AmvaviYn speech e³„Zv

speedn 1. rapidity ‡eM, `ª“ZZvv 2. go fast `ª“Z‡e‡M hvIqvv spell evbvb Kivv spend LiP Kivpt v spent *see spendn sphere GjvKv, Kg©‡¶Î

65

spill – starfish

v spill cvÎ †_‡K QjKvBqv †djv ev covv spin ‡Nvivb ev †Nvivn spirit (soul) AvZœvv spit _yZz †djvv splash Rj ev Kv`v wQUvBqv †`Iqvv split wef³ Kiv ev nIqvv spoil Lvivc n‡q hvIqvpt v spoke *see speakn spoon PvgPn sport ‡Ljvn sports oval ‡MvjvKvi †Ljvi gvVwe‡kln sports shoe ‡Ljvayjv Kivi RyZv

spotn 1. circular pattern we›`yn 2. sore `vMn 3. place wbw`©ó AÂjv 4. see kbv³ Kivv spread Qwo‡q ‡`Iqv ev Qwo‡q cov

springn 1. season FZzv 2. jump jvd ‡`Iqv

spyn 1. person who keeps secret

watch on others‡Mv‡q›`v

v 2. watch ‡Mvc‡b j¶¨ ivLvsquare

n 1. plane figure PZzf©yRvKvi RvqMvadj 2. shaped as a square eM©vKvin staffroom Kg©Pvix‡`i wekªvgK¶n stage gÂn stair wmuwo

stampn 1. as for postage WvK wU‡KUv 2. impress a mark on mxj‡gvni K‡i ‡`Iqvv 3. strike with foot m‡Rv‡i c`vNvZ Kiv

standv 1. take upright position D‡V `uvovbphr v 2. stand back wcQ‡b m‡i hvIqvphr v 3. stand for (signify) wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa nIqvphr v 4. stand up for (defend) i¶v Kivi †Póv Kivcolloq phr 5. I can’t stand it (I hate it) Avwg Bnv N„bv Kwin standard gvb`Û

starn 1. astral body Zvivn 2. famous actor, singer etc. weL¨vZ e¨w³adj 3. shape D¾¡jn starfish ZvivgvQ

66

start – stop

startn 1. beginning ïi“, Avi¤¢v 2. begin ïi“ Kiv, Avi¤¢ Kiv

statev 1. say ejv n 2. political division ivR¨n statement wee„wZ

stationn 1. of railway ‡ijI‡q †ókbn 2. police station cywjk †ókbn statue gywZ©v stay Ae¯’vb Kiv, _vKvadj steady `„pn steak fvRvi Rb¨ PIov dvwj Kiv gvs‡mi UzKivv steal Pzwi Kivn steam ev®ún steel B¯úvZadj steep Lvovn stem g~j

stepv 1. move using feet c`‡¶c †`Iqvn 2. stair wmwophrase 3. watch your step (be careful) mveav‡b cv †d‡jvn stepbrother mr fvBn stepfather mr wcZvn stepmother mr gvZvn stepsister mr †evb

stickv 1. fasten euvavn 2. piece of wood Kv‡Vi UzKiv, jvwVadj sticky AuvVv‡jvadj stiff k³, KwVb

stilladv 1. without moving w¯’iadv 2. yet Zrm‡ËIv sting ûj dzUv‡bv

stinkn 1. bad odour `yM©Üv 2. smell very bad `yM©Ü Qov‡bvv stir Av‡jvwoZ Kiv ev nIqvpt v stole *see stealn stomach cvK¯’wj, †cUn stomach ache ‡c‡Ui e¨_vn stone cv_ipt v stood *see stand

stopn 1. cessation mgvwßv 2. halt _vgv, _vgv‡bv

67

store – suburb

n store Rgv K‡i ivLvn storey ¯—in storm Son story Mín stove Pzjvn stove top Pzjvi Dc‡ii Ask

straightadj 1. not crooked ‡mvRvadj 2. not wavy or curly (of hair) Lvov phrase 3. straight ahead eivei †mvRvv straighten ‡mvRv Kivv strain AvnZ Kiv, †U‡b evov‡bvadj strange A™¢yZn stranger AvMš‘Kn strawberry ÷ª‡ewi djn stream cÖevn, avivn street iv¯—vn strength kw³, ej

