botany practical syllabus for online teaching

BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS FOR ONLINE TEACHING

F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern

Practical (Semester I Paper III) for AY 2020-2021only

BO 113: PRACTICALS BASED ON BO 111 & BO 112 (1.5 CREDITS)

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Study of Life Cycle of Spirogyra, Agaricus, and Riccia 01

2 Study of Inflorescence

a. Racemose: Raceme, Spike, Spadix, Catkin, Corymb, Umbel and Capitulum

b. Cymose: Solitary cyme, Uniparous cyme: helicoid and scorpiod, Biparous

cyme and Multiparous cyme.

c. Special type: Verticillaster, Hypanthodium and Cyathium.

01

3. Study of flower with respect to Calyx, Corolla and Perianth, Androecium and

Gynoecium.

01

4. Study of fruits with suitable examples.

a) Simple fruit: Dry: Achene, Cypsella and Legume; Fleshy: Berry and Drupe.

b) Aggregate fruit: Etaerio of follicles and Etaerio of Berries.

c) Multiple fruit: Syconus and Sorosis.

01

5 A. Study of forms of Lichens- Crustose, Foliose and fruticose

B. Study of Mushroom Cultivation. (Steps involved in Mushroom Cultivation

is expected)

01

6 Study of internal primary structure of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous

leaf stem & root.e.g. Sunflower and Maize.

01

F.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern

Practical (Semester II Paper III) for AY 2020-2021only

BO 123: PRACTICALS BASED ON BO 121 & BO 122 (1.5 CREDITS)

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Study of life cycle of Nephrolepis and Cycas. 01

2 Study of comparative account of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous 01

plants w.r.t to external morphological characters.

3. Study of utilization and economic importance of Angiosperms- food, fodder,

fibers, horticulture and medicines

01

4. To observe characteristic features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic plant cell 01

5 Study of Meiosis and mitosis- Observation of divisional stages. 01

6 Plasmolysis- endosmosis, exosmosis, incipient plasmolysis using Rhoeo leaf

peeling and Demonstration of Osmosis- curling experiment

01

S.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern

Practical (Semester III Paper III) for AY 2020-2021only

BO 233: Practical based on BO 231 Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Plant Ecology & BO

232 Plant Physiology (2 Credits)

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Description of flowering plant in botanical terms. 01

2 Study of plant families (any Two ) 01

3. Study of ecological adaptations in Hydrophytes and Xerophytes with any two

examples

01

4. Determination of Diffusion Pressure Deficit (DPD) 01

5 Determine rate of transpiration under different conditions of Sunlight, Shade

and Wind

01

6 Demonstration of the following

a. Commercial biofertilizers

b. Imbibition in seeds

c. Ringing experiment

d. Arc Auxanometer

e. Spectrophotometer

01

S.Y.B.Sc. Botany CBCS Pattern

Practical (Semester IV Paper III) 2020-2021

BO 243: Practical based on BO 241 Plant Anatomy and Embryology & BO 242 Plant

Biotechnology (2 Credits)

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Study of epidermal tissue system – non-glandular and glandular trichomes,

multilayered epidermis, typical stomata (Dicotyledonous and

Monocotyledonous). Photographs or live material

01

2 Study of normal secondary growth in Annona and anomalous secondary

growth in Bignonia with photographs.

01

3. Study of tetrasporangiate anther, types of ovules, dicot and monocot embryo.

with the help of permanent slides or photographs.

01

4. Instruments/equipments used in plant tissue culture laboratory: Principle and

working of Autoclave, oven, laminar air flow cabinet, micropipette, culture

bottles/tubes with cotton plug

01

5 Preparation & sterilization of MS medium, Surface sterilization and

Inoculation of explants.

