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Blood Test Results: Your Guide to Understanding the Numbers NNH

http://www.newportnaturalhealth.com/2012/08/a-guide-to-understanding-blood-tests/[4/28/2015 10:36:02 PM]

by Leigh Erin Connealy, M.D. posted on August 20th, 2012

Blood Test Results: Your Guide toUnderstanding the NumbersDiabetes, Heart Conditions, Immunity

If youre like most of my patients, youveprobably looked over the alphabet soup ofacronyms and abbreviations in your blood testresults and wondered what it all means. So toempower my readers, here is a simplified guideto understanding your blood test results. Ifyoure interested in playing a more active role inyour medical care something I stronglyrecommend then I suggest you save thisnewsletter. The next time you have blood workdone; youll be able to read the results like a pro!

Blood tests, sometimes called blood panels, are one of a physicians most basic tools. Not thatlong ago, doctors diagnosed patients through observation and the patients answers toquestions. Today, we have a wide range of testing options to choose from, with blood testsbeing among the most basic.

Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of any disease markers, the nutrients andwaste products in your blood as well as how various organs (e.g., kidneys and liver) arefunctioning. Below, Ive explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health.

During a physical examination, your doctor will often draw blood for chemistry and completeblood count (CBC) tests as well as a lipid profile, which measures cholesterol and relatedelements. Here is a brief explanation of the abbreviations used in measurements followed bydescriptions of several common test components.

Deciphering Blood Test MeasurementsBlood tests use the metric measurement system and abbreviations such as thefollowing:

cmm cells per cubic millimeter

fL (femtoliter) fraction of one-millionth of a liter

g/dL grams per deciliter

IU/L international units per liter

mEq/L milliequivalent per liter

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mg/dL milligrams per deciliter

mL milliliter

mmol/L millimoles per liter

ng/mL nanograms per milliliter

pg (picograms) one-trillionth of a gram

Chemistry Panel (or Metabolic Panel)ALT (alanine aminotransferase)Healthy range: 8 to 37 IU/LThis test looks at levels of the liver enzyme ALT. When alls well with your liver, your score onthis test should be within range. Anything higher may indicate liver damage.

AlbuminHealthy range: 3.9 to 5.0 g/dLA protein made by the liver, albumin levels can be an indicator of liver or kidney problems.

A/G ratio (albumin/globulin ratio) or total protein testHealthy ratio: a bit over 1, favoring albuminThere are two types of protein your blood albumin (see above) and globulin. The A/G ratiotest compares levels of these proteins with one another. Elevated protein levels could indicatea health condition in need of attention.

Alkaline phosphataseHealthy range: 44 to 147 IU/LThis enzyme is involved in both liver and bone, so elevations may indicate problems with theliver or bone-related disease.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase)Healthy range: 10 to 34 IU/LThis enzyme is found in heart and liver tissue, so elevations suggest problems may beoccurring in one or both of those areas.

BilirubinHealthy range: 0.1 to 1.9 mg/dLThis provides information about liver and kidney functions, problems in bile ducts, and anemia.

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)Healthy range: 10 to 20 mg/dLThis is another measure of kidney and liver functions. High values may indicate a problem withkidney function. A number of medications and a diet high in protein can also raise BUN levels.

BUN/creatinine ratioHealthy ratio of BUN to creatinine: 10:1 to 20:1 (men and older individuals may be a bit higher)This test shows if kidneys are eliminating waste properly. High levels of creatinine, a by-product of muscle contractions, are excreted through the kidneys and suggest reduced kidneyfunction.

CalciumHealthy range: 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL (the elderly typically score a bit lower)Too much calcium in the bloodstream could indicate kidney problems; overly active thyroid orparathyroid glands; certain types of cancer, including lymphoma; problems with the pancreas;

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or a deficiency of vitamin D.

ChlorideHealthy range: 98 to 106 mEq/LThis mineral is often measured as part of an electrolyte panel. A high-salt diet and/or certainmedications are often responsible for elevations in chloride. Excess chloride may indicate anoverly acidic environment in the body. It also could be a red flag for dehydration, multiplemyeloma, kidney disorders, or adrenal gland dysfunction.

CreatinineHealthy range: 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women; 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL for men (the elderly may beslightly lower)The kidneys process this waste product, so elevations could indicate a problem with kidneyfunction.

Fasting glucose (blood sugar)Healthy range: 70 to 99 mg/dL for the average adult (the elderly tend to score higher evenwhen they are healthy)Blood sugar levels can be affected by food or beverages you have ingested recently, yourcurrent stress levels, medications you may be taking, and the time of day. The fasting bloodsugar test is done after at least 6 hours without food or drink other than water.

PhosphorusHealthy range: 2.4 to 4.1 mg/dLPhosphorus plays an important role in bone health and is related to calcium levels. Too muchphosphorus could indicate a problem with kidneys or the parathyroid gland. Alcohol abuse,long-term antacid use, excessive intake of diuretics or vitamin D, and malnutrition can alsoelevate phosphorus levels.

PotassiumHealthy range: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/LThis mineral is essential for relaying nerve impulses, maintaining proper muscle functions, andregulating heartbeats. Diuretics, drugs that are often taken for high blood pressure, can causelow levels of potassium.

SodiumHealthy range: 135 to 145 mEq/LAnother member of the electrolyte family, the mineral sodium helps your body balance waterlevels and helps with nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Irregularities in sodium levelsmay indicate dehydration; disorders of the adrenal glands; excessive intake of salt,corticosteroids, or pain-relieving medications; or problems with the liver or kidneys.

Lipid Panel (or Lipid Profile)The lipid panel is a collection of tests measuring different types of cholesterol and triglycerides(fats) in your bloodstream.