stressv 1. put emphasis on ‡Rvi ev ¸i“Z¡ †`Iqvn 2. tension gvbwmK Pvcadj strict K‡Vvi, `„o

strikev 1. hit AvNvZ Kivn 2. blow AvNvZphrase 3. on strike (not working) ag©NUn string `won strip wdZvv stroke nvZ ‡evjv‡bvadj strong (powerful) kw³kvjxn struggle msMÖvgpt v stuck *see stickn student QvÎ/QvÎx

studyn 1. room of house ‡h K‡¶ covïbv Kiv nqv 2. endeavour to acquire

knowledgecovïbv Kiv

stuffn 1. material e¯‘v 2. push ‡V‡m fiv, Mv`v‡bvadj stupid wb‡e©van style Kvq`v

subjectn 1. course of study covïbvi welqn 2. topic welqe¯‘n substance e¯‘v subtract ev` †`Iqv, we‡qvM Kivn subtraction we‡qvMn suburb kniZjx

68

succeed – survey

v succeed mdj nIqvn success mdjZvv suck Pz‡l cvb Kivadj sudden nVvradv suddenly nVvr K‡iv suffer kvw¯—, hš¿bv BZ¨vw` †fvM Kivn sugar wPwbv suggest cÖ¯—ve Kiv, Bw½Z †`Iqvn suggestion cÖ¯—ve, Bw½Z, Avfvm

suitn 1. clothing m¨yU (Rvgvwe‡kl)v 2. be appropriate Dchy³ ev gvbvbmB nIqvadj suitable Dchy³n sum (total) ‡hvMdjn summer MÖx®§n sun m~h©n sunburn Zvgv‡U is, ‡iv`-‡cvovn sunglasses ‡iv‡`ª covi Pkgvn sunhat ‡iv‡`ª covi Uzwcadj sunny ‡iv‡`ªv¾jn sunscreen ‡iv‡`ª Mv‡q jvMv‡bvi wµgn sunshine m~h©v‡jvK, ‡iv`

supplyn 1. provisions mieivnv 2. provide mieivn Kiv

supportn 1. assistance mn‡hvwMZvv 2. provide assistance mn‡hvwMZv Kivv suppose (assume) g‡b Kiv, Abygvb Kivadj sure wbwðZ

surfn 1. seaswell ‡XDv 2. ride a surfboard mvd©‡ev‡W© Povn surface DcwifvMn surfboard mgy‡`ªi †XD‡Z ‡f‡m _vKvi Z³vwe‡kln surfer ‡h e¨w³ mgy‡`ªi †XD‡Z mvZvi Kv‡U

surgeryn 1. doctor’s room A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii K¶n 2. operation by doctor A‡¯¿vcPvin surname Kzjbvg, cvwievwiK bvg

surprisen 1. unexpected event AcÖZ¨vwkZ NUbvv 2. catch unprepared Pg‡K †`Iqvadj 3. unexpected AcÖZ¨vwkZv surrender AvZœmgc©b Kivv surround ‡NivI Kiv

surveyn 1. poll Rwicv 2. ask questions of Rwic Kiv

69

survival – tame

n survival †eu‡P _vKvi Ae¯’vv survive ‡eu‡P _vKvn swagman ‡h †jvK ev· cyUwj Kuv‡a wb‡q PvKwi Ly‡R

†eovqv swallow GK †Xv‡K wM‡j †djvpt v swam *see swim

swearv 1. use bad language Lvivc fvlv e¨envi Kivv 2. take oath of truth kc_ MÖnb Kivv sweep Svo– w`‡q cwi¯‹vi Kivadj sweet wgwón sweet corn wgwó fyUªvn sweet potato wgwó Avjyv swim mvZvi KvUvn swimmer mvZvi“n swimming mvZvin swimming carnival mvZvi Drmen swimming costume mvZvi KvUvi Rvgv we‡kl

