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8%2 Vrfr lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr 27

8%1 Qmf Tlsiatàf Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr 28

8%6 Qmf wli`q`br lj dlzfsehebf shqèdr 23

8%: Qmf Svif lj Iht hea fbleln`b dsltqm;

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Qhcif :%1 Blssfihq`ler cfqtffe Svif lj Iht èa`bhqlsr hea sfd`nf qpwf

èblnf hea dsltqm 333

Qhcif :%6 Afwfeafeq zhs`hcif hea nhè bleqsli zhs`hcifr 331

Qhcif :%:; Rvnnhsp qhcif lj frq`nhq`le nfqmlar 330

Qhcif :%4-h); A`jjfsfeq nfqmlar jvii rhnwifr lsaèhsp RFr 313

Qhcif :%4-c); A`jjfsfeq nfqmlar rhnf rhnwifr lsaèhsp Rfr 312

Qhcif :%=-h); @erqsvnfeqèd èblnf jvii rhnwifr 311

Qhcif :%=-c); @erqsvnfeqèd èblnf rhnf rhnwifr 316

Qhcif :%0; Wrfval.nfqs`b Svif lj Iht èa`bhqlsr 31:

Qhcif :%87; Bhqfdls`bhi Svif lj Iht avnn`fr 314

Qhcif :%88; Bhqfdls`bhi Svif lj Iht avnn`fr èrqsvnfeqèd

@eblnf 31=

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]@]

Qhcif :%83; Bhqfdls`bhi Svif lj Iht avnn`fr `e

qmf `ezfrqnfeq fxvhq`le 310

Qhcif :%H%78-h); Wllifa LIR jvii rhnwifr 367

Qhcif :%H%78-c); Wllifa LIR rhnf rhnwifr 368

Qhcif :%H%73-h); SF8 -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)

jvii rhnwifr 363

Qhcif :%H%73-c); SF8 -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)

rhnf rhnwifr 362

Qhcif :%H%72-h); SF3 jvii rhnwifr 361

Qhcif :%H%72-c); SF3 rhnf rhnwifr 366

Qhcif :%H%71-h); JF jvii rhnwifr 36:

Qhcif :%H%71-c); JF rhnf rhnwifr 364

Qhcif :%H%76-h); Wllifa @Z jvii rhnwifr 36=

Qhcif :%H%76-c); Wllifa @Z rhnf rhnwifr 360

Qhcif :%H%7:-h); [email protected] -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)

jvii rhnwifr 3:7

Qhcif :%H%7:-c); [email protected] -Q`nf Hzfshdfr lj bleqsli zhs`hcifr)

rhnf rhnwifr 3:8

Qhcif :%H%74-h); SF3.@Z jvii rhnwifr 3:3

Qhcif :%H%74-c); SF3.@Z rhnf rhnwifr 3:2

Qhcif :%H%7=-h); JF.@Z jvii rhnwifr 3:1

Qhcif :%H%7=-c); JF.@Z rhnf rhnwifr 3:6

Qhcif :%C%78-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf Wllifa LIR jvii rhnwifr 3::

Qhcif :%C%78-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf Wllifa LIR rhnf rhnwifr 3:4

Qhcif :%C%73-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF jvii rhnwifr t`qm q`nf hzfshdfr lj

bleqsli zhs`hcifr 3:=

Qhcif :%C%73-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF rhnf rhnwifr t`qm q`nf hzfshdfr lj

bleqsli zhs`hcifr 3:0Qhcif :%C%72-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF3 jvii rhnwifr 347

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]]

Qhcif :%C%72-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf SF3 rhnf rhnwifr 347

Qhcif :%C%71-h); @ezfrqnfeq shqf JF jvii rhnwifr 348

Qhcif :%C%71-c); @ezfrqnfeq shqf JF rhnf rhnwifr 348

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8 @eqslavbq`le

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33

Lzfs qmf ihrq afbhaf qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf è afzfilwèd

hea fnfsdèd.nhsofq fbleln`fr mhr nlzfa èql qmf rwlqi`dmq lj

afzfilwnfeq fbleln`rqr èqfsehq`lehi èzfrqlsr c`. hea nviqìhqfshiafzfilwnfeq bl.lwfshq`le hdfeb`fr hea qmf nfa`h% Jliiltèd qmf

nh}`n qmhq plv bhe leip nhehdf tmhq plv bhe nfhrvsf qmfp mhzf

qvsefa tàfip ql vrèd xvheq`qhq`zf èa`bhqlsr lj qmf xvhi`qp lj

dlzfsehebf jls hehipr`r hea afb`r`le.nhoèd t`qm jhs.sfhbmèd

blerfxvfebfr jls afzfilwèd blveqs`fr%

D`zfe qmhq qmf vrf lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr `r h sfihq`zfip sfbfeq

wmfelnfele h blnwsfmfer`zf hea è.afwqm hehipr`r lj qmf hbqvhi vrf

hea -n`r)vrf lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr hea qmf rqsfedqmr hea

tfhoefrrfr lj qmf nlrq wlwvihs dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr thr n`rrèd è

qmf i`qfshqvsf%

Rqhsqèd jsln tmhq `r oelte jsln wsfz`lvr wvci`bhq`ler qm`r

rqvap;

@afeq`j`fr qmf nlrq wlwvihs dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr f}wihèr qmf`sbleqfeq hea wvqr qmfn èql qmf m`rqls`bhi bleqf}q -bmhwqfs 3)?

@afeq`j`fr qmf nhkls vrfsr lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr hea hehiprfrqmf`s vrf lj èa`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs 2)?

Wslzàfr he è.afwqm hehipr`r lj qmf nlrq wlwvihs dlzfsehebfèa`bhqlsr qmf Tlsiatàf Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr lj qmf Tlsia

Cheo @erq`qvqf -bmhwqfs 1)?

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8% @eqslavbq`le

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Hehiprfr qmf wli`q`br lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr eft qsfear èdlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr hea d`zfr sfblnnfeahq`ler jls vrfsr hea

wslavbfsr lj èa`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs 6)? @ezfrq`dhqfr vrèd whefi ahqh qmf sfihq`lerm`w cfqtffe

dlzfsehebf hea fbleln`b dsltqm hea qfrqr `qr jshdì`qp t`qm

sfrwfbq ql qmf rwfb`j`b bml`bf lj Svif lj Iht èa`bhqlsr hr h

nhkls rvcrfq lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr -bmhwqfs :)%

Bmhwqfsr qtl hea qmsff mhzf cffe wvci`rmfa è h cllo8% Qmf ihrq

qmsff bmhwqfsr hsf rfij.bleqhèfa whwfsr% Cfbhvrf lj qmf jhbq qmhq qmf

bmhwqfsr è qm`r a`rrfsqhq`le mhzf cffe ls tìi cf wvci`rmfa hr rfwhshqf

whwfsr h rnhii lzfsihw frwfb`hiip è qmf èqslavbqlsp rfbq`ler `r

èfz`qhcif%

Qmf ef}q rfbq`le cs`fjip f}wihèr qmf s`rf è èqfsfrq è qmf xvhi`qp

lj dlzfsehebf hea wslbffar qmfe ql f}wihè qmf bleqfeq nfqmlalildp

hea lvqièf lj fhbm bmhwqfs hr tfii hr qmf bleqs`cvq`le `q nhofr ql

wli`bp.nhoèd hea hbhafn`b sfrfhsbm%

8 Hseaq hea Lnhe -377:)%

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31

8% 8 Tmp hii qmf èqfsfrq è dlzfsehebf Dlzfsenfeq Fjjfbq`zfefrr

WR > Wli`q`bhi Rqhcì`qp SX > Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp

SI > Svif lj Iht BB > Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le

@ejlsnhq`le chrfa le Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776c) hea rlvsbfr

tfcr`qfr%

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1% Qmf Tlsiatàf Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr

00

1%3%3 Nlafi hea hrrvnwq`ler

Qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf `r chrfa le qmf jliiltèd nlafi;

Ohvjnhee Oshhp hea Nhrqsv{{` vrf he velcrfszfa blnwlefeqrnlafi;8% pkooodkko

I`rq lj Hccsfz`hq`ler hea @ea`bfr

k BlveqspkK

o @ea`bhqlsrvcblnwlefeqljqmfblnwlr`qfèa`bhqlsoO

p -ko) lcrfszfa rblsf le èa`bhqls o jls blveqsp k

d-k) Velcrfszfaqsvfdlzfsehebfèlvsf}hnwifqsvfSvifljIhtdk`rwl rqvihqfa ql

f}`rq e qmf jlsn lj h elsnhiip a`rqs`cvqfa shealn zhs`hcif t`qm nfhe 7 hea rqheahsa

afz`hq`le 8%

ko A`rqvschebf qfsn hirl sfjfssfa ql hr fssls qfsn% @q bler`rqr lj elq leip wfsbfwq`le hea

nfhrvsfnfeq fssls hea rhnwièd zhs`hq`le cvq hirl qmf nwfsjfbq sfihq`lerm`w

cfqtffe qmf whsq`bvihs blebfwq nfhrvsfa cp ea`bhqls o hea qmf blssfrwleaèd

cslhafs hrwfbq lj dlzfsehebf% Kva`b`hi èafwfeafebf hea bs`nf hr nfhrvsfa cp

Tlsia Nhsofqr Leièf jls f}hnwif n`dmq cf nwfsjfbq wsl}`fr jls Svif lj Iht%

oo Blfjj`b`feqrrfszèdqlnhwqldfqmfst`qmqmfa`rqvschebfqfsnkovelcrfszfa

dlzfsehebf eql qmf lcrfszfa ahqh%

3-o) Zhs`hebf lj qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr lj ea`bhqls o blnnle ql hii blveqs`fr k

Qmf velcrfszfa blnwlefeqr nlafi `r vrfa ql hbblveq jls qmf

jhbq qmhq dlzfsehebf `qrfij `r elq lcrfszhcif hea qmhq `q bhe leip cf

hwwsl}`nhqfa `q cp hddsfdhqèd qmf rblsfr tf lcqhè le fhbm èa`bhqlsp-ko)% @e lsafs ql cf hcif ql frq`nhqf qmf veoelte qsvf dlzfsehebf

d-k) `q `r blezfe`feq ql wvq qmf fssls qfsn qldfqmfs t`qm d-k) èql

cshbofqr%

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877

Qmf jliiltèd hrrvnwq`ler veafsi`f qmf nlafi;

8) Qmf shealn qfsnr -ko) bhiifa qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr hsf

veblssfihqfa t`qm fhbm lqmfs `%f% wfsbfwq`le fsslsr hsf

veblssfihqfa hbslrr èa`bhqlsr hea blveqs`fr% Rlnf hrrvnwq`le lj

qm`r qpwf `r efbfrrhsp jls qmf àfeq`j`bhq`le lj qmf nlafi

whshnfqfsr% Qmf nfhe lj-ko) `r {fsl jls hii ko%

3) Qmf a`rqvschebf qfsn mhr qmf rhnf zhs`hebf 3-o) hbslrr

blveqs`fr t`qmè h d`zfe èa`bhqls cvq nhp mhzf h a`jjfsfeq

zhs`hebf hbslrr èa`bhqlsr%

2) Qmf sfihq`lerm`w cfqtffe velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf hea lcrfszfa