01

6 Demonstration of principle and working of agarose gel electrophoresis,

centrifuge, spectrophotometer

01

T.Y.B.Sc. Botany June 2015 Pattern

Practical I (For AY 2020-2021only)

BO.347: Practical based on BO.331: Cryptogamic Botany BO. 332: Cell and Molecular

Biology BO.341: Plant Physiology & Biochemistry BO.345: Plant Biotechnology

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

Cryptogamic Botany

1. Study of Algae with respect to systematic position thallus structure and

reproduction of Nosotc, Chara, Sargassum (Any two)

01

2 Study of Fungi respect to systematic position thallus structure and

reproduction of Rhizopus, Saccharomyces and Puccinia (Any one)

01

3. Study of any one Bryophyte and one Pteridophyte member with respect to

systematic position thallus structure and reproduction.

01

Cell and Molecular Biology

4 Study of various stages of mitosis and meiosis 01

5 Study of polytene chromosome from Chironomus larvae 01

6 Isolation and estimation of DNA from plant sources 01

Plant Physiology & Biochemistry

7 Estimation of chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b by spectrometric or colorimetric

method.

01

8 To determine diurnal fluctuation in TAN values of CAM plants. 01

9 Estimation of soluble proteins by Lowery et. al. method. 01

Plant Biotechnology

10 Preparation of MS Medium 01

11 Study of application of biofertilizers- Algal, Fungal, Bacterial, Phosphate

Solubilizers and Organic Fertilizers

01

12 Study of Transgenic plants-Bt Cotton, Bt Brinjal, Bt Tomato and Golden rice 01

Practical II (For 2020-2021only)

BO.348: Practical based on BO.333: Genetics and Evolution BO.334: Spermatophyta and

Palaeoboatny BO.342: Plant Ecology and Biodiversity BO.346: Plant Breeding and Seed

technology

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

Genetics and Evolution

1 Induction of tetraploidy in onion root cells and preparation of squash for

observation of tetraploid cells

01

2 Estimation of PTC taste sensitivity, earlobe and rolling tongue in known

population (Data should be provided to the students)

01

3 Genetic problems on gene mapping using three point test cross (Data should be

provided to the students)

01

Spermatophyta and Palaeoboatny

4. Study of Pinus with the help of permanent slides and plant material/ Charts or

demo of taking sections and observation under microscope

01

5. Study of any four families as per theory course 01

6 Study of fossils – Demonstration practical (photographs/ specimens) 01

Plant Ecology and Biodiversity

7 Study of physicochemical properties of water body by using Sacchi disc, pH

meter and electric conductivity meter.

8 Study of polluted water body with ref. to BOD (Data should be provided to the

students, they will calculate BOD of two different water samples using

formula)

01

9 Study of suitable ecosystem by line/belt transect method (Data should be

provided to the students, they will calculate % Frequency of different plant

species)

01

Plant Breeding and Seed technology

10 Demonstration of Hybridization Techniques. 01

11 Demonstration of chlorophyll mutation in M2 generation.(with the help

Photographs)

01

12 Demonstration of seed sampling equipment’s with the help of photographs. 01

T.Y.B.Sc. Botany June 2015 Pattern

Practical III (For 2020-2021only)

BO. BO.349: Practical based on BO.335: Horticulture and Floriculture BO.336:

Computational Botany BO343: Plant Pathology BO.344: Medicinal and Economic Botany

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

Horticulture and Floriculture

1. Study of garden tools and implements- Sprayer, Duster, Pruning knife,

Sprinkler, Micro-irrigation system

01

2 Study of cutting, layering, budding and grafting 01

3. Methods of harvesting of cut flowers and their preservation methods

for making dry flowers

01

Computational Botany

4. Computation of mean, mode, median, variance and standard deviation from the

given data

01

5 Representation of data by various graphical methods 01

6 Statistical problem solving based on Student’s ‘t’ test and 2 test 2P 01

Plant Pathology

7 Study of Koch’s Postulates 01

8 Study of any two of each fungal, bacterial mycoplasma,viral and non-parasitic

diseases of plants diseases.

01

9 Study of any two of each fungicides and microbial pesticides 01

Medicinal and Economic Botany

10 Demonstration of Plant extraction methods -Cold and Soxhlet extraction and

TLC of any one drug studied in theory.

01

11 Study and preparation of ayurvedic formulations - Asav, Arishtha, Churna 01

12 Study of any six drug plants from theory syllabus (Macroscopic and

Microscopic).