swingv 1. sway Gw`K Iw`K †`vjv‡bvn 2. play equipment ‡`vjbv

switchn 1. device for turning on/off Pvjy ev eÜ Kivi hš¿v 2. change cwieZ©b Kivadj swollen ‡dvjvphrase swollen ankle cv‡qi dz‡j hvIqv †Mvovwjn sword Z‡jvqviT

tablen 1. furniture ‡gR, †Uwejn 2. list ZvwjKvn table tennis ‡Uwe‡j †Ljvi †Uwbmn tablet (medication) Jl‡ai ewon tail ‡jR

takev 1. seize ev‡Rqvß Kivv 2. last for (as time) mgq †bIqvphr v 3. take away (mathematical) we‡qvM Kivphr v 4. take away (remove) mwi‡q †bIqvphr v 5. take away (fast food) Rj Lvevi we‡klphr v 6. take off (as clothing) Ly‡j †djvphr v 7. take off (as plane) ‡Q‡o hvIqvn tale Kvwnbx, Mí

talkn 1. conversation Av‡jvPbvv 2. converse Av‡jvPbv Kivadj tall j¤^vadj tame kvš—

70

tan – terrific

tanv 1. sunbake ‡iv‡`ªi Av‡jv‡Z Mv‡qi is Zvgv‡U Kivadj 2. colour Zvgv‡U isn tank Zij c`v‡_©i Avavin tap (as for water) cvwbi Kjv tape (record) avib Kivn task KvR

tastev 1. sample cix¶v Kivphrase 2. the food tastes good LveviwU gRviadj tasty my¯^v`ypt v taught *see teachn tax Kin taxi fvov‡U †gvUi Mvwo

tean 1. beverage Pvn 2. dinner bv¯—vv teach ‡kLv‡bvn teacher wk¶Kn teacher’s aide wk¶‡Ki mnKvixn team `j

tearv 1. rip wQ‡o †djvn 2. liquid from the eye ‡Pv‡Li Rjv tease DZ¨³ Kiv, R¡vjvZb Kivn technology cÖhyw³we`¨vn teenager evjK/evwjKv

telephonen 1. device for phoning ‡dvb Kivi hš¿v 2. ring ‡dvb Kivn telephone booth ‡dvb Kivi ‡QvUª K¶n telescope `yiex¶b hš¿

televisionn 1. receiver for broadcasts ‡Uwjwfkbabbrev 2. TV wUwfv tell ejvn temper ‡gRvRn temperature ZvcgvÎvn temple gw›`iadj temporary ¶b¯’vqxn tennis ‡Uwbmn tent Zvey

termn 1. a period of time GKUv wbw`©ó mgq, †gqv`n 2. a naming word kãadj terrible fqsKiadj terrific AvZ¼RbK

71

test – tie

testn 1. examination cix¶vv 2. check cix¶v Kivn text cvV

thankv 1. express appreciation cÖksmvm~PK Awfe¨w³ cÖKvk Kivphrase 2. give thanks ab¨ev` Ávcb Kivint 3. thank you (polite expression of

gratitude)Avcbv‡K ab¨ev`

thatpron 1. indicator of person or thing ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K wb‡`©kc~e©K me©bvgconj 2. used as subject of relative

clauseH, Dnv

det the GB, †mB, Hn theatre bvU¨kvjvpron their Zvnv‡`i, Zv‡`ipron them Zvnv‡`i, Zv‡`iadv then Zviciadv there ‡mLv‡bconj therefore myZivsn thermometer ZvcgvÎv gvcvi hš¿pron they Zvnviv, Zvivadj thick ‡gvUvn thief ‡Pviadj thin cvZjv, wPKbv think wPš—v Kiv, fvevn thong (footwear) m¨v‡Ûj

thoughtn 1. idea wPš—vavivpt v 2. *see think

threadn 1. cotton myZvv 2. put through eye of needle muy‡P myZv civ‡bvpt v threw *see throwprep through (from one side to

another)GK cvk¦© †_‡K Av‡iK cv‡k¦©

v throw wb‡¶c Kivn thumb e„×v½ywjn thunder evR, eRªaŸwbn thunderstorm eRªmn e„wócvZadv thus Gfv‡e, Giƒ‡c, myZivsv tick (indicate correctness) mwVK e‡j wPwýZ Kivn ticket wU‡KUn tide ‡Rvqvi-fvUvadj tidy cwi”Qbœ