èa`bhqlsr `r ièfhs%

1) Qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr -ko) hsf rqhq`rq`bhiip èafwfeafeq lj qmf

velcrfszfa blnwlefeqr d-k) jls hii k hea o%

6) Velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf d-k) mhzf h klèq elsnhi a`rqs`cvq`le hea

qmf a`rqvschebf qfsnr -ko) mhzf h klèq elsnhi a`rqs`cvq`le%

Qmf qsvf ifzfi lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf è h rwfb`j`b

blveqsp `r veoelte% Ohvjnhee fq hi% frq`nhqf `q blea`q`lehiip le qmf

sfrviqr qmfp lcqhè jls fhbm èa`bhqls è fhbm lj qmf r`} dlzfsehebf

bivrqfsr% Qmfrf èa`bhqlsr hsf hddsfdhqfa è lsafs ql frq`nhqf qmf

qsvf ifzfi jls fhbm dlzfsehebf bivrqfs%

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878

J`srq lj hii Nh}`nvn Iòfi`mlla frq`nhqfr ljoohea o

hsf lcqhèfa%

Qm`r `r chrfa le qmf jliiltèd Iòfi`mlla jvebq`le;

O > evncfs lj èa`bhqlsr

K > evncfs lj blveqs`fr

p-k) > qmf O}8 zfbqls lj qmf p-ko)r jls blveqsp k

p > qmf KO}8 zfbqls lj qmf p-ko)r jls hii blveqs`fr

> O}8 zfbqls lj qmf or

> O}8 zfbqls lj qmfor

> / a`hd {o-o)3~

Qmf tf`dmqr jls fhbm èa`bhqls è qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf hsf

èzfsrfip wslwlsq`lehi ql `qr fssls zhs`hebf `%f% qmf dsfhqfs qmf zhs`hebf

lj qmf fssls qfsn qmf rnhiifs qmf tf`dmq% Qmfp hsf d`zfe cp;

2%

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Ohvjnhee fq hi% chrf qmf`s frq`nhqf lj qsvf dlzfsehebf le h

tf`dmqfa hzfshdf lj qmf sfrbhifa lcrfszfa rblsfr t`qm qmf tf`dmqr

t-o) jvebq`ler lj sfihq`zf fssls zhs`hebfr -fxvhq`le 2)% Sfrbhifa

nfher qmhq -o) `r rvcqshbqfa jsln fhbm lcrfszfa rblsf p-ko) hea qmf

sfrviq `r qmfe a`zàfa cp -o)% Qm`r `r chrfa le sfts`qèd jlsnvih 8

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hea qhoèd h nhqmfnhq`bhi f}wfbqhq`le% Tf hsf afhièd t`qm h

bhibvihq`le lj f}wfbqfa zhivfr hea qmf f}wfbqfa zhivf lj qmf

a`rqvschebf qfsn-ko) `r cp hrrvnwq`le 7%

Qmf blea`q`lehi a`rqs`cvq`le lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf d-k) `r

elsnhi hr h blerfxvfebf lj qmf hrrvnwq`ler t`qm qmf jliiltèd nfhe

-Fxvhq`le 1) hea qmf jliiltèd rqheahsa afz`hq`le -Fxvhq`le 6)%

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Qm`r rqheahsa afz`hq`le afbièfr è qmf evncfs lj èa`zàvhi

èa`bhqlsr è tm`bm h whsq`bvihs blveqsp hwwfhsr hea èbsfhrfr è qmf

zhs`hebf lj qmf a`rqvschebf qfsn le fhbm lj qmfrf èa`bhqlsr%

Qmf jliiltèd whshdshwm afrbs`cfr qmf frq`nhq`le lj qmf qsvf

ifzfi lj dlzfsehebf -Fxvhq`le 1) hea `qr rqheahsa afz`hq`le -Fxvhq`le

6) rqfw cp rqfw%

Qmf rfzfshi mveasfa èa`bhqlsr jsln qmf nlsf qmhe qm`sqp ahqh

rlvsbfr hsf hrr`defa ql qmf : dlzfsehebf bhqfdls`fr; Zl`bf hea

Hbblveqhcì`qp Wli`q`bhi Rqhcì`qp hea Hcrfebf lj Z`lifebf

Dlzfsenfeq Fjjfbq`zfefrr Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp Svif lj Iht

hea Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le% Fhbm lj qmf : hddsfdhqf èa`bhqlsr `r

qmfe blerqsvbqfa è 88 rqfwr% Qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp tìi

rfszf hr he ìivrqshq`le% Cl} 1%3 rmltr è clia hii qmf rlvsbfr

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872

rvszfpr ls f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr . veafsipèd qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp

Xvhi`qp% Nlrq rlvsbfr hsf qmfnrfizfr blnwlr`qf èa`bhqlsr

blerqsvbqfa jsln f}wfsqr cvrèfrr hea mlvrfmliar hertfsr qlrvszfp xvfrq`ler ls bmfboi`rqr% Ql ìivrqshqf OO[ rfifbqfa f`dmq

rvszfp xvfrq`ler jsln qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvnr F}fbvq`zf

Lwè`le rvszfp jls qmf`s Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp èa`bhqls hea jlvs

èa`bhqlsr jsln qmf Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebf Ve`q%

Cl} 1%3 #Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp#

Sfwsfrfeqhq`zf Rlvsbfr

DILCHI @ER@DMQ DILCHI S@RO RFSZ@BF

Sfdvihq`ler ..F}wlsqr; H 3& sfavbq`le è f}wlsq zlivnf hr h sfrviq lj h tlsrfeèd è f}wlsq sfdvihq`lerls sfrqs`bq`ler -rvbm hr f}wlsq i`n`qr) avsèd hep 83.nleqm wfs`la t`qm sfrwfbq ql qmf ifzfi hq qmf q`nf ljqmf hrrfrrnfeq% Sfdvihq`ler .. @nwlsqr; H 3& sfavbq`le è `nwlsq zlivnf hr h sfrviq lj h tlsrfeèd è`nwlsq sfdvihq`ler ls sfrqs`bq`ler -rvbm hr `nwlsq xvlqhr) avsèd hep 83.nleqm wfs`la t`qm sfrwfbq ql qmfifzfi hq qmf q`nf lj qmf hrrfrrnfeq%Sfdvihq`ler .. Lqmfs Cvrèfrr; He èbsfhrf è lqmfs sfdvihqlsp cvsafer t`qm sfrwfbq ql qmf ifzfi hq qmf

q`nf lj qmf hrrfrrnfeq qmhq sfavbfr qlqhi hddsfdhqf èzfrqnfeq è sfhi IBV qfsnr cp 87&Ltefsrm`w lj Cvrèfrr cp Ele.Sfràfeqr; H 8.wlèq èbsfhrf le h rbhif jsln #7# ql #87# è ifdhisfrqs`bq`ler le ltefsrm`w lj cvrèfrr cp ele.sfràfeqr avsèd hep 83.nleqm wfs`la%Ltefsrm`w lj Fxv`q`fr cp Ele.Sfràfeqr; H 8.wlèq èbsfhrf le h rbhif jsln #7# ql #87# è ifdhisfrqs`bq`ler le ltefsrm`w lj fxv`q`fr cp ele.sfràfeqr avsèd hep 83.nleqm wfs`la%FBLELN@RQ @EQFII@DFEBF VE@Q

Vejh`s blnwfq`q`zf wshbq`bfrWs`bf bleqslirA`rbs`nèhqlsp qhs`jjrF}bfrr`zf wslqfbq`lerTLSIA FBLELN@B JLSVN DILCHI BLNWFQ@Q@ZFEFRR SFWLSQ

Hanè`rqshq`zf sfdvihq`ler hsf cvsaferlnfQh} rprqfn r a`rqlsq`lehsp@nwlsq chss`fsr hr lcrqhbif ql dsltqmBlnwfq`q`le è ilbhi nhsofq `r i`n`qfaHeq` nlelwlip wli`bp `r ih} hea èfjjfbq`zfFez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler mvsq blnwfq`q`zfefrrBlnwif}`qp lj qh} RprqfnFhrp ql rqhsq blnwhepMFS@QHDF JLVEAHQ@LE @EAF] LJ FBLELN@B JSFFALN

Jlsf`de ezfrqnfeqCheoèd , jèhebfThdf,Ws`bfrNFSBMHEQ @EQFSEHQ@LEHI DSLVW DSHP HSFH APEHN@BRVejh`s Blnwfq`q`le%

Vejh`s Qshaf%WLI@Q@BHI S@RO RFSZ@BFR @EQFSEHQ@LEHI BLVEQSP S@RO DV@AF@ezfrqnfeq Wsljìf%

DILCHI @ER@DMQ CVR@EFRR BLEA@Q@LER HEA S@RO @EA@BHQLSR

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871

Qh} Fjjfbq`zfefrr; Mlt fjj`b`feq qmf blveqspr qh} bliifbq`le rprqfn `r%Ifd`rihq`le; He hrrfrrnfeq lj tmfqmfs qmf efbfrrhsp cvrèfrr ihtr hsf è wihbf%

Ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf Rlvsbfr

HJS@BHE AFZFILWNFEQ CHEO BLVEQSP WLI@BP HEA @ERQ@QVQ@LEHI

HRRFRRNFEQR

Qshaf wli`bpBlnwfq`q`zf fez`slenfeqIhclvs Nhsofq Wli`b`frHR@HE AFZFILWNFEQ CHEO BLVEQSP WLI@BP HEA @ERQ@QVQ@LEHI HRRFRRNFEQRQshaf Wli`bp hea Jlsf} Sfd`nfFehcièd Fez`slenfeq jls Ws`zhqf Rfbqls AfzfilwnfeqCVR@EFRR FEQFSWS@RF FEZ@SLENFEQ RVSZFP@ejlsnhq`le le qmf ihtr hea sfdvihq`ler `r fhrp ql lcqhè

Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf heq` blnwfq`q`zf wshbq`bfr jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf vewsfa`bqhcif sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf ihclvs sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf qh} sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr%Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsf bvrqln hea qshaf sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr%CFSQFIRNHEE QSHERJLSNHQ@LE @EAF]

Blnwfq`q`leWs`bf Rqhcì`qpTLSIA CHEO BLVEQSP WLI@BP HEA @ERQ@QVQ@LEHI HRRFRRNFEQR

Blnwfq`q`zf fez`slenfeqQshaf wli`bpFVSLWFHE CHEO JLS SFBLERQSVBQ@LE HEA AFZFILWNFEQ QSHER@Q@LE SFWLSQWs`bf i`cfshi`{hq`le

Qshaf * jlsf`de f}bmhedf rprqfnBlnwfq`q`le wli`bp@JHA SVSHI RFBQLS WFSJLSNHEBF HRRFRRNFEQRFehcièd blea`q`ler jls svshi jèheb`hi rfsz`bfr afzfilwnfeq@ezfrqnfeq bi`nhqf jls svshi cvrèfrrfrHbbfrr ql hds`bviqvshi ewvq hea wslavbf nhsofqr@ERQ@QVQF JLS NHEHDFNFEQ HEA AFZFILWNFEQ TLSIA BLNWFQ@Q@ZFEFRR

PFHSCLLO

Hbbfrr ql bhw`qhi nhsofqr -jlsf`de hea alnfrq`b) `r fhrìp hzhìhcifFhrf lj Alèd CvrèfrrCheoèd sfdvihq`le alfr elq mèafs blnwfq`q`zfefrrBlnwfq`q`le ifd`rihq`le è plvs blveqsp alfr elq wsfzfeq vejh`s blnwfq`q`le