01

M. Sc Botany First Year

M. Sc Botany Practical 2019-2020 Pattern

Semester I (For AY 2020-2021only)

BODP 114: Botany practical based on BODT 114 Biofertilizer and Algal Technology

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Study of microorganisms used in biofertilizer production 01

2 Isolation of Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria 01

3. Isolation of Rhizobium from root nodules of leguminous crop 01

4. Culture establishment and production of Azolla biofertilizers. 01

5 Study of production of algal fertilizers. 01

6 Study of any six sea weeds with applications 01

OR

M. Sc Botany First Year Practical 2019-2020 Pattern


BODP 114: Botany practical based on BODT 114 Pomoculture and Fruit Processing

Technology

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Study of methods of Pruning and Training of fruit plants. 01

2 Study of effect of Growth regulators in fruit ripening in

Banana/Grapes/Mango.

01

3. Study Maturity indices and estimation of Maturity in locally grown

Fruit plant.

01

4. Preparation of Jam, Jelly & Marmalade from Locally available

fruits.

01

5 Preparation of Squash, Candy. 01

6 Demonstration of any one by-product of wastes of fruits. 01



BOUP 115: Botany practical paper based on BOUT 111, BOUT 112, and BOUT 113

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Morphological observations, documentation and classification of

according to Fritsch (1935) with reasons of any one member

belonging to: Charophyta, Euglenophyta, Bascilariophyta

Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta. Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta and

Rhodophyta.

01

2 Study of the any one genera belonging to Myxomycotina,

Mastigomycotina Zygomycotina Ascomycotina Basidiomycotina

and Deuteromycotina of fungi with respect to vegetative,

reproductive structures and classification with reasons according to

01

Ainsworth et al (1973).

3. Morphological, anatomical and reproductive studies of any one

members from Hepaticopsida, Anthocerotopsida and Bryopsida

(Musci)

01

4. Study of mitosis and meiosis 01

5 Differential centrifugation for isolation of cell fractions- Nuclear

fraction

01

6 Isolation of Chloroplasts to study

a. Hill reaction to measure intactness,

b. Chlorophyll estimation

01

7 Study of induced cell senescence in leaf discs &Study of

programmed cell death in plants

01

8 Karyotype analysis, preparation of C- metaphase chromosomes of

appropriate material (Allium / Aloe).

01

9 Study of polygenic inheritance in any suitable material

(Wheat/Maize etc.)

01

10 Problems of population genetics: Estimation of gene and genotypic

frequencies, PTC testing ability in humans

01

11 Problems on Mendelian Inheritance and analysis of F2 data by Chi-

quare Test.

01

12 . Study of Polytene / Salivary gland Chromosomes from

Drosophilla / Chironomous larva, with Balbiani rings, puff balls,

bands & inter bands.

01


Semester II (For AY 2020-2021only)

BODP 124: Practical based on BODT 124 Floriculture and Nursery Managemen

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Study of methods of post harvest technology for flowers (cut

flowers)

01

2 Study of different protective structures with respect to design, 01

components, orientation and construction for cut flower production

3. Study of special cultural practices for flower crops under protected

structure

01

4. Gerbera–identification and description of species/varieties –

propagation and planting –pruning management

01

5 Study of different method of seed germination 01

6 Study of Grafting, budding, Air Layering and cutting method 01



BODP 124: Practical based on BODT 124 Mushroom cultivation and biopesticides

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Morphology of any six mushrooms 01

2 Preparation of spawn for mushroom cultivation 01

3. Cultivation of Dhingri mushroom 01

4. Study of any six botanical pesticides 01

5 Mycoherbicides- Aspergillus, Penicillium to control Alternanthera,

Fusarium to control water hyacinth.

01

6 Mycofungicides- Mycorrhizal fungi to control soil borne

pathogens-Trichoderma to control soil borne pathogens.

01



BOUP 125: Botany practical paper based on BOUT 121, BOUT 122, and BOUT 123

Sr.