tien 1. clothing Mjvq civi UvBv 2. fasten euvavn 3. equal place mg Ae¯’vb

72

tight – town

adj tight AvUmvUv tilt KvZ Kiv ev nIqv

timen 1. measurement of duration mgqphrase 2. in time (not late) mgqgZphrase 3. on time (at the appointed time) wVK mgqgZphrase 4. at times KL‡bv KL‡bvphrase 5. a good time mymgqphrase 6. take your time (don’t rush) Zvovû‡ov K‡iv bvphrase 7. What’s the time? GLb mgq KZ?phrase 8. two times four (mathematical) `y `y¸‡b Pvin timetable mgq ZvwjKv

tipn 1. hint Avfvm, BswMZn 2. rubbish dump gqjvi ¯‘cv 3. tilt ‡X‡j †`Iqvn 4. pointed extremity mi“ WMvphr v 5. tip over (spill) cvÎ †_‡K Pj‡K covn tissue cvZjv KvMRwe‡kln title wk‡ivbvgprep to cÖwZn today AvRn toe cv‡qi Av½yjadv together GK‡În toilet ‡kŠPvMvipt v told *see telln tomato Ugv‡Uvn tomorrow AvMvwgKvjn tongue wRnŸvpt v took *see taken tool hš¿n tooth `uvZn toothache `uv‡Zi e¨_v

topn 1. highest point Pzovn 2. clothing ‡`‡ni Dc‡ii As‡ki Kvcon topic welqe¯‘pt v tore *see tear

totaln 1. complete amount ‡gvU cwigvbv 2. add up ‡hvM Kivv touch ¯úk© Kivn tour ågbv tow `wo ev wkKj w`‡q †U‡b Avbvprep towards w`‡K, Awfgy‡Ln towel ‡Zvqv‡jn tower DPz AUªvwjKvi wgbvin town kni

73

toy – turn

n toy ‡Ljbvv trace c`wPý Abymib Kivn track (pathway) c_n tracksuit e¨vqvg Kivi Rvgvwe‡kln tractor Uªv±i

traden 1. exchange of commodities evwbR¨, e¨emvv 2. carry on trade evwbR¨ Kiv, e¨emv Kivn traffic ¯’vbvš—i

trainn 1. means of transport ‡Uªbv 2. practise cÖwk¶b †bIqv ev †`Iqv

trapn 1. device for catching things duv`v 2. catch duv` †c‡Z aivn trapezium Amgvš—ivj evû wewkó PZzf©yRv travel ågb Kivv tread c``wjZ Kivv treat (as a disease) wPwKrmv Kivn tree e„¶, MvQv tremble Kuvcvn triangle wÎf~Rphrase triangular prism wÎfyRvK…wZi wcÖRg ev Nbn tribe DcRvZxq †jvKv trick cÖZvibv Kivv trim †Qu‡U †`Iqv

tripn 1. journey ågbv 2. fall over ‡nvPU †L‡q c‡o hvIqvadj tropical bvwZkx‡Zvò

troublen 1. problem mgm¨vv 2. cause worry mgm¨vi m„wó Kivphr 3. in trouble with Kv‡iv mv‡_ mgm¨vq RwoZ nIqvn trousers c¨v›Un truck UªvK, gvjevnx eo hvbevnbadj true mZ¨n trunk (as of elephant) nvZxi ïo

tryn 1. attempt ‡Póv Kivphrase 2. try hard K‡Vvifv‡e †Póv Kivphr v 3. try on (as for clothing) Rvgv ‡`‡n Lvc †L‡q‡Q wKbv Zvi Rb¨

c‡o †`Lv phr v 4. try out for (audition for) cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cix¶v †`Iqvn T-shirt wU-kvU©n tub evjwZn tube bj

turnv 1. move around ‡Nviv ev †Nvivb

74

twice – urge

n 2. action following someone else’s

cvjvphr v 3. turn into (become) e`jvb ev cvjUvbphr v 4. turn off (switch off) eÜ Kivphr v 5. turn on Pvjy Kivphr v 6. turn up (arrive) Dcw¯’Z nIqvadv twice `yB evi ev `yB `dvqv twist cvK †`Iqv ev LvIqvb