Total cholesterolGeneral rules (best to worst):

Healthy Below 200 mg/dL (below 5.18 mmol/L)

Borderline high 200 to 239 mg/dL (5.2 to 6.2 mmol/L)

High Above 240 mg/dL (above 6.2 mmol/L)

This test measures combined levels of both LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol. The testmay be done simply to record an individuals cholesterol levels or for comparison purposes

About Leigh Erin Connealy, M.D.

Dr. Connealy attended theUniversity of Texas School ofPublic Health and the University ofHealth Sciences Chicago MedicalSchool. She then completed herpost-graduate training at theHarbor/UCLA Medical Center inLos Angeles, CA. Read More

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(e.g., to determine if cholesterol-lowering medications or nutrients are working).

TriglyceridesHealthy range: 40 to 160 mg/dLThese fats are found in the bloodstream and may contribute to heart disease and other healthproblems.

HDL (Good) cholesterolGeneral rules:

Best Above 60 mg/dL

Good 50 to 60 mg/dL

Poor Below 40 mg/dL for men; below 50 mg/dL for women

Also known as good cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) protects against heart disease.Low scores are risk factors for heart disease.

If you're like most of my patients, you've probably looked over the alphabet soup ofacronyms and abbreviations in your blood test results and wondered what it all means. Soto empower my readers, here is a simplified guide to understanding your blood test results.If you're interested in playing a more active role in your medical care -- something I stronglyrecommend -- then I suggest you save this newsletter. The next time you have blood workdone; you'll be able to read the results like a pro! Blood tests, sometimes called bloodpanels, are one of a physician's most basic tools. Not that long ago, doctors diagnosedpatients through observation and the patients' answers to questions. Today, we have a widerange of testing options to choose from, with blood tests being among the most basic.Blood tests allow a doctor to see a detailed analysis of any disease markers, the nutrientsand waste products in your blood as well as how various organs (e.g., kidneys and liver)are functioning. Below, I've explained some of the commonly measured indicators of health.During a physical examination, your doctor will often draw blood for chemistry and completeblood count (CBC) tests as well as a lipid profile, which measures cholesterol and relatedelements. Here is a brief explanation of the abbreviations used in measurements followedby descriptions of several common test components.

Deciphering Blood Test MeasurementsBlood tests use the metric measurement system and abbreviations such as thefollowing:

cmm cells per cubic millimeter

fL (femtoliter) fraction of one-millionth of a liter

g/dL grams per deciliter

IU/L international units per liter

mEq/L milliequivalent per liter

mg/dL milligrams per deciliter

mL milliliter

mmol/L millimoles per liter

ng/mL nanograms per milliliter



pg (picograms) one-trillionth of a gram

Chemistry Panel (or Metabolic Panel)ALT (alanine aminotransferase) Healthy range: 8 to 37 IU/L This test looks at levels ofthe liver enzyme ALT. When all's well with your liver, your score on this test should bewithin range. Anything higher may indicate liver damage. Albumin Healthy range: 3.9 to 5.0g/dL A protein made by the liver, albumin levels can be an indicator of liver or kidneyproblems. A/G ratio (albumin/globulin ratio) or total protein test Healthy ratio: a bit over1, favoring albumin There are two types of protein your blood -- albumin (see above) andglobulin. The A/G ratio test compares levels of these proteins with one another. Elevatedprotein levels could indicate a health condition in need of attention. Alkaline phosphataseHealthy range: 44 to 147 IU/L This enzyme is involved in both liver and bone, so elevationsmay indicate problems with the liver or bone-related disease. AST (aspartateaminotransferase) Healthy range: 10 to 34 IU/L This enzyme is found in heart and livertissue, so elevations suggest problems may be occurring in one or both of those areas.Bilirubin Healthy range: 0.1 to 1.9 mg/dL This provides information about liver and kidneyfunctions, problems in bile ducts, and anemia. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) Healthy range:10 to 20 mg/dL This is another measure of kidney and liver functions. High values mayindicate a problem with kidney function. A number of medications and a diet high in proteincan also raise BUN levels. BUN/creatinine ratio Healthy ratio of BUN to creatinine: 10:1 to20:1 (men and older individuals may be a bit higher) This test shows if kidneys areeliminating waste properly. High levels of creatinine, a by-product of muscle contractions,are excreted through the kidneys and suggest reduced kidney function. Calcium Healthyrange: 9.0 to 10.5 mg/dL (the elderly typically score a bit lower) Too much calcium in thebloodstream could indicate kidney problems; overly active thyroid or parathyroid glands;certain types of cancer, including lymphoma; problems with the pancreas; or a deficiency ofvitamin D. Chloride Healthy range: 98 to 106 mEq/L This mineral is often measured as partof an electrolyte panel. A high-salt diet and/or certain medications are often responsible forelevations in chloride. Excess chloride may indicate an overly acidic environment in thebody. It also could be a red flag for dehydration, multiple myeloma, kidney disorders, oradrenal gland dysfunction. Creatinine Healthy range: 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women; 0.6 to1.2 mg/dL for men (the elderly may be slightly lower) The kidneys process this wasteproduct, so elevations could indicate a problem with kidney function. Fasting glucose(blood sugar) Healthy range: 70 to 99 mg/dL for the average adult (the elderly tend toscore higher even when they are healthy) Blood sugar levels can be affected by food orbeverages you have ingested recently, your current stress levels, medications you may betaking, and the time of day. The fasting blood sugar test is done after at least 6 hourswithout food or drink other than water. Phosphorus Healthy range: 2.4 to 4.1 mg/dLPhosphorus plays an important role in bone health and is related to calcium levels. Toomuch phosphorus could indicate a problem with kidneys or the parathyroid gland. Alcoholabuse, long-term antacid use, excessive intake of diuretics or vitamin D, and malnutritioncan also elevate phosphorus levels. Potassium Healthy range: 3.7 to 5.2 mEq/L Thismineral is essential for relaying nerve impulses, maintaining proper muscle functions, andregulating heartbeats. Diuretics, drugs that are often taken for high blood pressure, cancause low levels of potassium. Sodium Healthy range: 135 to 145 mEq/L Another memberof the electrolyte family, the mineral sodium helps your body balance water levels and helpswith nerve impulses and muscle contractions. Irregularities in sodium levels may indicatedehydration; disorders of the adrenal glands; excessive intake of salt, corticosteroids, orpain-relieving medications; or problems with the liver or kidneys.