Bvrqlnr$ hvqmls`q`fr al elq jhbì`qhqf qmf fjj`b`feq qsher`q lj dllarJèheb`hi erq`qvq`ler$ qsherwhsfebp r elq tàfip afzfilwfa e plvs blveqspFhrp ql rqhsq blnwhepJlsf`de èzfrqlsr hsf jsff ql hbxv`sf bleqsli è alnfrq`b blnwhe`frWs`bf bleqslir hjjfbq ws`bèd lj wslavbqr e nlrq èavrqs`frWvci`b rfbqls bleqshbqr hsf rvjj`b`feqip lwfe ql jlsf`de càafsrSfhi blswlshqf qh}fr hsf ele a`rqlsq`lehspSfhi wfsrlehi qh}fr hsf ele a`rqlsq`lehspQmf f}bmhedf shqf wli`bp lj plvs blveqsp mèafsr qmf blnwfq`q`zfefrr lj feqfsws`rfrQmf ifdhi jshnftlso `r afqs`nfeqhi ql plvs blveqsp$r blnwfq`q`zfefrrWslqfbq`le`rn è plvs blveqsp efdhq`zfip hjjfbqr qmf bleavbq lj cvrèfrr è plvs blveqspIhclvs sfdvihq`ler mèafs cvrèfrr hbq`z`q`frRvcrà`fr `nwh`s fbleln`b afzfilwnfeq

Chrfa le Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3774h)

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876

8) Hii èa`bhqlsr jsln qmf rhnf rlvsbf hsf blncèfa èql h rèdif

èa`bhqls cp qhoèd h r`nwif hzfshdf% Ql ìivrqshqf h r`nwif

hzfshdf lj qmf jlvs èa`bhqlsr wslzàfa cp qmf Fbleln`rq@eqfii`dfebf Ve`q jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp ehnfip Vejh`s

blnwfq`q`zf wshbq`bfr Ws`bf bleqslir A`rbs`nèhqlsp qhs`jjr

hea F}bfrr`zf wslqfbq`ler `r qhofe% Rèbf hii èa`bhqlsr jsln

qmf rhnf rlvsbf mhzf cffe blncèfa èql lef èa`bhqls qmfsf

hsf elt hr nhep èa`bhqlsr hr rlvsbfr è qmf Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp

bivrqfs%

3) Fhbm èa`bhqls blerqsvbqfa è qm`r thp `r sfrbhifa rl qmhq m`dmfs

lvqblnfr blssfrwlea ql cfqqfs lvqblnfr% H jvsqmfs sfrbhièd `r

hbm`fzfa cp j`srq rvcqshbqèd qmf nè`nvn wlrr`cif rblsf hea

qmfe a`zàèd cp qmf a`jjfsfebf cfqtffe qmf nè`nvn hea

nh}`nvnwlrr`cif rblsf%2) Fhbm lj qmf 86 rlvsbfr jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp `r bihrr`j`fa hr

sfwsfrfeqhq`zf ls ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf afwfeaèd le qmf

a`rqs`cvq`le lj qmf èbivafa blveqs`fr hbslrr dfldshwm`bhi sfd`ler

hea èblnf% Jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp rfzfe lj qmf j`jqffe

rlvsbfr hsf bihrr`j`fa hr sfwsfrfeqhq`zf% : lj qmfn hsf f}wfsq

hrrfrrnfeqr -6 blnnfsb`hi hea qmf r`}qm chrfa le blnnfsb`hi

s`ro shqèd hdfebp ahqh) hea lef `r h j`sn rvszfp%

1) Jls qmf sfwsfrfeqhq`zf èa`bhqlsr è qmf Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp

bivrqfs qmf frq`nhqfr lj qmf veoelte whshnfqfsr -o) -o)

hea 3-o) hsf lcqhèfa vrèd Nh}`nvn Iòfi`mlla Frq`nhq`le

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87:

-Fxvhq`le 3)20% Qmf èa`bhqlsr qmhq lcqhè r`nìhs sfrviq ql qmf

lqmfs èa`bhqlsr tìi mhzf h ilt frq`nhqfa 3-o) tmfsfhr

èa`bhqlsr qmhq hsf elq blssfihqfa t`qm qmf lqmfs èa`bhqlsr tìi

mhzf ihsdfs fssls zhs`hebfr% Qmf sfhrleèd cfmèa qm`r bhibvihq`le

`r qmhq qmf blssfihq`le lj rblsfr `r avf ql qmf rhnf veafsipèd

blebfwq lj qsvf dlzfsehebf hea elq avf ql h blssfihq`le lj

wfsbfwq`le fsslsr he hrrvnwq`le qmhq `r a`rbvrrfa cfilt%

6) Tf`dmq bhibvihq`le; Qmvr m`dmip blssfihqfa èa`bhqlsr tìi mhzfh ihsdfs tf`dmq qmhe lqmfs èa`bhqlsr hr qmf tf`dmqr hrr`defa ql

fhbm èa`bhqls -fxvhq`le 2) hsf èzfsrfip wslwlsq`lehi ql qmf`s

`nwvqfa fssls zhs`hebf%

:) Fxvhq`le 1 bhe elt cf frq`nhqfa jls fhbm blveqsp vrèd leip qmf

sfwsfrfeqhq`zf rlvsbfr rl qmhq he frq`nhq`le lj qmf qsvf ifzfi lj

Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp d-k) `r lcqhèfa jls fhbm blveqsp%

4) Qmf rqheahsa fssls lj qmfrf frq`nhqfr `r bhibvihqfa -Fxvhq`le 6)%

=) Qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf èa`bhqlsr hsf sfdsfrrfa le qmfrf

frq`nhqfr lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf ql lcqhè frq`nhqfr lj-o)

-o) hea

3-o) jls qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf èa`bhqlsr% Qmfp hsf

blssfbqfa jls qmf hqqfevhq`le c`hr `nwhsqfa cp nfhrvsfnfeq fssls

è qmf frq`nhqfr lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf lcqhèfa è Rqfw : cp

vrèd qmf rqheahsa fssls lcqhèfa è Rqfw 4%

20 Qmf sfhrle tmp NIF bheelq cf hwwi`fa ql qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf rlvsbfr `r qmhqqmf a`rqs`cvq`le lj velcrfszfa dlzfsehebf è qmf rvcrfq lj blveqs`fr blzfsfa cpqmfrf rlvsbfr `r a`jjfsfeq qmhe qmf a`rqs`cvq`le è qmf tmlif rfq lj blveqs`fr% d-k) tìiqmfsfjlsf elq jliilt h rqheahsa elsnhi a`rqs`cvq`le tm`bm `r sfxv`sfa jls -qm`rhwwi`bhq`le lj) NIF%

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874

0) Ashtèd le hii èa`bhqlsr sfwsfrfeqhq`zf hea ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf

eft tf`dmqr -Fxvhq`le 2) hea chrfa le qmhq eft frq`nhqfr jls

qmf qsvf ifzfi ljSvif lj Iht jls fhbm blveqsp -Fxvhq`le 1) bhecf bhibvihqfa% Qhcif 1%8 rmltr qmf tf`dmqr jls qmf TD@r è 377:%

87) Qmf frq`nhqfr lj Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp jls fhbm blveqsp hsf

sfrbhifa cp rvcqshbqèd qmf nfhe hbslrr blveqs`fr hea a`zàèd

cp qmf rqheahsa afz`hq`le hbslrr blveqs`fr% Hinlrq hii rblsfr hsf

elt è qmf shedf cfqtffe .3%6 hea 3%6%

88) Qmf rqheahsa fssls -Fxvhq`le 6) `r sfbhibvihqfa%

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87=

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887

1%3%2 Bmhshbqfs`rq`br lj qmf TD@r

Qmsff jfhqvsfr hsf tlsqm m`dmi`dmqèd;

Qmf j`srq lef `r qmhq qmf rlvsbfr veafsipèd h TD@ a`jjfs hbslrr

blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf% J`dvsf 1%8 ìivrqshqfr qmf bmhedf è rlvsbfr

lzfs q`nf% @q rmltr qmf shqèd jls Chedihafrm le qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp

Xvhi`qp jls 800= hea 3776

17

% Qmf vwwfs ihpfs rmltr qmf rlvsbfrvrfa ql blerqsvbq qmf shqèd jlvs è 800= hea 87 è 3776% Qmf iltfs

ihpfs rmltr qmf èa`bhqlsr qmhq veafsi`f fhbm rlvsbfr shqèd%

17 @ wsfrfeqfa qm`r f}hnwif hq h Tlsia Cheo tlsormlw è Chedihafrm è Elzfncfs377:%

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888

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883

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882

Qmf rfblea jfhqvsf `r qmhq qmf tf`dmqr hrr`defa ql fhbm rlvsbf

a`jjfs hbslrr blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf hr ìivrqshqfa è J`dvsf 1%3% @q

rmltr qmf tf`dmqr d`zfe ql a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr jls blveqs`fr t`qm r`nìhsrblsfr le qmf 3771 Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le èa`bhqls% Ihsdfs blveqs`fr

t`qm nlsf rlvsbfr qfea ql illo nlsf r`nìhs è qfsnr lj tf`dmqr

hiqmlvdm rqìi elq àfeq`bhi%

J`dvsf 1%3

Rlvsbf; Heafsrle -3774)

J`dvsf 1%2 rmltr qmf tf`dmqr jls E`bhshdvh lzfs q`nf hdhè

èbsfhrèd qmfn wslwlsq`lehiip ql nhof vw jls n`rrèd lcrfszhq`ler%

@e E`bhshdvh :0& lj qmf tf`dmq è 800: tfeq ql F@V tmìf qmf rhnf

rlvsbf dlq leip 82& lj qmf tf`dmq è 377:%

Tf`dmqr 3771 BB-hr ls`dèhiip wvci`rmfa)

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881

J`dvsf 1%2

Tf`dmqr lzfs q`nf BB

-E`bhshdvh hr wvci`rmfa è DN4)

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800: 800= 3777 3773 3772 3771 3776 377:

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Rlvsbf; Heafsrle -3774)

Qmf sfhrler jls qm`r zhs`hq`le è tf`dmqr hsf qmhq h) qmf evncfs

hea blnwlr`q`le lj rlvsbfr a`jjfs hbslrr blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf heac) qmf afdsff lj blssfihq`le cfqtffe h rlvsbfr shqèdr hea qmf lqmfs

rlvsbfr shqèdr bmhedfr lzfs q`nf%

Qmf qm`sa jfhqvsf lj qmf TD@r `r qmf wvci`bhq`le ljnhsdèr lj

fsslsr hiled t`qm qmf wlèq frq`nhqfr ql sfwsfrfeq qmf sfi`hcì`qp lj qmf

shqèd% Hbblsaèd ql Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776c) qmf rqheahsa fssls

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886

sfjifbqr qmf nfhrvsfnfeq fssls fncla`fa è qmf wlèq frq`nhqfr jls

fhbm blveqsp è h d`zfe pfhs% Ohvjnhee fq hi% sfjfs èqfsbmhedfhcip ql

rqheahsa fssls hea nhsdèr lj fssls% Qmfp blerqsvbq 07 &blejàfebf èqfszhir le qmf chr`r lj qmfrf nhsdèr lj fssls hslvea h

blveqspr shqèd tm`bm hbblsaèd ql qmf`s frq`nhqf mhr h 07 wfs bfeq

wslchcì`qp lj bleqheèd qmf blveqspr qsvf -hr lwwlrfa ql

frq`nhqfa) rblsf% Lj blvsrf nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr hsf elq ve`xvf ql qmf