No. Title

No. of

Practical

1. Studies on the families as per Bentham and Hooker’s system of

classification– any one example from each sub class

Dicotyledonae:

a) Polypetalae b) Gamopetalae c) Monochlamydae

01

Monocotyledonae:

Epigynae and Glumaceae

2 Studies on the families as per Bentham and Hooker’s system of

classification– any one example from each series

Monocotyledonae:

Epigynae Calycinae and Glumaceae

01

3. Morphological, anatomical and reproductive studies of any one

representative the following orders:

i) Cycadales

ii) Coniferales

iii) Gnetales

01

4. Morphological, anatomical and reproductive studies of the

following Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum and Marsilea

01

5 Isolation and quantification of plant genomic DNA 01

6 Separation of seed storage proteins from legumes and its

quantitative study and qualitative study by SDS-PAGE.

01

7 Restriction digestion study of plasmid DNA and separation by

Electrophoresis

01

8 Study of instruments or equipment’s used in Molecular Biology

techniques (by photographs / by power point / by Animation): PCR

thermal cycler, Gel documentation system, ELISA reader, Millipore

distillation apparatus, Lyophilizer, Refractometer

01

9 Preparation of solutions and buffers. 01

10 Thin Layer chromatography- sugars, amino acids. 01

11 Spectrophotometry: Absorption spectra of protein and nucleic acid. 01

12 Defatting and dialysis of proteins 01

M. Sc Botany Second Year Practical 2019-2020 Pattern

Semester III (For AY 2020-2021only)

BODP 234 Practical Paper based on BODT 234 a) Mycology

Sr.

No

Title of practical No.

1 Preparation of culture medium for fungi-PDA medium, CDA medium, Sabourard’s

medium& preparation of fungal stain & mounting medium

01

2 Isolation of aquatic and soil fungi by baiting method 01

3 Isolation of fungi from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil 01

4 Study any one representative of the following fungi groups

Myxomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Oomycetes ,

01


Pyrenomycetes, Loculoascomycetes, Discomycetes,

01


Gasteromycetes, Hymenomycetes, Deuteromycetes

01



BODP 234 Practical Paper based on BODT 234 b) Angiosperm Taxonomy

Sr.

No


1 Microtome technique for study of embryological characters 01

2 Study of wood character, vessels, storied and non storied wood 01

3 Pollen preparations by Acetolysis method (Semi-permanent) and study of different

pollen morphotypes.

01

4 Study of plant surface attributes with the help of SEM photographs and sieve tube

plastid and dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum with the help of TEM

photographs

01

5 Identification of wild and cultivated plants represented in local flora. 01

6 Selection of two local areas to study vegetation, ecology and flowering pattern of the

region. Google search

01



BODP 234 Practical Paper based on BODT 234 c) Plant Ecology

Sr.

No


1 Find out the minimum number of quadrats required to study the herbaceous

ecosystem

01

2 Study of biotic structure by List Counts Quadrat method to find out frequency and

relative frequency of different plant species and prepare their frequency class

diagram; compare them with Raunkiaer’s normal frequency diagram (Provide data)

01

3 Study of biotic components by List Counts Quadrat method to find out abundance,

density and relative density.

01

4 Study of ecological indicator plants (any five) 01

5 Determination of water holding capacity, moisture content, color and pH of different

soils

01

6 Study the map of Phytogeographical regions of India 01



BODP 234 Practical Paper based on BODT 234 d) Plant Biotechnology

Sr.

No


1 Isolation of Plant genomic DNA using suitable method 01

2 Separation of restriction fragments using Agarose gel Electrophoresis 01

3 Enzymatic isolation of protoplast using suitable plant material 01

4 Evaluation and viability counting of the protoplsts 01

5 Demonstration of Transgenic Plants 01

6 Prepare a case study report on Patenting of any one Biotechnology Product/invention

01



BODP 234 Practical Paper based on BODT 234 e) Genetics and Plant

breeding

Sr.