Lipid Panel (or Lipid Profile)The lipid panel is a collection of tests measuring different types of cholesterol andtriglycerides (fats) in your bloodstream. Total cholesterol General rules (best to worst): Healthy Below 200 mg/dL (below 5.18 mmol/L)



Borderline high 200 to 239 mg/dL (5.2 to 6.2 mmol/L)

High Above 240 mg/dL (above 6.2 mmol/L)

This test measures combined levels of both LDL (bad) and HDL (good) cholesterol. Thetest may be done simply to record an individual's cholesterol levels or for comparisonpurposes (e.g., to determine if cholesterol-lowering medications or nutrients are working).Triglycerides Healthy range: 40 to 160 mg/dL These fats are found in the bloodstream andmay contribute to heart disease and other health problems. HDL (Good) cholesterolGeneral rules: Best Above 60 mg/dL

Good 50 to 60 mg/dL

Poor Below 40 mg/dL for men; below 50 mg/dL for women

Also known as good cholesterol, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) protects against heartdisease. Low scores are risk factors for heart disease. LDL (Bad) cholesterol Generalrules (best to worst): Optimal Below 100 mg/dL

Near optimal 100 to 129 mg/dL

Borderline high 130 to 159 mg/dL

High 160 to 189 mg/dL

Very high Above 189 mg/dL

Also known as bad cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is the substance that clogsarteries and is linked to heart disease. Total cholesterol/HDL ratio American HeartAssociation guidelines: Optimal Ratio of 3.5 to 1

Healthy Ratio of 5 to 1 or lower

This ratio is another way of checking your risk of heart disease. It is determined by dividingyour HDL cholesterol level into total cholesterol. But don't worry about the math -- the labnormally does the calculation, so your doctor will simply tell you what the ratio is.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)The CBC test examines cellular elements in the blood, including red blood cells, variouswhite blood cells, and platelets. Here is a list of the components that are normallymeasured, along with typical values. If your doctor says you're fine but your tests results aresomewhat different from the range shown here, don't be alarmed. Some labs interpret testresults a bit differently from others, so don't consider these figures absolutes. WBC (whiteblood cell) leukocyte count Normal range: 4,300 to 10,800 cmm White blood cells helpfight infections, so a high white blood cell count could be helpful for identifying infections. Itmay also indicate leukemia, which can cause an increase in the number of white bloodcells. On the other hand, too few white blood cells could be caused by certain medicationsor health disorders. WBC (white blood cell) differential count Normal range: Neutrophils 40% to 60% of the total

Lymphocytes 20% to 40%

Monocytes 2% to 8%

Eosinophils 1% to 4%



Basophils 0.5% to 1%

This test measures the numbers, shapes, and sizes of various types of white blood cellslisted above. The WBC differential count also shows if the numbers of different cells are inproper proportion to each other. Irregularities in this test could signal an infection,inflammation, autoimmune disorders, anemia, or other health concerns. RBC (red bloodcell) erythrocyte count Normal range: 4.2 to 5.9 million cmm We have millions of redblood cells in our bodies, and this test measures the number of RBCs in a specific amountof blood. It helps us determine the total number of RBCs and gives us an idea of theirlifespan, but it does not indicate where problems originate. So if there are irregularities,other tests will be required. Hematocrit (Hct) Normal range: 45% to 52% for men; 37% to48% for women Useful for diagnosing anemia, this test determines how much of the totalblood volume in the body consists of red blood cells. Hemoglobin (Hgb) Normal range: 13to 18 g/dL for men; 12 to 16 g/dL for women Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, whichmakes blood bright red. More importantly, hemoglobin delivers oxygen from the lungs to theentire body; then it returns to the lungs with carbon dioxide, which we exhale. Healthyhemoglobin levels vary by gender. Low levels of hemoglobin may indicate anemia. Meancorpuscular volume (MCV) Normal range: 80 to 100 femtoliters This test measures theaverage volume of red blood cells, or the average amount of space each red blood cell fills.Irregularities could indicate anemia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome. Mean corpuscularhemoglobin (MCH) Normal range: 27 to 32 picograms This test measures the averageamount of hemoglobin in the typical red blood cell. Results that are too high could signalanemia, while those too low may indicate a nutritional deficiency. Mean corpuscularhemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Normal range: 28% to 36% The MCHC test reportsthe average concentration of hemoglobin in a specific amount of red blood cells. Hereagain, we are looking for indications of anemia if the count is low, or possible nutritionaldeficiencies if it's high. Red cell distribution width (RDW or RCDW) Normal range: 11%to 15% With this test, we get an idea of the shape and size of red blood cells. In this case,"width" refers to a measurement of distribution, not the size of the cells. Liver disease,anemia, nutritional deficiencies, and a number of health conditions could cause high or lowRDW results. Platelet count Normal range: 150,000 to 400,000 mL Platelets are smallportions of cells involved in blood clotting. Too many or too few platelets can affect clottingin different ways. The number of platelets may also indicate a health condition. MeanPlatelet Volume (MPV) Normal range: 7.5 to 11.5 femtoliters This test measures andcalculates the average size of platelets. Higher MPVs mean the platelets are larger, whichcould put an individual at risk for a heart attack or stroke. Lower MPVs indicate smallerplatelets, meaning the person is at risk for a bleeding disorder.