typen 1. kind cÖKvi, aibv 2. use a machine to write UvBc †gwkbn tyre PvKvi ivevi wbwg©Z †eoUadj ugly KzrwmZn umbrella QvZvn uncle PvPv, KvKv BZ¨vw`adj unconscious A‡PZbprep under bx‡Pv undergo ‡fvM Kiv ev mn¨ Kivadj underground f~M‡f©, †Mvc‡bv underline ‡Rvi †`Iqvadv underneath bx‡Pn underpants Aš—©evmv understand eySv ev †eva‡Mvg¨ nIqvpt v understood *see

understandn underwear Aš—©evmv undo c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvadj unemployed ‡eKvin uniform mevi Rb¨ wbw`©ó GKai‡bi †cvlvKn union msNe× `j

unitn 1. type of housing BDwbU, evoxn 2. measurement cwigv‡ci GKKv unite GKZve× nIqvn universe gnvwek¦n university wek¦we`¨vjqprep until hZ¶b ch©š— bvadj unusual A¯^vfvweKprep up (to a higher place) Dc‡iprep upon (up and on) Dc‡iadj upper D”PZiadj upright mr, mvayadj upset gvbwmKfv‡e wech©¯—adj upside-down Dëvb, wek„sLjadv upstairs Dc‡ii Zjvqv urge Dc‡`k ev civgk© †`Iqv

75

urgent – wall

adj urgent Ri“ixpron us Avgvw`M‡K

usen 1. the act of using ‡Kvb wKQzi e¨enviv 2. employ e¨envi Kivadj used (not new) cyiv‡bv, e¨eüZ

Vn vaccination UxKv cÖ`vbadj vain wedj, e¨_©n valley DcZ¨Kvadj valuable g~j¨evb

valuen 1. worth g~j¨v 2. to hold in high esteem g~j¨evb e‡j Mb¨ Kiv, kª×v Kivn van (truck) gvjvgvj cwien‡bi Rb¨ ‡QvU UªvKn variety wewfbœZv, ˆewPÎv vary DVvbvgv Kiv, cwiewZ©Z Kiv ev nIqvadj various wewfbœ, wfbœn vegetable kvKmwân vegetable garden kvKmwâi evMvbn vegetarian mwâ‡fvwRn vehicle hvbevnbn verandah eviv›`vn verb wµqvc`adv very AZ¨š—, Lyeabbrev vet *see veterinariann veterinarian cïwPwKrmKn video (recording) ‡Uwjwfkb, Pjw”PÎn view `„k¨, gZn village MÖvgadj violent Zxeª, DMÖn violin ‡envjvRvZxq ev`¨hš¿we‡klv visit mv¶vZ Ki‡Z hvIqv ev Avmvn visitor mv¶vZcÖv_©xn voice KÚ¯^in volleyball (game) fwjej †Ljvn volume cwigvb ev †gvU cwigvbv vote Kvnv‡iv c‡¶ ev wec‡¶ †fvU †`Iqvn vowel ¯^ieY©n voyage ågb

Wn wage cvwikªwgKv wait A‡c¶v Kivv wake RvMvv walk nuvUvn walkway nuvUvi c_n wall ‡`qvj

76

wallaby – Web

n wallaby Iqvjvex (A‡óªwjqvi GK ai‡bi cÖvYx)n wallet UvKv ivLvi e¨vMv wander D‡Ïk¨nxbfv‡e ‡eov‡bvv want PvIqv, AvKsLv Kivn war hy×n waratah A‡óªwjqvi GKai‡bi j¤^v ¸j¥ †Svcwe‡kln wardrobe RvgvKvco ivLvi Avjgvwiwe‡kladj warm (opposite cool) Dò, Migadj warm-blooded Dòi³Iqvjv v warn mZK© K‡i †`Iqvn warning mZK©Zvpt v was *see be

washv 1. clean with water cvwb w`‡q †avqvphr v 2. wash up (of dishes) Dw”Qó evmb‡Kvmb †aŠZ Kivi ¯’vbn washing machine (clothes) Kvco †avqvi hš¿