TD@r cvq hsf wsfrfeq è hii èa`bhqlsr%

Ohvjnhee fq hi% thse vrfsr elq ql blnwhsf blveqs`fr hnled

fhbm lqmfs ls lzfs q`nf tmfsf qmf blejàfebf èqfszhir lzfsihw% Ql

ìivrqshqf vrfsr rmlvia elq blebivaf qmhq Chedihafrmr Sfdvihqlsp

Xvhi`qp bmhedfa jsln 800= ql 3776 cfbhvrf qmf sfrwfbq`zf

blejàfebf èqfszhir lzfsihw -rff J`dvsf 1%8)%

Qmf nhsdèr lj fssls hea qmf blssfrwleaèd blejàfebf èqfszhir

afbsfhrf t`qm `) he èbsfhrf è qmf evncfs lj rlvsbfr hea ``) h m`dmfs

blssfihq`le hnled qmf rlvsbfr% Ql ìivrqshqf qmf j`srq wlèq Ohvjnhee

fq hi% -3772) f}wihè qmhq qmf èqfszhi jls h blveqsp t`qm leip lef

rlvsbf tìi cf hclvq qt`bf hr ihsdf hr qmf blejàfebf èqfszhi jls h

blveqsp t`qm rfzfe rlvsbfr% Qmf bhibvihq`le lj qmf rqheahsa fsslsr `r chrfa le qmf hrrvnwq`ler qmhq rlvsbfr nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr hsf

veblssfihqfa hea qmhq qmfsfjlsf h m`dm blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr sfjifbqr

ve`xvfip qmf m`dm afdsff lj hbbvshbp lj qmlrf rlvsbfr hr lwwlrfa ql

ifrr m`dmip blssfihqfa rlvsbfr% Mfebf qmf nlsf rlvsbfr Ohvjnhee fq

hi% vrf hea qmf nlsf qmfrf rlvsbfr hdsff le blveqs`fr shqèdr qmf

nlsf sfi`hcif Ohvjnhee fq hi% cfi`fzf qmf`s èa`bhqlsr ql cf% Hirl

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88:

`nwlsqheq ql elqf `r qmf jhbq qmhq he èa`zàvhi rlvsbfr rhnwif r`{f `r

elq qhofe èql hbblveq è qmf blnwvqhq`le lj h rlvsbfr fssls zhs`hebf

hea hbblsaèdip elq è qmf blnwvqhq`le lj `qr tf`dmq hea qmf nhsdèrlj fssls% Ql ìivrqshqf h rvszfp lj nlsf qmhe 87 777 wflwif `r qsfhqfa

è qmf rhnf thp hr h rlvsbf qmhq sfi`fr le qmf lwè`le lj h jft f}wfsqr%

1%2 Blebfser

Qmf TD@r hsf h zfsp vrfjvi j`srq rehwrmlq lj f}wfsqr wfsbfwq`ler

lj h blveqspr xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf% Mltfzfs vrfsr ljqfe

lzfsfrq`nhqf qmf`s f}wihehqlsp wltfs hea vrf qmfn jls wvswlrfr qmfp

hsf elq rv`qfa jls% Lef nhkls sfhrle jls qmf tàf.rwsfha n`rvrf lj qmf

TD@r `r qmhq vrfsr hsf ljqfe vehthsf lj lef ls hii lj qmf jliiltèd

j`zf èqfssfihqfa wslcifnr t`qm qmf TD@r; `) z`lihq`le lj qmf ofphrrvnwq`le lj ele.blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr ``) ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp

lj qmf shqèdr ```) Tfho blebfwqvhi jlveahq`le `z) -Màafe) rhnwif

c`hr hea bleqfrqhcif tf`dmqèd nfqmla hea z) ihbo lj blnwhshcì`qp

lzfs q`nf hea hbslrr blveqs`fr% Qmfrf wlèqr tfsf sh`rfa è qmf cllo

Vrfr hea Hcvrfr lj Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr cp Hseaq hea Lnhe

-377:)% Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3774c) sfjvqfa qmf bs`q`b`rn è qmf`s tlsoèd

whwfs Qmf Tlsiatàf Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr Wslkfbq; Hertfsèd qmf

Bs`q`br% Qm`r rfbq`le wslzàfr h sfwip ql qmf hsdvnfeqr sh`rfa è

Hertfsèd qmf Bs`q`br ashtèd le h tlsoèd whwfs cp Hseaq

Oehbo hea Lnhe -3774)%

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1%2%8 Blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr

Qmf ofp hrrvnwq`le cfmèa qmf tf`dmqèd lj rlvsbfr hea qmfblnwvqhq`le lj qmf rqheahsa fssls `r qmhq qmf nfhrvsfnfeq fssls `r

veblssfihqfa hbslrr rlvsbfr hea hbslrr blveqs`fr% Ql ìivrqshqf hep

fssls è qmf Mfs`qhdf Jlveahq`ler hrrfrrnfeq lj Bmèhr xvhi`qp lj

dlzfsehebf `r hrrvnfa ql cf èafwfeafeq clqm lj hep fssls è qmf

Mfs`qhdf Jlveahq`ler hrrfrrnfeq lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf è

lqmfs blveqs`fr hea èafwfeafeq lj lqmfs rlvsbfr fsslsr è qmf

hrrfrrnfeq lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf è Bmèh%

Qm`r rfbq`le a`rbvrrfr `) tmfqmfs qmf hrrvnwq`le lj ele.

blssfihqfa a`rqvschebfr `r sfhi`rq`b hea ``) tmhq qmf blerfxvfebfr lj `qr

z`lihq`le hsf%

Qmf iòfi`mlla lj blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr

Qmfsf hsf rfzfshi sfhrler tmp nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr qfea ql cf

blssfihqfa;

8% F}wfsqr tml rvwwip wfsbfwq`le ahqh vrfa è lef rlvsbf hsf

ljqfe èjlsnfa lj hea èjivfebfa cp qmf hrrfrrnfeqr lj f}wfsqr

rvwwipèd rvbm ahqh jls lqmfs rlvsbfr -rlvsbfr wslavbfa clqm

cp qmf rhnf lsdhe`rhq`le hea cp lqmfs lsdhe`rhq`ler)

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3% F}wfsqr tml rvwwip wfsbfwq`le ahqh jls a`zfsrf rlvsbfr hsf

ljqfe èjlsnfa lj hea èjivfebfa cp wfsbfwq`ler hea

hrrfrrnfeqr jsln qmf rhnf qm`sa whsq`fr

2% Wfsbfwq`ler vrfa hr èwvqr jls qmf TD@r hsf ljqfe èjivfebfa

r`de`j`bheqip hea è r`nìhs thpr clqm cp bs`rfr -jèheb`hi

hea,ls wli`q`bhi) hea cp wfsbf`zfa bmhedfr ls iledfs.qfsn

qsfear è h blveqspr fbleln`b wfsjlsnhebf JA@ èjiltr fqb%

1% Cfbhvrf qmf èqfswsfqhq`le lj rvszfp xvfrq`ler `r bleqf}q. hea

bviqvsf.rwfb`j`b wfsbfwq`le fsslsr lj a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr qmhq sfip

le sfrwleafeqr jsln qmf rhnf blveqsp ls bviqvsf hsf iòfip ql

cf blssfihqfa%

F}hnwifr18 èbivaf

Qmf TFJ hea @NA `nwifnfeq r`nìhs f}fbvq`zf rvszfpr t`qmrhnwifr rfifbqfa cp whsqefs èrq`qvqfr% Qmf TFJ hea @NA

rmhsf nhep lj qmf rhnf whsqefs èrq`qvqfr rl nhep lj qmf rhnf

f}fbvq`zfr hsf iòfip ql cf èbivafa è clqm rfqr lj rvszfpr%

18 Tf elqf è whrrèd qmhq lef lj lvs f}hnwifr è Hseaq hea Lnhe -377:) jls qmfiòfip blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr thr qmhq Ohvjnhee fq hi% vrf qmf Bèdshefii`hea S`bmhsar Mvnhe S`dmqr ahqhchrf hea qmf Wli`q`bhi Qfssls Rbhif hr rfwhshqfrlvsbfr è qmf rhnf èa`bhqlsr le qmf albvnfeqhq`le lj qmf TC@% Tf hsf diha qlifhse jsln Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3774c) qmhq qmf albvnfeqhq`le è qmf hwwfea`} èDlzfsehebf Nhqqfsr @Z -Ohvjnhee fq hi% 3776c w% 872) hea Z -Ohvjnhee fq hi%377: w% =1) tmfsf qmf qtl hsf nfeq`lefa hr rfwhshqf rlvsbfr `r n`rifhaèd hea qmhqqmf qtl hsf hbqvhiip qsfhqfa hr lef rlvsbf%

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880

Qmf BW@H wslbfrr qhofr èql hbblveq evnfslvr f}wfsqhrrfrrnfeqr hea j`sn rvszfpr hea shqèdr ljqfe hsf hakvrqfa ql

cf nlsf bler`rqfeq t`qm sheoèdr jsln qmlrf rlvsbfr%

Qmf Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebf Ve`q tm`bm `r lef lj TD@r nhèrlvsbfr vrfr h zfsr`le lj Qsherwhsfebp @eqfsehq`lehir BW@

bifherfa lj qmf F@Vr ls`dèhi ahqh hr h cfebmnhso jls `qr lte

shqèdr hea qmf BW@ vrfr wshbq`bhiip qmf rhnf rlvsbfr hr qmf

TD@ Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le -Dhiqved hea Rhnwjlsa 3776)%

Clqm qmf BW@ hea qmf @BSD blssvwq`le èa`bhqlsr rmltfablssvwq`le è @ealefr`h ql cf jhiièd veqì qmf 8004 Hr`he

jèheb`hi bs`r`r hea s`rèd hjqfs qmf bs`r`r tmfsfhr sfbfeq

hehipr`r jèar qmhq hbqvhi blssvwq`le è @ealefr`h aà elq s`rf

hjqfs qmf bs`r`r -Qmlnwrle hea Rmhm 3771)%

@eqfsafwfeafebf alfr elq fzfe sfxv`sf mltfzfs qmhq rlvsbfr

a`sfbqip bmfbo fhbm lqmfs shqèdr% @q bhe hirl sfrviq nfsfip jsln

rlvsbfr sfipèd le nhep lj qmf rhnf nfa`h sfwlsqr ls lqmfs xvhi`qhq`zf

rlvsbfr lj èjlsnhq`le hclvq blea`q`ler è blveqs`fr% @j jls f}hnwif

qmf èqfsehq`lehi nfa`h blzfs blssvwq`le èbàfeqr nlsf qmlslvdmip jlsihsdf -nlsf eftrtlsqmp) blveqs`fr qmhe jls rnhii blveqs`fr qmf rhnf

veèqfeq`lehi c`hr hdhèrq ihsdf blveqs`fr blvia rmlt vw è qmf

blssvwq`le shqèdr wslzàfa cp a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr% -Oehbo 3774 w%

3::)

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@e fhsi`fs wvci`bhq`ler -8000c) Ohvjnhee fq hi% f}wihèfa tmp

blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr `r iòfip hea a`rbvrrfa ql tmhq f}qfeq

qmf nhsdèr lj fsslsr tlvia bmhedf% Tf hsf rvsws`rfa qmfsfjlsf qmhqOhvjnhee fq hi% -377: 3774hc) nlsf sfbfeqip hsdvf qmhq cfbhvrf

qmfp jèa hq nlrq xv`qf nlafrq fzàfebf lj fssls blssfihq`le -w% 80)

hea cfbhvrf qmfsf `r el rvjj`b`feq fnw`s`bhi fzàfebf jls qmf

blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr lvs bhvq`ler hclvq blssfihqfa fsslsr

al elq mlia%

Ohvjnhee fq hi% al elq wvq hep blezèbèd hsdvnfeqr jlsthsa

qmhq a`rbhsa qmf iòfi`mlla lj rfs`lvr blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr;