Additional Recommended TestsThyroid While not part of the standard blood panel, I often order thyroid tests for mypatients, especially if they report fatigue and weight gain, or weight loss and feelings ofnervousness or hyperactivity. Some physicians dismiss borderline low or high tests, but I'vefound that these can be very helpful for identifying problems with the thyroid gland. Hereare the ranges I look for in thyroid tests:

Test Normal Range Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.3 to 3

Total T4 (total thyroxine) 4.5 to 12.5

Free T4 (free thyroxine) 0.7 to 2.0

Total T3 (total triiodothyronine) 80 to 220

Free T3 (free triiodothyronine) 2.3 to 4.2

If your test shows you are below the minimum numbers, you may be suffering fromhypothyroidism, or low thyroid. If your scores are above the normal range, you may have an



LDL (Bad) cholesterolGeneral rules (best to worst):

Optimal Below 100 mg/dL

Near optimal 100 to 129 mg/dL

Borderline high 130 to 159 mg/dL

High 160 to 189 mg/dL

Very high Above 189 mg/dL

Also known as bad cholesterol, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) is the substance that clogsarteries and is linked to heart disease.

Total cholesterol/HDL ratioAmerican Heart Association guidelines:

Optimal Ratio of 3.5 to 1

Healthy Ratio of 5 to 1 or lower

This ratio is another way of checking your risk of heart disease. It is determined by dividingyour HDL cholesterol level into total cholesterol. But dont worry about the math the labnormally does the calculation, so your doctor will simply tell you what the ratio is.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)The CBC test examines cellular elements in the blood, including red blood cells, various whiteblood cells, and platelets. Here is a list of the components that are normally measured, alongwith typical values. If your doctor says youre fine but your tests results are somewhat differentfrom the range shown here, dont be alarmed. Some labs interpret test results a bit differentlyfrom others, so dont consider these figures absolutes.

WBC (white blood cell) leukocyte countNormal range: 4,300 to 10,800 cmm

overly active thyroid, or hyperthyroidism. In either case, your physician can advise you onappropriate medication. You may also want to read my earlier newsletter on thyroid issues.Vitamin D Normal range: 30 to 74 ng/mL Regular readers know I often recommendsupplemental vitamin D, since deficiencies are very common. Too little vitamin D can putyou at risk for broken bones, heart disease, cancer, and a host of other ailments. Ourbodies can make vitamin D, but only when bare skin, free of sunblock and lotions, isexposed to sunlight. And even then, people of color and older individuals may not be ableto manufacture sufficient quantities for optimal health. The best way to determine if youneed supplements is to have a vitamin D test, known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Here again,doctors don't always agree on how to interpret the results. My own preference is to seereadings in the normal range. There are quite a few more tests available, but the onesincluded here are among the most common. To get accurate readings, be sure to followyour doctor's instructions in preparing for tests. You may, for example, be asked not to eatand to drink only water for anywhere from a few hours to 12 hours beforehand. Pleasefollow these instructions, or your results may be skewed, requiring additional tests or evenunnecessary medications. If you don't understand something in your results, remember it'sokay to ask questions. Doctors are busy people, but you are entitled to the information. Ifyour doctor can't provide it, ask the nurse or physician's assistant for help. Knowing whereyou stand with these important parameters is essential for being proactive and owning yourown health.



White blood cells help fight infections, so a high white blood cell count could be helpful foridentifying infections. It may also indicate leukemia, which can cause an increase in thenumber of white blood cells. On the other hand, too few white blood cells could be caused bycertain medications or health disorders.

WBC (white blood cell) differential countNormal range:

Neutrophils 40% to 60% of the total

Lymphocytes 20% to 40%

Monocytes 2% to 8%

Eosinophils 1% to 4%

Basophils 0.5% to 1%

This test measures the numbers, shapes, and sizes of various types of white blood cells listedabove. The WBC differential count also shows if the numbers of different cells are in properproportion to each other. Irregularities in this test could signal an infection, inflammation,autoimmune disorders, anemia, or other health concerns.

RBC (red blood cell) erythrocyte countNormal range: 4.2 to 5.9 million cmmWe have millions of red blood cells in our bodies, and this test measures the number of RBCsin a specific amount of blood. It helps us determine the total number of RBCs and gives us anidea of their lifespan, but it does not indicate where problems originate. So if there areirregularities, other tests will be required.

Hematocrit (Hct)Normal range: 45% to 52% for men; 37% to 48% for womenUseful for diagnosing anemia, this test determines how much of the total blood volume in thebody consists of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin (Hgb)Normal range: 13 to 18 g/dL for men; 12 to 16 g/dL for womenRed blood cells contain hemoglobin, which makes blood bright red. More importantly,hemoglobin delivers oxygen from the lungs to the entire body; then it returns to the lungs withcarbon dioxide, which we exhale. Healthy hemoglobin levels vary by gender. Low levels ofhemoglobin may indicate anemia.

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)Normal range: 80 to 100 femtolitersThis test measures the average volume of red blood cells, or the average amount of spaceeach red blood cell fills. Irregularities could indicate anemia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)Normal range: 27 to 32 picogramsThis test measures the average amount of hemoglobin in the typical red blood cell. Resultsthat are too high could signal anemia, while those too low may indicate a nutritional deficiency.

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)Normal range: 28% to 36%The MCHC test reports the average concentration of hemoglobin in a specific amount of redblood cells. Here again, we are looking for indications of anemia if the count is low, or possiblenutritional deficiencies if its high.



Red cell distribution width (RDW or RCDW)Normal range: 11% to 15%With this test, we get an idea of the shape and size of red blood cells. In this case, widthrefers to a measurement of distribution, not the size of the cells. Liver disease, anemia,nutritional deficiencies, and a number of health conditions could cause high or low RDWresults.