wastev 1. employ uselessly AcÖ‡qvRbxqfv‡e LiP Kivn 2. rejected products evwZj gvj ev cb¨

watchn 1. timepiece Nwov 2. look at ‡`Lvphr v 3. watch out (be careful) mveavb nIqv

watern 1. liquid cvwbv 2. moisten ‡fRv‡bvn watermelon ZigyRn wattle tree IqvU&j e„¶ (evejv †MvwÎq MvQwe‡kl)

waven 1. swell of water cvwbi ‡XDv 2. make a hand signal nvZ w`‡q Bkviv Kivadj wavy ‡KvKov‡bvn wax ‡gvg

wayn 1. road c_phrase 2. a long way A‡bK `yiphrase 3. a good way mwVKfv‡ephrase 4. give way RvqMv †`Iqvpron we Avgivadj weak `ye©jn wealth m¤ú`adj wealthy m¤ú`kvjxn weapon A¯¿

wearv 1. erode ¶q Kiv ev nIqvv 2. put on (as for clothing) Rvgv civn web (as for spider) gvKomvi Rvjabbrev Web *see World Wide

Web

77

wedding – width

n wedding weevnn week mßvnv weigh IRb Kivn weight IRb

welcomen 1. a kind greeting ¯^vMZgint 2. You’re welcome! (polite

response to thank you)‡KD ab¨ev` Rvbv‡j Zvi Dˇi ej‡Z nq

welln 1. hole in earth Kzqvadj 2. in good health my¯’adv 3. in a satisfactory manner m‡š—vlRbK fv‡eint 4. Well! (expresses relief, pause) Kv‡Ri duv‡K weiwZ cÖKvkK Awfe¨w³int 5. Well done! cÖksmv ÁvcK Awfe¨w³pt v went *see gopt v were *see ben west cwðg

wetv 1. moisten wfRv‡bvadj 2. opposite dry wfRvpron what (interrogative) wK n wheel PvKvpron when (interrogative) KLbconj whenever hLbBpron where (interrogative) ‡Kv_vq

which pron 1. what one of a number

(interrogative)‡h wU

pron 2. relative (refers to something previously mentioned)

hv

conj while hLbn whip PveyKv whisper wdm wdm Kiv

whistlev 1. make a musical sound wkm †`Iqvn 2. equipment used to make a

soundeuvwk

adj white mv`vn whiteboard ‡jLvi Rb¨ mv`v †evW©we‡kl

whopron 1. interrogative ‡Kpron 2. relative pronoun ‡K, †hadj whole m¤úyY©adv why ‡Kbadj wicked Lvivc, A‰bwZKadj wide we¯—xY©, PIovn widow weaevn widower ‡h cyi“l ¯¿x gviv hvIqvi ci cybivq weevn

K‡ibwbn width cÖk¯—

78

wild – write

adj wild eb¨will

v 1. auxiliary used in future tense fwel¨r Kvj cÖKvkK ev‡K¨i mv‡_ e¨eüZ mvnvh¨Kvix wµqvc`

n 2. declaration of wishes on one’s death

RwgRgv e›U‡bi `wjj

n 3. choice of one’s actions B”Qvv win Rqjvf Kiv

windn 1. movement of air evZv‡mi cÖevnv 2. turn in a circular way PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z nIqvcolloq phr 3. wind up (finish) †kl n‡q hvIqvphr v 4. wind up (as a clock) Nwo‡Z `g †`Iqvn windmill evqycÖevn Øviv PvwjZ Kjn window Rvbvjvn window sill Rvbvjvi avwiadj windy SÅveûj, S‡ov AvenvIqvc~Y©n wing cvLvn winter kxZv wipe gy‡Q †djvn wire Zviadj wise Ávbxn wish AvKvsLv Kiv, Avkv Kivprep with mv‡_, m‡½v withdraw (as for money) UvKv D‡Ëvjb Kivn witness mv¶xpt v woke *see waken woman gwnjvn wombat Ige¨vU (A‡óªwjqvi GK ai‡bi cÖvYxwe‡kl)pt v won *see winv wonder wew¯§Z nIqvn wood KvV, e„¶ivwRn woodwork Kvôwbwg©Z `ªe¨n wool ckgn word kãpt v wore *see wear