No


1 Preparation of C- metaphase / G- banding in suitable material 01

2 Karyotype studies of any 2 plants and preparation of ideogram 01

3 Detection of polymorphism from any DNA gel photograph or suitable material 01

4 Preparation of dendrogram from given polymorphic data or by using similarities

matrix and explanation and analysis of dendrogram (by suitable software)

01

5 Estimation of heritability and genetic advance (by suitable software) 01

6 Estimation of Correlation Coefficients(manual / by suitable software) 01



BODP 234 Practical Paper based on BODT 234 f) Seed Science

Sr.

No


1 Study of chemical composition and seed structure 01

2 Study of methods of breaking seed dormancy 01

3 Study of Sampling, dividing and mixing equipments 01

4 Study of seed germination testing methods (Paper, soil and sand). 01

5 Study of physical purity test 01

6 Moisture Testing by moisture meter and oven method 01



BOUP 235 based on BOUT 231, BOUT 232, BOUT 233

Sr.

No


BOUT 231 Computational Botany

1 Measurement of central tendency (mean, mode and median), variance, standard

deviation, coefficient of variance and standard error from the given grouped and

ungrouped data.

01

2 Measures of skewness and measures of Kurtosis (grouped and ungrouped data). 01

3 Examples based on t – test, Chi-square test for goodness of fit and independent

attributes.

01

4 Analysis of variance on the given data (ANOVA) using R/ SPPS/Exc 01

BOUT 232 Developmental Botany

1 Histochemical analysis of secondary growth primary to secondary axis) 01

2 Dissection & Isolation of Developing Embryo and Endosperm 01

3 Observations on Microsporogenesis and Development of Male Gametophyte 01

4 Observations on Megasporogenesis and Development of Female Gametophyte 01

BOUT 233 Plant Physiology (Any 10 Practical)

1 Preparation of standard solutions(%, ppm, molar, normal) of different

concentrations, Preparation of buffers solutions, EC and pH measurements

01

2 Study of deficiency symptoms of essential elements on different crop plants. 01

3 Estimation of soluble proteins in germinating and non-germinating seed by Lowry /

Bradford’s method

01

4 Survey of C4 plants and CAM plants. Find out C4 pathways from the given plants

by titration method(TAN)

01


Semester IV (For AY 2020-2021only)

BODP 243 based on BODT 243 a) Applied Mycology (2Cr)

Sr. Title of practical (Any 12 practical) No.

No

1 Study of plant diseases with reference to histopathology of symptoms, causal

organisms of –any one downy & powdery mildews of crops of local importance, any

one leaf spot diseases & any one rusts & Smuts of local significance.

01

2 Study of any 3 diseases of forest plants for eg. Powdery mildews, rots, spots etc. 01

3 Study of any 6 post harvest diseases or market pathogens of local market. 01

4 Isolation any one mycorrhizal fungi &trichoderma as biofertilizer. 01

5 Biodeterioration of any 3 inorganic materials & any 4 foods spoilage fungi. 01

6 Study of any 4 fungal industrial metabolites/ antibiotics with their importance 01



BODP 243 based on BODT 243 b) Advanced Medicinal Botany (2Cr)

Sr.

No

Title of practical (Any 12 practical) No.

1 Identification of drugs with the help of organoleptic and microscopic evaluation

techniques

01

2 Determination of ash values of drugs 01

3 Histochemical studies of drugs 01

4 Estimation of alkaloids and glycosides from suitable medicinal plants 01

5 Extraction of essential oils from suitable medicinal plants 01

6 Preparation of herbal cosmetics and foods 01



BODP 243 based on BODT 243 c) Plant Physiology (2Cr)

Sr.

No


1 Estimation of chlorophylls and carotenoids. 01

2 Study of effect of abiotic factors on activity of RuBisco/PEPcase enzyme. 01

3 Demonstration of Hill Reaction 01

4 Effects of auxins and cytokinin’s or gibberellins on growth. 01

5 Estimation of total amino acid in germinating and non germinating seed. 01

6 Separation of flavonoids using chromatography. 01



BODP 243 based on BODT 243 d) Industrial Biotechnology (2Cr)

Sr. Title of practical (Any 12 practical) No.