Platelet countNormal range: 150,000 to 400,000 mLPlatelets are small portions of cells involved in blood clotting. Too many or too few plateletscan affect clotting in different ways. The number of platelets may also indicate a healthcondition.

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)Normal range: 7.5 to 11.5 femtolitersThis test measures and calculates the average size of platelets. Higher MPVs mean theplatelets are larger, which could put an individual at risk for a heart attack or stroke. LowerMPVs indicate smaller platelets, meaning the person is at risk for a bleeding disorder.

Additional Recommended TestsThyroidWhile not part of the standard blood panel, I often order thyroid tests for my patients, especiallyif they report fatigue and weight gain, or weight loss and feelings of nervousness orhyperactivity. Some physicians dismiss borderline low or high tests, but Ive found that thesecan be very helpful for identifying problems with the thyroid gland. Here are the ranges I lookfor in thyroid tests:

Test Normal Range Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.3 to 3

Total T4 (total thyroxine) 4.5 to 12.5

Free T4 (free thyroxine) 0.7 to 2.0

Total T3 (total triiodothyronine) 80 to 220

Free T3 (free triiodothyronine) 2.3 to 4.2

If your test shows you are below the minimum numbers, you may be suffering fromhypothyroidism, or low thyroid. If your scores are above the normal range, you may have anoverly active thyroid, or hyperthyroidism. In either case, your physician can advise you onappropriate medication. You may also want to read my earlier newsletter on thyroid issues.

Vitamin DNormal range: 30 to 74 ng/mLRegular readers know I often recommend supplemental vitamin D, since deficiencies are verycommon. Too little vitamin D can put you at risk for broken bones, heart disease, cancer, anda host of other ailments. Our bodies can make vitamin D, but only when bare skin, free ofsunblock and lotions, is exposed to sunlight. And even then, people of color and olderindividuals may not be able to manufacture sufficient quantities for optimal health. The bestway to determine if you need supplements is to have a vitamin D test, known as 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Here again, doctors dont always agree on how to interpret the results. Myown preference is to see readings in the normal range.

There are quite a few more tests available, but the ones included here are among the mostcommon.



To get accurate readings, be sure to follow your doctors instructions in preparing for tests. Youmay, for example, be asked not to eat and to drink only water for anywhere from a few hoursto 12 hours beforehand. Please follow these instructions, or your results may be skewed,requiring additional tests or even unnecessary medications.

If you dont understand something in your results, remember its okay to ask questions.Doctors are busy people, but you are entitled to the information. If your doctor cant provide it,ask the nurse or physicians assistant for help.

Knowing where you stand with these important parameters is essential for being proactive andowning your own health.

zzi

Hello, I was recommended blood test for Protein C and Protein S after a miscarriage. I got it done 2 days after the

procedure. My results are Protein C 95.8% and Protein S 63%. Are these normal? I am asking since Protein S

result is at the low end.

Thanks!

Abbey InOR

I had my thyroid blood work done. One of the tests is TPO what is this and what does it mean?

Suzy Fuchs

what is NRBC .0 normal what about .7?

Twyla Thorn

the doctor are send meto hemotology oncology, pulmonology and cardiology, In 2010 had a 4.9 mass likely infiltrate

and then when I went to have it checked they noticed I had two six months later in surgery they removed only one

lung when I actually had two masses possibly infiltrate in my lul/lll. When the surgeon was operating she cut into the

mass so the dowsed me with doxycycline and saline. Now 5 years later gasping for air and spitting blood they are

wanting me to see all three specialist

Twyla Thorn

my lymph percentage is 39.5 % help

Audrey

Is Mono% result 10.1 normal?

Silvercatz

Does anyone answer questions on this site? I ask a series of questions a few days ago and no answers. Ive noticed

this with others questions.

fatima

i received my blood test report back.

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HB 12.0

PCV 39.7%

RBC 5.05

MCV 79.0

MCH 23.8

MCHC 30.2

TOTAL LEUCOCYTES 9,000

DIFFERENT COUNT

Neutrophils 58%

Lymphocytes 38%

Eosinophils 02%

Monocytes 02%

Platelets 293,000

ESR

Westergren 05

pls tell me is every thing ok according to this report ?

sandra solano

I have RA and just got my lab results for the ESR my value was 33 the reference range is 0-15 what does this mean

Dr. Samina Mazhar

My daughter age 18 has following

MCH 26.1

MCHC 32.4

MPV 12

%mono 10.7

WBC 7.54

RBC 5.0

HGB 13.3

I am very worried for her disturb blood chemistry please tell me about what can be concluded from it?

Silvercatz

I had a cbc with diff./platelet and a metabolic panel for an EGD and Colonoscopy. Ive noticed that the results were

quite different from last year especially in 2 of them. Neutrophils in 2014 was 59 and this year 35. The lymphs 2014

was 27 and this year its 50. The EGD Showed wite spots in my esophagus and small intestines. What does all this

mean and should I be concerned??

Linda Walsh

plt 141-320k/cmm is this normal range?

disqus_jEIUO1YJ0g

Its BUN/Creatinine & is listed above in explanation of blood tests.

Randall Cosens

Heart Attack! Still stuck on cholesterol as the main bad actor and not looking at elevated homocysteine levels, a

proven killer of children with genetic inability to use

specific B vitamins. Children as young as 10 and 12 dying of heart attacks with high levels of homocysteine, a

necessary amino acid at low levels in the blood. In adults with high levels of homocysteine adding B-6, B-12 and folic

acid dropped the levels to normal

at a cost of pennies a day. A blood test for homocysteine should cost less than $40. The doctor discovering this was

told to shut up and then fired from a major Medical University and blackballed when he refused. They had decided

that Cholesterol was the problem and drugs were the answer and happened to be patentable and profitable , like

finding firemen at fires and concluding they must be causing fires.