8% Qmf fnw`s`bhi fzàfebf è Ohvjnhee fq hi% -377:) `r chrfa

le qmf hsdvnfeq qmhq `j wfsbfwq`le fsslsr hsf blssfihqfa leftlvia f}wfbq blnnfsb`hi s`ro shqèd hdfeb`fr shqèdr ql cf

m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm fhbm lqmfs cvq ifrr rl t`qm qmf shqèdr

lj rvszfpr lj j`sn% Ohvjnhee fq hi% sfwlsq qmhq qmf rvszfp ahqh

hsf hr m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm f}wfsq shqèdr hr qmf f}wfsq

shqèdr hsf t`qm fhbm lqmfs hea blebivaf qmhq qmf blssfihq`le lj

wfsbfwq`le fsslsr nlrq elq cf rfs`lvr% Qmf`s hsdvnfeq `r chrfa

le h rèdif rfifbq`zf hea n`rifhaèd bhrf qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b

Jlsvnr f}fbvq`zf lwè`le rvszfp% El lqmfs rvszfp rlvsbf `r

blssfihqfa rl m`dmip t`qm qmf f}wfsq shqèdr%

3% Nlsflzfs wfsbfwq`le fsslsr bhe hirl cf blssfihqfa hbslrr j`sn

rvszfpr hea f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr% F}wfsqr blvia fhrìp hbbfrr

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qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn j`sn rvszfp sfrviqr f`qmfs a`sfbqip

qmslvdm qmf TFJr wvci`bhq`ler ls èa`sfbqip qmslvdm Q@r

blssvwq`le èaf} tm`bm èbivafr qmf nlrq sfbfeq qmsff TFJrvszfpr% H cfqqfs qfrq tlvia cf ql illo hq blssfihq`ler cfqtffe

f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea mlvrfmlia rvszfpr elq èbivafa è Q@r

èaf} èbivaèd Q@r lte Dilchi Blssvwq`le Chslnfqfs%

2% Qmf ihbo lj rvjj`b`feq fzàfebf jls qmf blssfihq`le lj

wfsbfwq`le fsslsr `r h rvsws`rèd hsdvnfeq jls a`rbhsaèd lvs

bhvq`ler% @q bfsqhèip `r elq h sfhrle ql cfi`fzf è qmf èqv`q`zfip

`nwihvr`cif hrrvnwq`le lj veblssfihqfa wfsbfwq`le fsslsr%

1% Elq leip qmf blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr wfsbfwq`le fsslsr `r

wslcifnhq`b cvq hirl qmf blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr

hbslrr blveqs`fr% Ohvjnhee fq hi% al elq a`rbvrr qmf ihqqfs è

Hertfsèd qmf bs`q`br%

Blerfxvfebfr lj blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr

Qmf z`lihq`le lj qmf hrrvnwq`le qmhq a`rqvschebfr hsf elq

blssfihqfa mhr he `nwhbq le `) qmf bler`rqfebp hea vec`hrfaefrr lj qmffrq`nhqfr hea ``) qmf r`{f lj qmf rqheahsa fssls% Qmf hrrvnwq`le

hiiltfa Ohvjnhee fq hi% ql àfeq`jp qmf wlsq`le lj qmf zhs`hq`le è

rblsfr hbslrr blveqs`fr t`qmè fhbm èa`bhqls bhvrfa cp nfhrvsfnfeq

fssls% He èa`bhqls qmhq `r m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm qmf lqmfs èa`bhqlsr `r

èqfswsfqfa hr mhzèd h rnhii sfràvhi zhs`hebf -Ohvjnhee fq hi%

3772)%

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833

@j fsslsr hsf blssfihqfa qmf blzhs`hebf qfsnr è qmf nh}`nvn

iòfi`mlla jvebq`le hsf `nwslwfsip rfq ql {fsl% Qm`r èzhià blerqshèq`nwlrfa le qmf iòfi`mlla jvebq`le nhofr èbler`rqfebp iòfip% Qmf

Nh}`nvn Iòfi`mlla Frq`nhq`le wslbfavsf `r iòfip ql ifha è qm`r

bhrf ql èbler`rqfeq frq`nhqfr lj hiwmh cfqh hea qmf fssls zhs`hebf13%

Qmf frq`nhqfr jls dlzfsehebf lcqhèfa è rqfw 8 ql : tlvia qmfsfjlsf

cf èbler`rqfeq hea qmf rqheahsa fssls tlvia cf m`dmfs% Rqfw = qmf

sfdsfrr`le lj qmf ele.sfwsfrfeqhq`zf èa`bhqlsr le qmfrf frq`nhqfr jls

dlzfsehebf tlvia qmfsfjlsf wslavbf èbler`rqfeq frq`nhqfr jls hiwmh

cfqh hea qmf fssls zhs`hebf hea bhe hirl elq cf hwwslws`hqfip blssfbqfa

jls nfhrvsfnfeq fssls è qmf frq`nhqfr jls dlzfsehebf hr qmf rqheahsa

fssls lcqhèfa è Rqfw 4 `r wslchcip veafsfrq`nhqfa% @e rvn è bhrf lj

blssfihqfa fsslsr tf rvrwfbq qmhq qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf tìi

wslavbf c`hrfa hea èbler`rqfeq frq`nhqfr%

Ohvjnhee fq hi% thse qmhq qmf sfwlsqfa nhsdèr lj fsslsr hsf

hisfhap xv`qf m`dm hrrvnèd qmf cfrq.bhrf rbfehs`l `%f% qmf ele.

blssfihq`le lj qmf a`rqvschebf qfsn% @e qmf iòfip bhrf lj blssfihqfa

a`rqvschebf qfsnr hbslrr èa`bhqlsr qmf nhsdèr lj fsslsr tìi cf fzfe

m`dmfs% Ql qmf`s bsfa`q OO[ f}wilsf qmf iòfip r`de`j`bhebf lj

afwhsqvsfr jsln qmf`s hrrvnwq`le lj {fsl blssfihq`le hnled qmf`s

rlvsbfr fsslsr% Qmfp al rl cp sh`rèd qmf hrrvnfa ifzfi lj blssfihq`le

13 Qmf iòfi`mlla jvebq`le rwfb`j`fa bleqhèr h a`hdlehi nhqs`} hrrvnèd qmhq qmfblzhs`hebf lj qmf fssls zhs`hebfr fxvhir 7 tm`bm veafs Elsnhi`qp `nwi`frèafwfeafebf lj a`rqvschebfr% @q tlvia cf èqfsfrqèd ql vrf qmf Dfefshi Nfqmla ljNlnfeqr hwwslhbm ql hiilt jls blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebf qfsnr hea qmfsfjlsf h ele.a`hdlehi blzhs`hebf nhqs`} -hr tfii hr afz`hq`ler jsln Elsnhi`qp)%

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hnled rlvsbfr fsslsr jsln 7 ql 7%6 hea f}hnèèd `qr fjjfbq le h

rhnwif lj èa`bhqlsr hea blveqs`fr -Ohvjnhee fq hi% 8000c)% Qmfp

sfwlsq qmhq qmf hzfshdf rqheahsa fssls

12

alvcifr jls Svif lj Iht-jsln 7%22 ql 7%::)% Qmf fjjfbq è lqmfs tlsar `r i`qfshiip ql alvcif

qmf r`{f lj blejàfebf èqfszhir hea r`de`j`bheqip tfhofe vrfsr

hcì`qp nfheèdjviip ql blnwhsf blveqs`fr vrèd qm`r èa`bhqls% Pfq

OO[ hirl sfwlsq qmhq qmf fjjfbq lj sh`rèd qmf hrrvnfa ifzfi lj

blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr fsslsr jsln 7 ql 7%6 zhs`fr bleràfshcip jsln

lef blnwlr`qf èa`bhqls ql helqmfs% Qmvr jls Dlzfsenfeq

Fjjfbq`zfefrr qmfp jèa h rnhiifs `nwhbq lj sh`rèd qmf hrrvnfa ifzfi

lj blssfihq`le hnled rlvsbfr fsslsr jsln 7 ql 7%6; `q sh`rfr qmf

hzfshdf r`{f lj qmf rqheahsa fssls jsln 7%23 ql 7%2611%

Jls sfdsfrr`le hehipr`r h m`dmfs nfhrvsfnfeq alfr elq mhzf

`nwlsqheq blerfxvfebfr jls qmf zhià`qp lj qmf jèaèdr% @e jhbq

rqhq`rq`bhiip `q bhe nfsfip nhof `q nlsf a`jj`bviq ql jèa r`de`j`bheq

sfihq`lerm`wr è qmf ahqh cfbhvrf lj hqqfevhq`le c`hr% @e a`hdelrèd

dlzfsehebf wslcifnr hea nle`qlsèd dlzfsehebf wsldsfrr è h

whsq`bvihs blveqsp mltfzfs h m`dmfs qmhe rqhqfa nfhrvsfnfeq fssls

bhe mhzf nlsf rfs`lvr blerfxvfebfr% Vejlsqvehqfip `q `r `nwlrr`cif qloelt qmf qsvf f}qfeq lj nfhrvsfnfeq fssls lj qmf TD@r cfbhvrf `)

12 Hbblsaèd ql Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776h) qmf rqheahsa fssls sfjifbqr qmfnfhrvsfnfeq fssls fncla`fa è qmf wlèq frq`nhqfr jls fhbm blveqsp è h d`zfe pfhs-rff Cl} 1%3)% Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776h) sfjfsèqfsbmhedfhcip ql rqheahsa fssls heanhsdèr lj fssls%

11 Qm`r bhibvihq`le `r hdhè chrfa le qmf hrrvnwq`le qmhq fsslsr hsf fxvhiip blssfihqfahnled rlvsbfr% Mltfzfs tf rvrwfbq qmhq qmf blssfihq`le lj fsslsr zhs`fr hbblsaèdql qmf qpwf lj rlvsbf%

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qmf afdsff lj blssfihq`le lj a`rqvschebfr `r veoelte hea ``) qmf jhbq

qmhq qmf blnwvqhq`le lj qmf rqheahsa fssls `r wvsfip chrfa le qmf

evncfs hea blssfihq`le lj rlvsbfr `r bleqfrqhcif è whsq`bvihs `jrlvsbfr nfhrvsf a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj dlzfsehebf%

Oehbo -3774 w%3:4) hrrfsqr qmhq qmf veoelte cvq rvcrqheq`hi

afdsff lj èqfsafwfeafebf hnled nhep lj qmf rlvsbfr hirl lcz`hqfr

hep bih`nr sfdhsaèd qmf wsfb`r`le lj frq`nhqfr% Lqmfs qmèdr fxvhi

lef bhe mhzf nlsf blejàfebf è h shqèd chrfa le 0 rlvsbfr qmhe le h

shqèd jls helqmfs blveqsp chrfa le leip 2 rlvsbfr% @q `r hirl

`nwlsqheq mltfzfs ql àfeq`jp qmf rlvsbfr hea ql bleràfs qmf iòfip

afdsff lj èqfsafwfeafebf hnled qmfn% Qmsff rlvsbfr bler`rqèd lj h

j`sn rvszfp h mlvrfmlia rvszfp hea he f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeq nhp

wslzàf h s`bmfs rfq lj èjlsnhq`le qmhe eèf rlvsbfr `j hii eèf hsf

f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr% @bfihear 3773 Q@ èaf} `r blnwvqfa jsln r`}

rlvsbfr tm`bm hq j`srq dihebf hwwfhsr `nwsfrr`zfip a`zfsrf% Mltfzfs

elef lj qmfn hsf qsvip èafwfeafeq; qmsff lj qmfn hsf jsln TFJ

rvszfpr jls 3777 3778 hea 3773 hea qmf lqmfs qmsff hsf jsln @NA

rvszfpr jls qmf rhnf pfhsr% Hiqmlvdm qmf whsqefs èrq`qvqfr è @bfihea

hsf a`jjfsfeq jls TFJ hea @NA qmf iòfi`mlla lj lzfsihwwèd rhnwifrlj qlw f}fbvq`zfr t`qm èqfsehq`lehi f}wfs`febf è h blveqsp rl qèp

nvrq cf zfsp m`dm% @bfihea è Q@ `r he f}qsfnf f}hnwif lj

èqfsafwfeafebf cvq qmf wslcifn è nlsf nlafshqf jlsn `r feafn`b

ql clqm Q@ hea TC@% Bih`nr lj cfèd wsfb`rf hclvq `nwsfb`r`le

-Ohvjnhee Oshhp hea [làl.Ilchqle 3777) afwfea le

èafwfeafebf lj hrrfrrnfeqr mfebf bheelq cf rvwwlsqfa%

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Jvsqmfsnlsf `j qmf rlvsbfr nfhrvsf a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj

dlzfsehebf m`dm blssfihq`le bhe el iledfs cf èqfswsfqfa ql èa`bhqf

m`dm hbbvshbp% Qmf sfhrle `r qmhq tf al elq leip theq ql f}qshbq jslnqmf rlvsbfr qmf èjlsnhq`le qmfp mhzf è blnnle cvq nlsf