workn 1. labour kªgv 2. carry out labour KvR Kivv 3. be operational Kg©iZ _vKvphr v 4. work out (solve) mgvavb Kivn world c„w_exn World Wide Web Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qev worry DwØMœ nIqvadv worse Kvnv‡iv ev ‡Kvb wKQzi †P‡q †ekx Lvivcn worth g~j¨, `vgv wrap wKQz w`‡q †gvov‡bvv wring ‡gvPov‡bv ev cvKv‡bvn wrist nv‡Zi Kwâv write ‡jLv

79

wrong – zucchini

adj wrong (incorrect) fyjpt v wrote *see writeabbrev www * see World Wide

Web

Xn x-ray G· †i (iÄb iwk¥)

Yn yacht nvjKv I w¶cÖMvgx †bŠ hvbwe‡kln yard DVvb, MRv yawn nvB †Zvjvn year ermiadj yellow njy`int yes nu¨vn yesterday MZKvjpron you Zzwg/ Avcwbadj young Zi“Ypron your (possessive) ‡Zvgvi

Zn zone AÂjn zoo wPwoqvLvbvn zucchini hywLwb (GK ai‡bi mwâ)

80

Appendix 1

Numerals and Ordinals

Symbol Numeral Ordinal

1 one first

2 two second

3 three third

4 four fourth

5 five fifth

6 six sixth

7 seven seventh

8 eight eighth

9 nine ninth

10 ten tenth

11 eleven eleventh

12 twelve twelfth

13 thirteen thirteenth

14 fourteen fourteenth

15 fifteen fifteenth

16 sixteen sixteenth

17 seventeen seventeenth

18 eighteen eighteenth

19 nineteen nineteenth

20 twenty twentieth

30 thirty thirtieth

40 forty fortieth

50 fifty fiftieth

60 sixty sixtieth

70 seventy seventieth

80 eighty eightieth

90 ninety ninetieth

100 one hundred one hundredth

1000 one thousand one thousandth

10000 ten thousand ten thousandth

100000 one hundred thousand one hundred thousandth

1000000 one million one millionth

81

Appendix 2

Common Countries/States and their Adjectival Forms

Country/State Adjectival Form Country/State Adjectival Form

Afghanistan Afghani Japan Japanese

Argentina Argentinian Korea Korean

Bangladesh Bangladeshi Kosovo Kosovar

Bolivia Bolivian Kurdistan Kurdish

Brazil Brazilian Laos Laotian

Bulgaria Bulgarian Lebanon Lebanese

Cambodia Cambodian Macedonia Macedonian

Chile Chilean Malaysia Malaysian

China Chinese Nigeria Nigerian

Colombia Colombian Pakistan Pakistani

Cook Islands Cook Islanders Peru Peruvian

Croatia Croatian Philippines Filipino

East Timor East Timorese Poland Polish

Ecuador Ecuadorian Portugal Portuguese

Egypt Egyptian Russia Russian

El Salvador El Salvadorian Samoa Samoan

Eritrea Eritrean Serbia Serbian

Ethiopia Ethiopian Somalia Somalian

Fiji Fijian Sudan Sudanese

Ghana Ghanian Syria Syrian

Greece Greek Taiwan Taiwanese

Hungary Hungarian Thailand Thai

India Indian Tonga Tongan

Indonesia Indonesian Turkey Turkish

Iran Iranian Ukraine Ukrainian

Iraq Iraqi Uruguay Uruguayan

Israel Israeli Venezuela Venezuelan

Italy Italian Vietnam Vietnamese

82

Appendix 3

Common Irregular Verbs

Base Form Past Tense Past participleawake awoke awokenbe was, were beenbeat beat beatenbecome became becomebegin began begunbend bent bentbet bet betbid bid bidbite bit bittenblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbring brought broughtbuild built builtburn burned/burnt burned/burntbuy bought boughtcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost costcut cut cutdig dug dugdo did donedraw drew drawndream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamtdrive drove drivendrink drank drunkeat ate eatenfall fell fallenfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfly flew flownforget forgot forgottenforgive forgave forgivenfreeze froze frozenget got gottengive gave givengo went gonegrow grew grownhang hung hunghave had hadhear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held held