Edie cubby

I just got my blood work and my AST is 111. And my ALT is 105. What does this mean



Nola

What is the Anion Gap blood test?

LOL

Dear doctor, what is this symbol means??

WBC

HCT

PLT

MXD%

RDW_SD

RDW_CV

P_LCR

Found it on my bloodtest results..please reply..

mary

my platelets say alert, they are 91, should I check this out with my Dr.?

Douglas Osgood

I have Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Had it for 7 years now. Have read some work done on T-Cell Immunotherapy

for Leukemia. Is this some thing I should look into. I got the CLL from over dose of Cat scan radiation.

sujith

Can you help me with my complete blood count report ? Can anyone tell me what these results mean?

WBC H 12.0510^3/uL

neutrophils H 73.0%

Lymphocytes L 16.3%

MCHC L 3.9g/dL

sujith


WBC H 12.0510^3/uL

neutrophils H 73.0%

Lymphocytes L 16.3%

MCHC L 3.9g/dL

sujith


WBC H 12.0510^3/uL

neutrophils H 73.0%

Lymphocytes L 16.3%

MCHC L 3.9g/dL

Linda Dickson

What does CK stand for under Routine Chemistry II and should I be worried if it is high?

Loni Harris Jacks-Beckham

Cant find LY# Mine is low. What does that mean?

Gayle Gdovin

Your figures are wrong!!!1



Nick Petros

Platelet count of 140explain please. NP

Blaine

My wbc is very low , is there anything i can do to elevate numbers ?

Blaine

my BUN number was elevated . Is there anything different I can do with diet ?

Rener

What is the GGTGGT GGT test stand for? [I don't see it listed] And how would the result of 45 stand?

Thanks to all.

cat38

My MCHC was low

My ALT was high as was my RBC and Glucose

I also have had two episodes of rectal bleeding and the stool test showed blood but Dr. Office said everything was

normal?

Christina Gude

What does B/CR 20.9 on my recent fasting blood panel meanit says normal is 12.0 to 20.0 so mine is slightly

elevated (?) whatever it iscant find the meaning of this abbreviation ANYWHERE???? All other results are w/in

normal range, except this and in a word its freaking me out.

http://www.indiamirrorholidays.com/testimonials.html venunambiar

calccium range in blod

tammi

my toughts exactly Karen.

tammi

JKaterina is correct actually you are all miss understanding what she is saying. yes hyper means over and hypo

under but what she is pointing out is that it is stated by the doctor underneath that if all levels are high you are hyper

but this is not true of the tsh level if you tsh level is above 3.8 it is a sign you are under active . Trust me I know

mine was 196 and I am severly UNDER active and have been treated as so for 16 months. My daughter was told

only yesterday that she is under active with a tsh of 8.76 also so please get your facts correct

Angelica Julia Cardona

how do I figure out the actual number from of my wbc. Its listed as 16.11 _X10^3

Abdelrahman Mohamed

My blood test said my white blood cells are too fat what does this mean?

Arielle Mann

If Dr Connealy is correct then you are saying that my Doctor who works at Beth Israel and went to Harvard Medical

School that he is incorrect. Sorry dont buy the article, nor the information.

Karen

I hate to disagree on the thyroid but hyperthyroid and hypothyroid are backwards in your news letter. If you are

hypothyroid your numbers will be high. If your hyperthyroid they will be low.

sandy

I got 4.11 for RBC (normal is 4.20-5.40). Does that mean Im anemic and should be taking iron tablets?

sandy

My red blood count was 4.11 which is under the 4.20 range and my CHOL (cholesterol ?) was 214 which is above the

low risk range of 200. Should I be worried? Do I need to be taking iron tablets for anemia? Everything else came

back within the normal ranges. Thanks!!



countrygirl282

what does a bun/creatinine ratio 11.3

George Lewis

This has been most informative. Male 67, lived through 6 doctors, only the early ones would try to explain each

medical detail. Have tried o read profiles for some time and this will help, thanks.

Nancy Littlejohn

When reading results of blood tests what does the mean before the number

GLenna Lee

What does the CHL test mean?? Is it for cholesterol? I can not find it on the internet at all. eeps

Niku

My Hemoglobin A1c is 6.5. How does that relate to your 70 to 99 mg/dL for the average adult ?

Bev

My daughter needs bloods doing x3 of loc: LOPD, con:SPE what does this mean please? xx

guestzzzzzzzzzz

What are the normal levels of the blood test IGg4?

robert

what should i do if my ast is 44 and my alt is 58

courtney

This is what my med profile reads..

Result 10.9 fL

Normal high 12.0 fL

Normal Low 9.0 fL

courtney

My MPV is 10.9 and Platelet count is 199. Im a usually very healthy, except extremely fatigued, 28 year old. I can

only read my own results and have not had them explained yet to me.but why do you say why me? Im at around

the same levels as youlower platelets. What are you worried about?

courtney

Can you help me with my results? The dr hasnt gotten back to me, but theyre posted on my health profile.

Low b12

Hi direct bili

Lo ALP

Lo ALT

Lo Sodium

Lo Potassium

Hi Chloride

Lo Creatinine

LO Calcium

Lo RBC count

Slight hi WBC count (within upper range)

Lo Hemoglobin

Lo hematocrit

HI MCHC

Hi RDW

Lo Platelet

BUN on the highest edge of normal



courtney

You are incorrect, JKaterina. HYPER, as in OVERACTIVE, means levels are high. HYPO (meaning UNDER)

means levels are low.