`nwlsqheqip tf theq ql f}qshbq qmf a`jjfsfeq èjlsnhq`le fhbm rlvsbf

csèdr ql cfhs le qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf% Tf tlvia qmfsfjlsf cf

èqfsfrqfa wsfb`rfip è qmf ele.blssfihqfa zhs`hq`le qmhq `r a`rbhsafa cp

OO[ hr nfhrvsfnfeq fssls% -Rff rfbq`le le rhnwif c`hr hea

tf`dmqèd nfqmla)% Blezfeq`lehiip rqheahsa fsslsr hsf chrfa le qmf

rhnwif r`{f èjlsnhq`le tm`bm `r hzhìhcif jls jft lj qmf TD@

rlvsbfr hea `r a`rbhsafa è qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf%

Tmìf lef nhp xvfrq`le qmf sfi`hcì`qp lj qmf hrrvnwq`ler

sfjifbqfa è qmf r`{f lj qmf rqheahsa fsslsr hea blssfrwleaèdblejàfebf èqfszhir `q `r fxvhiip `nwlsqheq ql fnwmhr`{f qmhq

nfhrvsfnfeq fsslsr hsf elq ve`xvf ql qmf OO[ èa`bhqlsr% Le qmf

bleqshsp OO[ hsf hnled qmf jft wslavbfsr lj dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr

tml qsp ql sh`rf hthsfefrr hnled wlqfeq`hi vrfsr lj dlzfsehebf

èa`bhqlsr lj qmf rfs`lvr nfhrvsfnfeq wslcifnr hrrlb`hqfa t`qm rvbm

èa`bhqlsr%

1%2%3 Ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp

Rlnf alelsr mhzf blnf ql d`zf m`dm `nwlsqhebf ql qmf vrf lj

sfihq`zfip veqsherwhsfeq èa`bhqlsr iòf qmf TD@ ls qmf BW@ è whshal}`bhiip qspèd ql d`zf qsherwhsfebp ql qmf`s hà.hiilbhq`le

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afb`r`ler% Qmf sfhrler jls qmf TD@r ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp hsf

qmsffjlia; `) m`dm blnwif}`qp ``) ihbo lj sfwslavb`cì`qp ```) ihbo lj

veafsipèd qmflsp lj dlzfsehebf%

J`srq lj hii qmf rmffs evncfs hea a`zfsr`qp lj èa`bhqlsr

wslavbfa cp lqmfsr qmhq hsf èblswlshqfa èql h rèdif TD@ nhof `q

zfsp a`jj`bviq ql veafsrqhea h blveqspr shqèd hr ìivrqshqfa è J`dvsf

1%8 le whdf 888 jls qmf TD@ Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp è Chedihafrm

800= hea 3776% Veafsrqheaèd h bmhedf è h blveqspr shqèd lzfs

q`nf ls h bslrr.blveqsp a`jjfsfebf `r blnwi`bhqfa cfbhvrf qmf

blnwlr`q`le hea tf`dmqr lj ws`nhsp rlvsbfr zhsp hbslrr blveqs`fr hea

lzfs q`nf -rff J`dvsf 1%3 hea 1%2 le whdf 882)% Oehbo -3774) f}wihèr

qmhq qmf TD@ Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le vrfr 32 a`jjfsfeq blncèhq`ler

lj rlvsbfr jls qmf Fhrqfse Fvslwfhe hea Bfeqshi Hr`he blveqs`fr heaqmhq qmfsf hsf leip jlvs wh`s lj blveqs`fr tmlrf shqèdr hsf chrfa le h

blnnle rfq lj rlvsbfr% Qm`r a`jj`bviqp ql veafsrqhea qmf nfheèd lj h

blveqspr shqèd `r hii qmf dsfhqfs cfbhvrf rlnf lj qmf veafsipèd

èa`bhqlsr vrfa hr èwvqr hsf qmfnrfizfr zfsp cslha hea `nwsfb`rf ls

ihboèd qsherwhsfebp% Ql ìivrqshqf `q `r elq bifhs tmhq f}hbq bs`qfs`h

qmf Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebf Ve`q -F@V) vrfr jls shqèd blveqs`fr le qmf

èa`bhqls F}bfrr`zf Wslqfbq`ler lef lj qmf rlvsbfr jls Sfdvihqlsp

Xvhi`qp è Chedihafrm -rff J`dvsf 1%8)% Tmfe hsf wslqfbq`ler

efbfrrhsp hea tmfe hsf qmfp f}bfrr`zf hbblsaèd ql qmf F@V< Nhep

rlvsbfr vejlsqvehqfip wslzàf leip mfhaèdr jls qmf`s èa`bhqlsr t`qm

el afjè`q`le ls el albvnfeq lj mlt qmf`s hrrfrrnfeqr tfsf nhaf%

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Rfbleaip qmf TD@r hsf elq sfwi`bhcif% Nhep lj qmf èa`bhqlsr

veafsipèd fhbm rlvsbfr shqèdr qmf 3ea ihpfs è qmf wpshnà hsf elq

a`rbilrfa ql qmf wvci`b -rff J`dvsf 1%8 whdf 888)% Hbbfrr ql nhep ljqmf èa`bhqlsr lj qmf 3ea ihpfs tlvia cf zfsp f}wfer`zf% Ql ìivrqshqf

hbbfrr ql qmf rlvsbf Dilchi S`ro Ahqh jsln Dilchi @er`dmq blrqr ! 83

477 -f.nhì èxv`sp 3771)%

Qm`saip qmf TD@r ihbo hep veafsipèd qmflsp lj dlla ls cha

dlzfsehebf qmhq tlvia f}wihè qmf nfheèd lj qmf èa`bhqlsr%

H blerfxvfebf lj qmf TD@r ihbo lj qsherwhsfebp `r qmhq qmfp

d`zf i`qqif dvàhebf ql ilbhi rqhofmliafsr ls lqmfsr hr ql tmhq blebsfqf

hbq`ler qmfp bhe ls lvdmq ql qhof ql `nwslzf qmf xvhi`qp lj ilbhi

dlzfsehebf% Jls èrqhebf he èa`bhqls jls Svif lj Iht qfiir vr mlt

rfbvsf cvrèfrr wflwif jffi hclvq qmf`s wslwfsqp cvq `q qfiir vr zfsp

i`qqif hclvq tmhq nhofr qmfn jffi qmhq thp% Qmf èa`bhqlsr hsf vrfa

nhèip hr h afb`r`le qlli jls lvqràfsr tml t`rm ql kvadf ls blnwhsf

blveqs`fr cvq hsf elq hbq`le.ls`feqfa jls rqhofmliafsr è qmf blveqs`fr

qmhq hsf cfèd kvadfa hea blnwhsfa%

1%2%2 Tfho blebfwqvhi jlveahq`le

@q `r `nwlsqheq ql sfnfncfs qmhq hii shqèd rprqfnr hsf elsnhq`zf

cp qmf`s zfsp ehqvsf% Qmfp `nwip h kvadnfeq `j qmfp shqf lef blveqsp

cfqqfs qmhe helqmfs blveqsp% Qmfp `nwip h kvadnfeq hclvq tmhq

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83=

dlzfsenfeq lvqblnfr hsf afr`shcif hea tmhq lvqblnfr mhzf ws`ls`qp

lzfs lqmfs lvqblnfr% D`zfe qmhq dlzfsenfeqr lckfbq`zfr hsf

dfefshiip zhdvf hea efbfrrhsìp rfij.bleqsha`bqlsp -zhe af Thiif377=) qmfsf `r el rèdif lckfbq`zf thp lj nfhrvsèd qmf xvhi`qp lj

dlzfsehebf%

Lef n`dmq qmfsfjlsf f}wfbq qmf TD@r ql cf chrfa le h

elsnhq`zf afjè`q`le ls blebfwq lj tmhq blerq`qvqfr dlla ls cha

dlzfsehebf tm`bm afqfsnèfr qmf blveqs`fr shqèdr% Mltfzfs qmfsf `r

el rvbm elsnhq`zf blebfwq ls qmflsp veafsipèd qmf TD@ shqèdr% Qmf

hvqmlsr afjèf qmfrf shqèdr r`nwip hr qmf qsha`q`ler hea èrq`qvq`ler

cp tm`bm hvqmls`qp è h blveqsp `r f}fsb`rfa% Qmfp jvsqmfs

a`rhddsfdhqf qmf bmheefir èql a`jjfsfeq blnwlefeqr pfq qmfp al elq

f}wihè mlt ql a`rqèdv`rm cfqtffe dlla ls cha dlzfsehebf%

Le qmf bleqshsp `qr qmf blnwìhq`le lj hii qmf shqèdr jsln

a`jjfsfeq rlvsbfr cslvdmq qldfqmfs è h rèdif TD@ tm`bm d`zfr

elsnhq`zf nfheèd ql qmf blebfwq lj dlzfsehebf% Cvq elclap

èbivaèd qmf hvqmlsr qmfnrfizfr bhe afjèf qmfrf elsnr% @e haa`q`le

qmf elsnr a`jjfs jsln pfhs ql pfhs hea jsln blveqsp ql blveqsp

cfbhvrf qmf rlvsbfr jls qmf TD@r hr jls qmf BW@ jsln Qsherwhsfebp

@eqfsehq`lehi a`jjfs hbslrr blveqs`fr hea lzfs q`nf -rff J`dvsfr 1%8

1%3 hea 1%2)%

Qm`r a`jjfsfeq n`} lj èa`bhqlsr lzfs q`nf hea hbslrr blveqs`fr

t`qmlvq hep blebfwqvhi f}wi`bhq`le hirl nhofr qmf èqfswsfqhq`le lj

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830

qmf nhsdè lj fsslsr vebifhs; H rqhq`rq`b rvbm hr qmf blejàfebf

èqfszhi hslvea h rhnwif nfhe mhr h zfsp rwfb`j`b èqfswsfqhq`le;

Qmfsf f}`rqr h wlwvihq`le lj rlnfqmèd rwfb`j`b% Tf frq`nhqf qmfnfhe lj qmf wlwvihq`le vrèd lcrfszhq`ler le qmhq rhnf rwfb`j`b qmèd

cvq leip jls h rvcrfq lj qmf wlwvihq`le% Rèbf tf leip mhzf

nfhrvsfnfeqr jls h rhnwif tf hss`zf hq h blejàfebf èqfszhi jls qmf

qsvf wlwvihq`le nfhe jlsqmhq rwfb`j`b qmèd% Qmf TD@r mhzf a`jjfsfeq

n`}fr lj èa`bhqlsr è a`jjfsfeq blveqs`fr hea è a`jjfsfeq pfhsr% Tf

aleq mhzf a`jjfsfeq lcrfszhq`ler le qmf rhnf qmèd tf mhzf a`jjfsfeq

lcrfszhq`ler le a`jjfsfeq qmèdr% Tmhq qmf nhsdè lj fssls nfher è

rvbm bhrf `r vebifhs% -Heafsrle 3774)