No

1 Isolation of Aspergillus niger from a suitable medium and its maintenance in pure

culture.

01

2 Inoculation of Spore suspension of Aspergillus niger on a fermentation medium to

prepare citric acid broth

01

3 Estimation of citric acid by Spectrophotometric and titration method 01

4 Fermentative production of Ethanol 01

5 Demonstration practical on Biosensors and Biochip 01

6 Demonstration of various nano materials used in bioremediation 01

.



BODP 243 based on BODT 243 e) Seed Technology (2Cr)

Sr.

No


1 Detection and identification of important seed borne fungi by various detection

methods- washing, agar and blotter method

01

2 Detection and identification of seed borne bacteria 01

3 Study of important Pest of fibre crop, pulses, vegetable and storage grain (Any one

example from each), with reference to their life cycle, damage and control measures

01

4 Demonstration of seed processing and treating equipments 01

5 Demonstration: Aids for varietal identification and Preparation of artificial seed 01

6 Report on crops and storage pests, different seed varieties of any three-crop plants 01



BOUP 244 Botany Practical paper / PG Dissertation based on BOUP 244

BOUP 244 based on BODT 244 a) Plant Tissue Technology (2Cr)

Sr.

No


1 Study of different Laboratory instruments used in Plant Tissue culture Laboratory 01

2 Study of different sterilization techniques used in Plant tissue culture 01

3 Preparation and sterilization of MS- medium 01

4 Study of different growth regulators and their role in PTC 01

5 Study of invitro production of haploid using suitable plant material 01

6 Study of production of secondary metabolites from suitable plant material using 01

callus culture and qualitative estimation of the secondary metabolites



BOUP 244 Botany Practical paper / PG Dissertation based on BOUP 244

BOUP 244 based on BODT 244 b) Herbal Technology (2Cr)

Sr.

No


1 Determination of Ash value and moisture content of crude drugs 01

2 Determination of the alcohol content of Asava and Arista. 01

3 Preparation of any one herbal cosmetics. 01

4 Preparation and standardization of any one herbal formulation. 01

5 Monograph analysis of herbal drugs from recent Pharmacopoeias 01

6 Study of different processes of packaging of dry,liquid and aromatic herbal products 01



BOUP 244 Botany Practical paper (2Cr) / PG Dissertation (2Cr)

BOUP 244 based on BODT 244 c) Research Methodology (2Cr)

Sr.

No


1 Experiments based on chemical calculations. 01

2 The art of imaging of samples through microphotography and field photography.

01

3 Poster presentation on defined topics. 01

4 Identification of different type of research in day by day life 01

5 Curation of relevant scientific literature from Google Scholar, NCBI PubMed etc 01

6 Technical writing on topics assigned. 01

PG Dissertation/Project to be taken by the teacher by conducting online/virtual activities

like defining the problem, literature survey, review writing followed by the sequence of

the project as Title, Objective, Significance, Importance, Applications, Background,

Methods and Materials, Experimental details, Results, Discussion and Conclusion.

Students may encourage to submit project report/dissertation in PDF format to the

respective guide, teacher or examination section of the college/department.



BOUP 245 based on BOUT 241 and BOUT 242

Sr.

No


BOUT 241 Botanical Techniques

1 Maceration technique 01

2 Electrical conductivity and pH measurements 01

3 Rocket immune electrophoresis 01

4 Separation of leaf pigments by paper chromatography and TLC 01

5 Separation of isozymes by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 01

6 Microtomy- Processing, double staining, sectioning 01

BOUT 242 Plant Ecology Ecology

1 Estimation of chlorides and alkalinity of the water sample 1

2 Methods for estimating above-ground biomass for carbon pool assessment 1

3 Find out various diversity indices with the help of computer software. 1

4 Comparison of stomatal index of any two plants from polluted and non-polluted

areas

2

5 To find out relationship between two ecological variables using correlation and

regression analysis.

1

6 To estimate dissolved oxygen content in eutrophic and oligotrophic water samples

by azide modification of Winkler’s method.

1

botany practical syllabus for online teaching

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