Perhaps using your brain before using your attitude would be helpful. I dont mean to be rude is usually the start

of Dont think Im mean, but Im about to say something mean But I can speak your language.I would be

concerned if YOU were a doctor. This IS so basic!!!

I dont mean to be rudebut youre not that smart.

ronald

what does GLU and RDW mean in a blood report both of mine was high

di_1954

What is Cystatin C? It says mine is high with a 1.29 mg/L with range of 0.50 1.03

Stephanie DeGiovanni

Elevated lipase in an adult is a result indicative of pancreatitis.


I do not believe they put that on everyones results.


Ranges differ depending on patient population. It is nothing to be worried about if the ranges vary a little.


If they are at the end of the range and still within the range then it is not abnormal. If the results are below the range

then a look at your medical history would be done.


C-reactive Protein (CRP) is a test used to screen for cardiovascular disease.

krisin

My blood test shows my levels and the ranges but then it shows the levels and ranges of someone who has CKD do

they put those on everyones or just if u have CKD

Eric Mangin

my total bilirubin was 1.4 which is ok per your chart. MY VA says its high. What should I do?

LadyBlue

Did Blood Test today, I was able to get information on all the test that was done. The article was helpful.

Gayle

What does an elevated lipase mean

unluckyirishlass

Im sorry but YOU are the one who is incorrect! Hyper means high or over, for example HYPERactive is OVERactive,

and HYPO is low or under. Before you question whether someone is lying about their credentials you really should

research your opinions first. I believe you owe her an apology.

Bahaddin Ahmad

Hello Sally , Bahaaddin is talking about your result, every result you have , its normal status but you should be take

care about your self , and your should be eat healthy food.

Agnes Kehr

What is ra latex turbid.sed rate rea tive protein

iogle

Beware of the stated Normal Range for cholesterol. The maximum



acceptable number for total cholesterol was 300 mg/dL. Now its

200?!?!?! Every time that number is lowered, the drug industry makes

many billions of dollars at YOUR EXPENSE both in money and in

health. Your M.D. (who is married to Big Pharma) will not only

immediately prescribe a drug (usually a statin), but it will probably be

a brand name! And beware of combination therapy! If the first drug

doesnt work, try another one and take them both together. Now theyve

sold you TWO drugs! BEWARE! If you dont believe me, find out for

yourself. And dont ask your doctor! Go to a naturopath!

Nicki

Is your explanation of the MCH round the wrong way? Should it read that low may indicate anaemia and high may

indicate nutritional deficiency ??

Christopher Evans

I am living in Austria, so to read the blood test in German can be a bit more difficult.

I have been treated for Rhuma/Arthritis. for the last 2 plus years with no real positive affect, I have been asking for

checks on Lymes since found a few ticks over the space of time ion the skin. The results were a bit boarder line, even

had the spinal canal test neg 18mths ago. But the pain kept on increasing nothing controlled it.

Then after the last infusion treatment seemed to improve for a month, then the pain came back and in September last

year found another tick in my right wrist, then started losing the use of the right hand, the pain was so high no one

could explain, then again had another Lymes test positive and had hit the nerve system. well 1 month normal

antibiotics Nov. Great pain dropped then after Christmas came back with revenge, i had to fight with the Doctors

saying this is the Lymes back, they all stated after 1month treatment there is no Lyme (Boriosis) here, my own Doctor

would not repeat treatment, I went to my specialist on Rhuma he said unlikely not willing to repeat another antibiotic I

explained my theory hat the treatment for rhuma had lowered the immune system so low that this had a very hard

hold. After a while he said OK I will give you treatment for a month but another antibiotic that does not affect Rhuma

as the last may have done, So ended up having Biocef 200 2X daily (Cefpodoxim) after a month the pain had

dropped a bit on the arm and in other parts of the body including the colon, spine, and now going into the 3rd Month

my wrist I can use again and now can type again and live a normal life.

But for the different blood tests from my Rhuma Drs Lab can not make sense of the blood tests, the other labs seem

easy but this one is hard even my G.P. has a problem, could I scan it to you my Rhuma doctor says keep on taking

the Antibiotics and my G.P, is not sure I should. I am also taking teasel which I think has helped as well as

Echinaceae to boast the immune system. This has been a long fight with blood test and spinal tests not showing the

Boriousis bacterium.

Fred Wittig

My wife is dying of no tumor brain cancer by 2 MDs and an oncologist, yet her blood tests at two different clinics

show she is healthy. Is there a better test?

chris

how do you know if you have to much Tylenol in your system. what liver test would be checked.

emme noname

I had my CBC repeated in January because the MPV in September was 10.9. Normal is up to 10.4. Once again the

MPV was 10.9. Platelet count this time was 211. It was near that in September also. This time at my request she did

a CBC with differential. The differential part of the test and the entire test was perfect. All but the MPV at 10.9.

Even though the doctor says that I am fine, I am obsessed with this and keep googling and googling.

My husband had a horrible death from myelodysplastic syndrome in 2011. He acquired this from chemo for CML. I

am afraid of this.

My sister (an RN) thinks my problems are all in my head. That I have a fear of getting a blood cancer.

I dont want to go to an oncologist/hematologist. I want to believe my doctor.

Why am I releasing my platelets into the population too soon? My am I doing this?

Other people arent. Why ME?

Darcy Norris

Can using medical marijuana cause a high ALT number? Mine was 61U/L..i dont drink alcohol or take Tylenol but I

DO use cannabis for pain and anxiety. Thanks!



malak

i think it means lymphocytes monocytes and granulocytes which are types of white blood cells

healthtony

Actually Dr. Connealys information is correct in the article above. If you would like more information about

hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism see this article.

http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/endocrinology/hypothyroidism-and-

hyperthyroidism/

JKaterina

The thyroid information you posted is backwards. Correct = If levels are low, you are hyperthyroid. If levels are high

you are hypothyroid. I dont mean to be rude, but this is so basic I really am concerned you arent a doctor.