Nfi`rrh Qmlnhr -3774) jèar el fzàfebf jls qmf blerqsvbq

zhià`qp lj qmf TD@r% Rmf blebivafr qmhq qmf èa`bhqlsr rqhea hr hefihclshqf hea vervwwlsqfa mpwlqmfr`r hea qmhq hbblsaèdip sfi`hebf

le qmf èa`bhqlsr `r wsfnhqvsf -w%3)%

Jvsqmfsnlsf shqèd blveqs`fr le qsvf dlzfsehebf `nwi`fr qmhq

qmfsf `r h cfrq ls àfhiip wfsjlsnèd dlzfsenfeq -zhe af Thiif

jlsqmblnèd)% Lef nhp tleafs hclvq qmf ehqvsf lj qmf lwwlr`qf

veqsvf dlzfsehebf hea tmfqmfs h rèdif rprqfn lj afr`sfa

dlzfsehebf lvqblnfr hea ws`ls`q`fr rmlvia cf `nwlrfa le qmf

afzfilwèd tlsia% Heasftr -377= w%3) hehiprfr qmf bleqfeq lj qmf

TD@ Dlzfsenfeq fjjfbq`zfefrr hea hsdvfr qmhq qmf dlla

dlzfsehebf w`bqvsf lj fjjfbq`zf dlzfsenfeq `r elq leip lj i`n`qfa vrfè afzfilwnfeq cvq hirl blerq`qvqfr h qmsfhq wslnlqèd `rlnlswm`rn

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827

èrq`qvq`lehi avhi`rn hea jihìèd rqhqfr hea `nwlrèd he

èhwwslws`hqf nlafi lj dlzfsenfeq qmhq o`bor hthp qmf ihaafs

qlahpr fjjfbq`zf dlzfsenfeqr bi`ncfa ql sfhbm qmf`s bvssfeq rqhqfr%Nf`rfi -3771) f}wihèr tmp Hedil.Rh}le dihrrfr al elq mfiw ql

f}wihè qmf shwà dsltqm è qmf Hr`he fbleln`fr hea ljjfsr h eft

nlafi lj Dlzfsehebf Bviqvsfr mfiwjvi jls afzfilwèd blveqs`fr

qlahp% Bmhwqfs 6 tìi jvsqmfs fihclshqf le qmf bvssfeq afchqf hclvq

tmhq dlzfsehebf `r dlla jls afzfilwèd blveqs`fr hea qmf

bmhiifedfr èzlizfa è nfhrvsèd `q%

1%2%1 Rhnwif c`hr hea tf`dmqèd nfqmla

Rhnwif c`hr

Qmf wslcifn `r elq rl nvbm qmhq qmfsf `r c`hr è h d`zfe TD@èa`bhqls% Fzfsp dlzfsehebf èa`bhqls qmhq sheor blveqs`fr tìi cf

c`hrfa cfbhvrf fzfsp shqèd lj h blveqsp `r chrfa le elsnr hea

wsfjfsfebfr qmhq hsf elq efbfrrhsìp rmhsfa tlsiatàf% Qmf wslcifn `r

qmhq qmf c`hrfr sfnhè ihsdfip màafe jsln vrfsr hr qmf nlsf qmhe

qm`sqp rlvsbfr nhep lj tm`bm ihbo qsherwhsfebp qmfnrfizfr

afqfsnèf qmf elsnhq`zf nfheèd lj qmf èa`bhqlsr%

Sfdvihq`ler ql wslqfbq qmf fez`slenfeq hea ihclvs s`dmqr qfea ql

cf èqfswsfqfa hr vejs`feaip ql nhsofqr cp qmf èa`bhqlsr qmhq bhssp

qmf nlrq tf`dmq è qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfrr% Tmfsfhr lef nhp ls nhp

elq hdsff t`qm qm`r èqfswsfqhq`le qmf wslcifn `r qmhq nlrq vrfsr hsfelq hthsf lj qm`r c`hr% Jls f}hnwif Ohvjnhee fq hi% èbivaf qmf

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828

èa`bhqls Fez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler mvsq blnwfq`q`zfefrr jsln qmf

Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvnr F}fbvq`zf Lwè`le Rvszfp cvq qmfp al elq

èbivaf rfzfshi xvfrq`ler qmhq d`zf m`dm shqèdr ql blveqs`fr t`qm hm`dm rqheahsa lj fez`slenfeqhi wslqfbq`le% Vrfsr hsf dfefshiip elq

hthsf lj qm`r ln`rr`le%

Tmìf qmf i`rq lj rlvsbfr vrfa ql wslavbf qmf OO[ èa`bhqlsr -rff

Cl} 1%8 le whdf ==) hwwfhsr ql cf sfhrlehcip a`zfsrf hea

sfwsfrfeqhq`zf lj a`jjfsfeq rqhofmliafsr shedèd jsln wlwvihq`le

rvszfpr ql f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea feqfsws`rf rvszfpr qmf

hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf vrfa ql bhibvihqf qmf blnwlr`qf èa`bhqlsr

hrr`der ifrr tf`dmq ql rlvsbfr qmhq a`jjfs jsln qmf nhkls`qp hr

f}wihèfa wsfz`lvrip% Qmf sfrviq lj qm`r wslbfavsf `r fjjfbq`zfip ql

d`zf nvbm nlsf tf`dmq ql f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea feqfsws`rf rvszfprqmhe ql wlwvihq`le rvszfpr ql qmf wlèq qmhq wlwvihq`le rvszfpr

bhssp wshbq`bhiip el tf`dmq è qmf blnwlr`qf èa`bhqlsr% Ql ìivrqshqf

Dhiivwr Tlsia Wlii qmhq hror b`q`{fer hclvq qmf`s f}wlrvsf ql bs`nf

dfqr {fsl tf`dmq jls qmf TD@ Svif lj Iht tmfsfhr Dilchi @er`dmq

Cvrèfrr S`ro hea Blea`q`ler h blnnfsb`hi cvrèfrr èjlsnhq`le

wslzàfs jsln Clrqle qmhq nfhrvsfr qmf bs`nf s`ro ql cvrèfrrfr dfqr

qmf qm`sa m`dmfrq tf`dmq% He f}hnwif lj h Dilchi @er`dmq èa`bhqls `r

Mlt nvbm lj h qmsfhq cvrèfrrfr jhbf jsln bs`nf rvbm hr

oàehwwèd f}qlsq`le rqsffq z`lifebf cvsdihsp hea rl le% Qmfrf

wslcifnr bhe bhvrf nhkls èblezfe`febf jls jlsf`de èzfrqlsr hea

sfxv`sf qmfn ql qhof f}wfer`zf rfbvs`qp wsfbhvq`ler%

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823

Qtl sfèjlsbèd jhbqlsr i`f cfmèa qmf ilt tf`dmqr d`zfe ql

mlvrfmlia rvszfpr; j`srq lj hii qmfsf hsf jftfs bslrr.blveqsp

blnwhshcif mlvrfmlia rvszfpr hea qmfp wslzàf ahqh jls jftfsblveqs`fr cfbhvrf qmfp hsf f}wfer`zf hea cfbhvrf qmfsf hsf jft

lwwlsqve`q`fr ql f}wil`q qmf ahqh blnnfsb`hiip% Ohvjnhee fq hi% vrf

nlrq bslrr.blveqsp blnwhshcif dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr hzhìhcif hea

blnnfsb`hi èqfsfrqr as`zf h nhkls whsq lj qm`r rvwwip lj dlzfsehebf

èa`bhqlsr%

Rfbleaip tmìf qmf hvqmlsr hsf elq ql sfrwler`cif jls qmf ilt

evncfs lj mlvrfmlia rvszfpr hzhìhcif qmfp blvia mhzf blssfbqfa jls

qm`r rfifbq`le c`hr è qmf hddsfdhq`le wslbfrr% @erqfha qmfp bmlrf ql

vrf he hddsfdhq`le qfbme`xvf16 tm`bm d`zfr ifrr tf`dmq ql wfsbfwq`ler

qmhq a`zfsdf jsln qmf alnèheq nhkls`qp qmhe ql wfsbfwq`ler qmhqblejlsn ql qmf nhkls`qp z`ft% Mlvrfmlia rvszfpr a`zfsdf jsln qmf

nhkls`qp lj f}wfsq wfsbfwq`ler hea qmfsfjlsf dfq ilt tf`dmqr% Qm`r

a`zfsdfebf `r blej`snfa cp sfbfeq n`ssls rvszfpr è jsheblwmlef

Hjs`bh tm`bm rmlt qmhq qmf hrrfrrnfeqr lj qmf xvhi`qp lj ilbhi

dlzfsehebf d`zfe cp f}wfsqr a`jjfs rvcrqheq`hiip jsln qmlrf d`zfe

cp sfrwleafeqr ql ilbhi wlwvihq`le rvszfpr1:%

Qmf sfhrle jls qm`r a`zfsdfebf `r elq efbfrrhsìp qmhq f`qmfs

mlvrfmlia rvszfpr ls f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hsf tsled cvq blvia hirl cf

16

Qm`r nfqmla rmlvia elq cf blejvrfa t`qm jhbqls hehipr`r% Rff j`srq whsq lj qm`rbmhwqfs jls afqhìr1: Sh{hjèasholql hea Slvchva -377:)%

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822

qmhq qmfp hrrfrr a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj dlzfsehebf% Ql blnf chbo ql lvs

wsfz`lvr f}hnwif qmf bs`nf shqf hea wslqfbq`le -ls hcvrf) cp qmf

wli`bf hea kva`b`hsp hsf elq efbfrrhsìp hq qmf rhnf ifzfi jls qmf wlls whsqr lj h b`qp hea qmf a`wilnhq`b hea cvrèfrr whsqr% Mltfzfs

