BiochemistryBiochemistry

Matter & ElementsMatter & Elements•All matter made of __________________________All matter made of __________________________•All atoms have ______________________All atoms have ______________________•Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)Protons/electrons/neutrons? Charge? Mass? (Chart)•# of _______________ in nucleus determines atom’s identity# of _______________ in nucleus determines atom’s identity•IonsIons atoms that gain or lose ____________________ atoms that gain or lose ____________________

HemoglobinHemoglobinAtomAtom

Why Atoms Form BondsWhy Atoms Form Bonds•2 or more elements = _______________________2 or more elements = _______________________

•1st _______elements have up to ____ energy levels/ ______ 1st _______elements have up to ____ energy levels/ ______ electrons on 1st level, up to ________ on 2nd level, and electrons on 1st level, up to ________ on 2nd level, and _________ on the 3rd level_________ on the 3rd level

•Most elements want to have _______ electrons in outer shellMost elements want to have _______ electrons in outer shell

•Atoms will _______________ to get 8 electrons in outer shellAtoms will _______________ to get 8 electrons in outer shell

•Sharing electronsSharing electrons ______________bonds ______________bonds•Stealing electronsStealing electrons ______________ bonds ______________ bonds

Covalent Bond In ActionCovalent Bond In Action

Ionic Bond In ActionIonic Bond In Action

NaCl- Ionic BondNaCl- Ionic Bond CHCH4-4- Covalent Bond Covalent Bond

Chemical Changes, Chemical Chemical Changes, Chemical Symbols, & FormulasSymbols, & Formulas

Chemical Symbols-Chemical Symbols- look at P.T. look at P.T.Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas group of _________________ together group of _________________ together

Exp. __________________________Exp. __________________________

Acids and BasesAcids and Bases

Pure water has equal amounts of ________________Pure water has equal amounts of ________________If equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is ________If equal number of H+ and OH-, solution is ________

pH ScalepH Scale

Scale measures amount of H+ ions Scale measures amount of H+ ions in solutionsin solutions

pH = 7-___________pH = 7-___________

pH< 7 –__________pH< 7 –__________

pH > 7--___________pH > 7--___________

Polarity of WaterPolarity of Water

Structure of water is ______________________Structure of water is ______________________

HH22OO•Oxygen has ______ protons & _______ electronsOxygen has ______ protons & _______ electrons

•________________________________, and electrons are ________________________________, and electrons are pulled in close to the nucleuspulled in close to the nucleus

•Hydrogen has ______ proton & _____ electronHydrogen has ______ proton & _____ electron

•Not held _____________ very tightlyNot held _____________ very tightly

Water’s StructureWater’s Structure•In HIn H22O, _____________ slightly pulls the electrons O, _____________ slightly pulls the electrons

away from the ______________________ moleculesaway from the ______________________ molecules

•Oxygen becomes partially ________________Oxygen becomes partially ________________

•Hydrogen becomes partially __________________Hydrogen becomes partially __________________

•Water is a _____________ molecule (slightly charged)Water is a _____________ molecule (slightly charged)

•Polarity makes water ________________________ Polarity makes water ________________________

Polarity of WaterPolarity of Water

Polarity of WaterPolarity of Water

Physical Properties of water

•Ice _________________

•Water _________________________

•Water molecules _____________________

•Water molecules stick to _______________________________________

Ice floats:•When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a structure that has empty spaces, making it less dense than liquid water

Water absorbs and retains heat

Because of ___________________, water can absorb large amounts of _____________________

Absorbs lot of heat __________________

Helps keep cells at an _________________despite changes in the environment – homeostasis again!!

Allows _____________________to maintain a relatively constant temperature.

EnergyEnergy

In living organisms, energy is stored as ____________In living organisms, energy is stored as ________________________________________________________________________________________

Types of EnergyTypes of EnergyPotential Energy – _________________ energy; energy Potential Energy – _________________ energy; energy of positionof position

Kinetic Energy- Energy of ________________Kinetic Energy- Energy of ________________

Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not Law of Conservation of Energy- energy is not ____________________________ in a chemical reaction ____________________________ in a chemical reaction (1(1stst Law of Thermodynamics) Law of Thermodynamics)

Energy & Chemical ReactionsEnergy & Chemical Reactions

Reactants = substances that __________ a chemical reactionReactants = substances that __________ a chemical reaction

Products = substances that are _____________________ a Products = substances that are _____________________ a chemical reactionchemical reaction

A + B A + B AB ABReactantsReactants ProductsProducts

Different Types of ReactionsDifferent Types of Reactions

Exergonic Reaction = ___________________ energyExergonic Reaction = ___________________ energy

Endergonic Reaction = ________________ energyEndergonic Reaction = ________________ energy

Oxidation Reactions = reactant ____________ electronsOxidation Reactions = reactant ____________ electrons

Reduction Reaction = reactant ____________ electronsReduction Reaction = reactant ____________ electrons

Organic ExamplesOrganic ExamplesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates•provide _______________ to cellsprovide _______________ to cells•help build _____________________help build _____________________•monosaccharides= ______ sugar unitmonosaccharides= ______ sugar unit•disaacharides = __________ connected sugar unitsdisaacharides = __________ connected sugar units•polysaccharides = _____________ connected sugar polysaccharides = _____________ connected sugar unitsunits

Glucose- The Ultimate CarbohydrateGlucose- The Ultimate Carbohydrate

LipidsLipidsFats (triglycerides)Fats (triglycerides)Used for _________________Used for ________________________________________ molecules_______________________ moleculesTriglyceride = ________________ + glycerolTriglyceride = ________________ + glycerolSaturated= not easily broken down (all _________ Saturated= not easily broken down (all _________ bonds)bonds)Unsaturated= easily broken down (________ bonds)Unsaturated= easily broken down (________ bonds)

The Phospholipid BilayerThe Phospholipid Bilayer

ProteinsProteinsTHE ___________________ material of the body!THE ___________________ material of the body!1.1. ____________________________________2.2. ______________________________________3.3. ________________________________________Made from ________________ (connected via peptide bonds)Made from ________________ (connected via peptide bonds)

CollagenCollagen

HemoglobinHemoglobin

Levels of organization:

Keratin-The Protein of Hair Keratin-The Protein of Hair and Fingernailsand Fingernails

Hemoglobin = Transport ProteinHemoglobin = Transport Protein

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids•Make our ______________Make our ______________•Instruct body which ______________ to makeInstruct body which ______________ to make•Made from ___________________Made from ___________________•__________________________________________