83

Common Irregular Verbs (continued)

Base Form Past Tense Past participlehurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlay laid laidlead led ledlearn learned/learnt learned/learntleave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlose lost lostmake made mademean meant meantmeet met metpay paid paidput put putread read readride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran runsay said saidsee saw seensell sold soldsend sent sentshow showed showed/shownshut shut shutsing sang sungsit sat satsleep slept sleptspeak spoke spokenspend spent spentstand stood stoodswim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntell told told think thought thoughtthrow threw thrownunderstand understood understoodwake woke wokenwear wore wornwin won wonwrite wrote written

84

Appendix 4

Times

Analog time 24 hour time12.00am 12 o’clock; midnight 00:00 zero zero hundred hours1.00am 1 o’clock 01:00 zero one hundred hours2.00am 2 o’clock 02:00 zero two hundred hours3.00am 3 o’clock 03.00 zero three hundred hours4.00am 4 o’clock 04.00 zero four hundred hours5.00am 5 o’clock 05.00 zero five hundred hours6.00am 6 o’clock 06:00 zero six hundred hours 7.00am 7 o’clock 07:00 zero seven hundred hours8.00am 8 o’clock 08:00 zero eight hundred hours9.00am 9 o’clock 09.00 zero nine hundred hours10.00am 10 o’clock 10:00 ten hundred hours11.00am 11 o’clock 11:00 eleven hundred hours12.00pm 12 o’clock; midday; noon 12:00 twelve hundred hours1.00pm 1 o’clock 13:00 thirteen hundred hours2.00pm 2 o’clock 14:00 fourteen hundred hours3.00pm 3 o’clock 15:00 fifteen hundred hours4.00pm 4 o’clock 16:00 sixteen hundred hours5.00pm 5 o’clock 17:00 seventeen hundred hours6.00pm 6 o’clock 18:00 eighteen hundred hours7.00pm 7 o’clock 19:00 nineteen hundred hours8.00pm 8 o’clock 20:00 twenty hundred hours9.00pm 9 o’clock 21:00 twenty one hundred hours10.00pm 10 o’clock 22:00 twenty two hundred hours11.00pm 11 o’clock 23:00 twenty three hundred hours

Examples of quarter and half hours (analog)

quarter to three2.45am or 2.45pm

three o’clock3.00am or 3.00pm

quarter past three3.15am or 3.15pm

half past three3.30am or 3.30pm

zero two forty five zero three hundred hours zero three fifteen zero three thirty

Examples of quarter and half hours (24 hour time)

85

Appendix 5

Days of the week/Months of the year/Units of time Days Months Units of timeMonday January 60 seconds = 1 minute

Tuesday February 60 minutes = 1 hour

Wednesday March 24 hours = 1 day

Thursday April 7 days = 1 week

Friday May 4 weeks = 1 month

Saturday June 12 months = 1 year

Sunday July 4 years = 1 leap year

August 10 years = 1 decade

September 100 years = 1 century

October 1000 years = 1 millenium

November

December

Appendix 6

Weights and measures

Weight (mass) Length Volume1000 milligrams = 1 gram 1000 millimetres = 1 metre 1000 millilitres = 1 litre

1000 grams = 1 kilogram 100 centimetres = 1 metre 1000 litres = 1 cubic metre1000 kilograms = 1 metric tonne 1000 metres = 1 kilometre

Bibliography

Australian Learners Dictionary, 1997, National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research, Macquarie University, NSW.

Horton, D. (ed.) 1994, The Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia: Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander History, Society and Culture, vols 1-2, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.

The Macquarie Dictionary, 1997, 3rd edn, Macquarie University, NSW.

My First Macquarie Dictionary, 1987, Jacaranda Press, Sydney.

NSW Department of School Education. 1994, New Arrivals Dictionaries, 16 vols, Disadvantaged Schools Program, Erskineville.

Oxford Elementary Learner’s Dictionary, 1994, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.