Sally

I have had blood tests for fatigue amongst some other symptoms.my results are: rbc 3.96 (range 3.8 5.8),

haemoglobin 130 (range 115 165), haematocrit 0.36 (range 0.37 0.47), MCV 91.9 (range 76 100), MCH 32.7

(range 27 32), MCHC 356 (range 320 360), red blood cell distribution width 12.3 (range 11.5 14.5). I havent

been back to my doctor yet to discuss. Can anyone tell me what these results mean?

Rhonda Wiens

can you please tell me what this means? my blood work was flagged in 2 areas. Hematology MCV was 101. Also-

Differentials Eosinophils was o.8 needing to know! thanks

ub

Thanks Matt thats really helpful .

Matt

Ok. just to help a little. the numbers inside the ( parentheses ) are the normal range. and then also the mean grater

then and less then like in math class. So I hope that help.. Im not a medical professional but I can see that most of

those are in the normal range. you can look at each one indivdually and check like your HCT: 0.39 L/L ( 0.35 0.46 )

so .39 is in between the normal range.

ub

please help.I really hope to find out what this all means

Glucose: 5.3 mmol/L ( 3.5 7.7 )

guess thats normal?????

Observation date: 30-Sep-2013

30 Sep 2013, Liver Function Tests

Total Bilirubin: 7 umol/L ( < 25 )

Alk. Phosphatase: 74 U/L ( 40 100 )

GGT: 25 U/L ( < 50 )

ALT: 25 U/L ( 7.0 )

Comment: Borderline range B12 110 170

Borderline range Folate 7.0 10.0 **** what does that mean????

30 Sep 2013, Iron Studies

Ferritin: 64 ug/L ( 20 380 ) ????is that good?????

Ordered by:

Laboratory: labtests

Observation date: 30-Sep-2013

30 Sep 2013, Renal Function Tests

Sodium: 142 mmol/L ( 135 145 )

Potassium: 4.2 mmol/L ( 3.5 5.2 )

Creatinine: 65 umol/L ( 45 90 )

eGFR: > 90 mL/min/1.73m2 ( > 90 )



Ordered by: ***** and what does that all mean???

30 Sep 2013, Complete Blood Count

Haemoglobin: 130 g/L ( 115 155 )

RBC: 4.55 x10e12/L ( 3.60 5.60 )

HCT: 0.39 L/L ( 0.35 0.46 )

MCV: 87 fL ( 80 99 )

MCH: 28.6 pg ( 27.0 33.0 )

Platelets: 223 x10e9/L ( 150 400 )

WBC: 7.0 x10e9/L ( 4.0 11.0 )

Neutrophils: 4.42 x10e9/L ( 1.90 7.50 )

Lymphocytes: 1.98 x10e9/L ( 1.00 4.00 )

Monocytes: 0.40 x10e9/L ( 0.20 1.00 )

Eosinophils: 0.22 x10e9/L ( < 0.51 )

Basophils: 0.02 x10e9/L ( 0.00 0.20 )

again??????? is this good?????

Carla Padgett-Morris

PRB is Packed Red Blood cells. Usually associated as a treatment for people who have low red blood cell counts.

nonie57

what does the LDL Density mean if it is abnormal

michelle

my blood test said my white blood cells are too fat what does this mean?

Flo OBannon Jewelcentenial191

My lab tests have shown (H) MPV (H)CREATINE (H) FERATIN (H) RED BLOOD CELL count for 2 years. I have a

new medical provider . When these labs came back high last month nothing was said at my last appointment. Should

I let my new Dr know the length of time the levels have been high and request specific tests.

John Isreal

meaning for prb in blood report

Machelle Lund

I just received my lab results today and all of my numbers looked great. Only issues were my good cholesterol which

was too low and my platelet count was lower than it should have been. Should I be worried? Could the platelet count

have been a lab error?

Tammy Morrow

this way very helpful. no one explained any of these with me and I have been looking at these two sheets of paper

feeling lose and reading this helped me so much. Thank You

Jon B

Thank you posting this, it was very helpful in reviewing my results beyond the doctors everything is fine.

Anne Nero

What is:

Lymph%

MONO#

Lymph%

MONO%

ANC

Gran%

Susan Baker-Haynes

Hematocrit is H, MCHC is L, Neutrophils is L, Monocytes is H, Monocytes# is H, Urea Nitrogen is H, Bacteria is 1+. I

have flu like symptoms, body aches, kidneys hurt, low grade fevers. Thyroids fluctuate but they forgot to run tests for



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that. Low grade fevers off and on.

Tammy

is an Aldosterone LCMS, serum test the same as Venipunct, Hepatic, metabolic panel and a lipid panel?

Carol Hatch

My husband just got an elevated CRP, what in the world does that mean??

anna olsen

I am flummoxed in reading the results, not even understanding, on recent blooodwork up that was supposed to be a

hormone panel. Can you guide me?

PonderThis2

Everyone offers possible disorders if #s are elevated. What if everything is low? Ok, not r everything, but suppose all

of the following are at or below the lowest end of range?

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

MCHC

Potassium (fluctuating 3.0-4.2)

Creatinine

Calcium

A/G Ratio (.82:1.1)

Tot Bilirubin

Alk Phosphate

AST

ALT

Magnesium

I cannot seem to find any answers for this phenomenon.

At Newport Natural Health we provide health tips, advice, articles and natural health supplements. Our natural supplements are cutting-edge and formulated by a practicing medical

doctor to help with a variety of health conditions.

Dr. Leigh Erin Connealy combines her real-world hands-on patient experience and modern-day nutritional insights for dealing with common ailments such as blood pressure, blood

sugar, heart health, joint pain, and many of todays top health challenges.



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