Ohvjnhee fq hi% hrrvnf qmhq qmf a`rbsfwhebp cfqtffe Dhiivwr shqèd

hea qmf nhkls`qp lj f}wfsq shqèdr `r avf ql `qr m`dm nfhrvsfnfeq fssls

hea a`rbhsa qmf wlrr`cì`qp qmhq `q nfhrvsfr rlnfqmèd a`jjfsfeq%

Qm`r rhnwif c`hr è jhzlvs lj cvrèfrr.ls`feqfa wfsbfwq`ler `r

elq ve`xvf ql qmf OO[ èa`bhqlsr% Qsherwhsfebp @eqfsehq`lehir

Blssvwq`le Wfsbfwq`ler @eaf} -BW@) tm`bm ashtr le nhep lj qmf

rhnf rlvsbfr hr OO[r Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le èa`bhqls `r

bmhshbqfs`rfa cp h r`nìhs c`hr% Hr lef lj Qsherwhsfebpr jlveafsr

hea jlsnfs mfha lj sfrfhsbm mhr elqfa Lj qmf 84 a`jjfsfeqèrq`qvq`ler wslzàèd ahqh jls qmf BW@ rèbf 800= leip qtl al elq

mhzf h ws`zhqf.rfbqls c`hr Qm`r mlnldfef`qpdfefshqfr h rfs`lvr

rhnwif c`hr tm`bm `r h dfevèf jhìèd lj qmf BW@% Qmf rhnwif `r elq

leip ws`zhqf rfbqls ls`feqfa `q `r hirl lzfstmfinèdip nhif hea

fbleln`bhiip tfii ljj% Fjjfbq`zfip qm`r nfher qmhq qm`r nlrq

èjivfeq`hi lj èa`bfr `delsfr qmf f}wfs`febfr hea wfsrwfbq`zfr lj nlrq

tlnfe hea lj qmf wlls hea a`rfejshebm`rfa% @q hirl nfher qmhq qmf

èqfsfrqr lj veljj`b`hi cvrèfrrfr tm`bm fnwilp qmf lzfstmfinèd

nhkls`qp lj qmf wlwvihq`le è wlls blveqs`fr hsf `delsfa -Dhiqved

hea Rhnwjlsa 3776)%

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821

Qm`r c`hr è jhzlvs lj f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr -nhep lj tm`bm qfea ql

cf ls`feqfa qlthsa qmf èqfsfrqr hea wfsbfwq`ler lj sfihq`zfip ihsdf

jlsnhi.rfbqls èzfrqlsr hea blswlshq`ler) tm`bm è qmf OO[èa`bhqlsr `r f}hbfschqfa cp qmf`s hddsfdhq`le wslbfavsf `r

wslcifnhq`b jls hq ifhrq qmsff sfhrler%

Lef è qmf tlsar lj qmf Tlsia Cheor 3776 Tlsia Afzfilwnfeq

Sfwlsq `r qmhq hiqmlvdm rlb`fq`fr cfefj`q dsfhqip jsln qmf hbq`z`q`fr lj

j`snr qmf wsfjfsfebfr lj j`snr aleq jviip nhqbm qmlrf lj rlb`fqp%

Qm`r qfer`le `r nlrq fzàfeq è qh}hq`le hea sfdvihq`le% Nlrq j`snr

blnwihè hclvq qh}fr cvq qh}fr jèhebf wvci`b rfsz`bfr qmhq cfefj`q qmf

èzfrqnfeq bi`nhqf hea lqmfs rlb`hi dlhir% Nhep lqmfs j`snr tlvia

hirl wsfjfs ql blnwip t`qm jftfs sfdvihq`ler cvq rlvea sfdvihq`ler

haasfrr nhsofq jhìvsfr hea bhe qmfsfjlsf `nwslzf qmf èzfrqnfeqbi`nhqf hea wslqfbq lqmfs rlb`hi èqfsfrqr -Tlsia Cheo 3771h w% :)%

Pfq jls f}hnwif qmf OO[ èa`bhqls le Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp d`zfr

bleràfshcip dsfhqfs tf`dmq ql rlvsbfr qmhq sfjifbq èa`zàvhi cvrèfrr

nhehdfsr z`ftr le clqm ihclvs hea fez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler hr

mhsnjvi jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr hea jls blnwfq`q`zfefrr

qmhe `q alfr ql rlvsbfr elqhcip wlwvihq`le rvszfpr qmhq sfjifbq lqmfsr

nhsofaip a`jjfsfeq wfsbfwq`ler le qmf slif lj rvbm sfdvihq`ler14% Qmf

ahedfs `r qmhq vrfsr lj qm`r èa`bhqls blvia vet`qqèdip cf èjivfebfa è

14CFFWR sfwlsqr cvrèfrr nhehdfsr hertfs ql qmf xvfrq`le Mlt wslcifnhq`b hsfihclvs sfdvihq`ler jls qmf dsltqm lj plvs cvrèfrr hea qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn

hror qmfn è `qr Dilchi Blnwfq`q`zfefrr Rvszfp ql d`zf qmf`s lwè`le le qmfrqhqfnfeq Fez`slenfeqhi sfdvihq`ler mvsq blnwfq`q`zfefrr tmìf Dilchi @er`dmqjlbvrfr le sfdvihqlsp cvsaferqmhq sfavbf hddsfdhqf èzfrqnfeq%

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826

qmf`s afb`r`ler cp h màafe c`hr hdhèrq ihclvs hea,ls fez`slenfeqhi

sfdvihq`ler jls f}hnwif%

Rfblea qmfsf `r h ahedfs lj b`sbvihs sfhrleèd% @ezfrqlsr mfsa

cfmhz`lvs hea qmf evncfs lj nhkls jèheb`hi bs`rfr è afzfilwèd

blveqs`fr lzfs qmf ihrq afbhaf rvddfrq qmhq èzfrqlsr blejàfebf ifzfir

hsf elq hithpr dlla èa`bhqlsr lj hbqvhi dlzfsehebf sfhi`q`fr è h

blveqsp% @ezfrqlsr qmfnrfizfr èbsfhrèdip rff qm`r wslcifn% Hr h VR.

chrfa èqfsehq`lehi cvrèfrr rwlofrwfsrle1= èqfsz`ftfa jls qm`r rqvap

wmshrfa qmf wslcifn t`qm qlahpr dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr; Tf hsf

chr`bhiip qhioèd ql lvsrfizfr% Tf effa èa`bhqlsr qmhq d`zf vr h nlsf

lckfbq`zf veafsrqheaèd lj qmf hbqvhi blea`q`ler lj dlzfsehebf è

afzfilwèd hea fnfsdèd.nhsofq fbleln`fr%

Qm`sa tmfqmfs è dlla jh`qm -hr `r ljqfe qmf bhrf) ls elqdlzfsenfeqr è afzfilwèd blveqs`fr ljqfe sfrfeq h wfsbf`zfa ws`zhqf.

rfbqls hea tfrqfse c`hr è qmf èa`bhqlsr% He `nwlsqheq

blerfxvfebf sfwlsqfa cp h nhkls LFBA ljj`b`hi alels hdfebp `r qmhq

qmf vrf lj rvbm dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr è qmf hdfebpr a`rbvrr`ler t`qm

sfb`w`feq dlzfsenfeqr ljqfe ifjq qmf ihqqfs jffièd hbbvrfa t`qmlvq

wslzàèd qmfn t`qm hep nfheèdjvi dvàhebf le qmf bhvrfr lj qmf`s

dlzfsehebf rmlsqblnèdr ls le mlt fjjfbq`zfip ql lzfsblnf qmlrf

rmlsqblnèdr% Qmf sfrviq thr ljqfe ql wlihs`rf a`rbvrr`ler ifhzf

sfb`w`feq dlzfsenfeqr jffièd hi`fehqfa hea tfhofe qmf zfsp chr`r jls

1=Klme A% Rvii`zhe F}fbvq`zf A`sfbqls Bfeqfs jls @eqfsehq`lehi Ws`zhqf Feqfsws`rfThrmèdqle A%B%

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82:

bliihclshq`le cfqtffe qmf hdfebp hea dlzfsenfeqr `q thr èqfeaèd ql

mfiw%

@q `r elq wslcifnhq`b è dfefshi ql wslavbf he èa`bhqls qmhq sfi`fr

le qmf wfsbfwq`ler lj f}wfsqr hea j`snr% @q `r fzfe xv`qf veafsrqheahcif

ql vrf qmfrf rlvsbfr cfbhvrf qmfsf hsf r`nwip jft bslrr.blveqsp

blnwhshcif rvszfpr lj èa`zàvhir hzhìhcif hea jhbqr.chrfa

èa`bhqlsr hsf ljqfe el nlsf lckfbq`zf qmhe wfsbfwq`ler.chrfa

èa`bhqlsr -rff Hseaq hea Lnhe 377:)% Cvq `q `r n`rifhaèd ql ihcfi

rvbm he èa`bhqls a`jjfsfeqip% Ohvjnhee fq hi% nhsofq qmf`s èa`bhqlsr

hr sfi`hcif nfhrvsfnfeqr lj dlzfsehebf tmfsfhr Qsherwhsfebp

@eqfsehq`lehi -tmlrf Blssvwq`le Wfsbfwq`ler @eaf} sfi`fr le r`nìhs

rlvsbfr ql qmf TD@ Bleqsli lj Blssvwq`le) blssfbqip afrbs`cfr `qr

èa`bhqlsr hr h rehwrmlq lj qmf z`ftr lj cvrèfrr wflwif hea blveqsphehiprqr lj blssvwq`le%

Tf`dmqèd nfqmla

Ohvjnhee fq hi% sfrwlea è Hertfsèd qmf bs`q`br ql qmf

bs`q`b`rn lj qmf`s tf`dmqèd nfqmla -sh`rfa è qmf rfbq`ler le rhnwif

c`hr hea blssfihq`le lj wfsbfwq`le fsslsr) cp vrèd qtl hiqfsehq`zf

tf`dmqèd rbmfnfr% Qmfp sfwlsq qmhq qmf èaf}fr wslavbfa t`qm qmfrf

hiqfsehq`zf tf`dmqèd rprqfnr hsf zfsp m`dmip blssfihqfa t`qm qmf`s

ls`dèhi TC@ èa`bhqlsr hea blebivaf qmhq bs`q`b`rnr lj qmf`s

tf`dmqèd nfqmlar hsf lj i`qqif `nwlsqhebf%

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824

Mltfzfs ef`qmfs lj qmfrf qtl nfqmlar blssfbqr jls qmf jhbq qmhq

mlvrfmlia rvszfpr hsf è qmf nèls`qp els al qmfp qhof èql hbblveq

qmhq qmlrf rlvsbfr qmhq shqf blveqs`fr a`jjfsfeq jsln qmf nhkls`qp ljrlvsbfr nhp hbqvhiip bleqhè zfsp vrfjvi èjlsnhq`le hclvq qmf xvhi`qp

lj dlzfsehebf%

8% -Ve)fxvhi tf`dmqèd; Ohvjnhee fq hi% vrf h r`nwif hzfshdf ljhii qmf`s rlvsbfr hea bhii qm`r nfqmla fxvhi tf`dmqèd% Rèbf

qmfsf hsf nhep nlsf f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr hea j`sn rvszfpr qmhe

rvszfpr lj èa`zàvhir hzhìhcif fxvhi tf`dmqèd `r hbqvhiip

vefxvhi tf`dmqèd ls rlnf hsf nlsf fxvhi qmhe lqmfsr%

Qmf tf`dmq lj mlvrfmlia rvszfpr `r rqìi efdi`d`cif%

3% Tf`dmqèd hbblsaèd ql dslvwr; Ohvjnhee fq hi% j`srq qhof qmfhzfshdf shqèd lj jlvs dslvwr `) bslrr.blveqsp rvszfpr lj j`snr

hea èa`zàvhir ``) blnnfsb`hi f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr ```) f}wfsq

hrrfrrnfeqr wslavbfa cp EDLr hea `z) f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr

wslavbfa cp nviqìhqfshi lsdhe`rhq`ler% Qmfp qmfe r`nwip

hzfshdf qmf èa`bhqlsr t`qmè fhbm dslvw hea blerqsvbq he

hddsfdhqf èa`bhqls chrfa le qmf jlvs dslvwr hilef% Tf`dmqèdhbblsaèd ql dslvwr `r è dfefshi h zfsp vrfjvi nfqmla ql

blssfbq jls he vechihebfa rhnwif lj a`jjfsfeq qpwfr lj rlvsbfr%

Mltfzfs qmf jhbq qmhq Ohvjnhee fq hi% wvq mlvrfmlia rvszfpr

hea j`sn rvszfpr qldfqmfs è lef dslvw sfavbfr qmf tf`dmq lj

mlvrfmlia rvszfpr ql h elq.fzfe rwfb`j`fa jshbq`le% Mlvrfmlia

rvszfpr rmlvia cf qhofe hr h rfwhshqf dslvw cfbhvrf `q `r

wsfb`rfip mlvrfmlia rvszfpr tmlrf sfrviqr a`jjfs bleràfshcip

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82=

jsln qmf lqmfs rlvsbfr% Jvsqmfsnlsf wvqqèd hii rvszfpr qmhq

ljqfe mhzf h zfsp m`dm rhnwif r`{f -F}fbvq`zf Lwè`le Rvszfp

jsln qmf Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn sfi`fr jls èrqhebf le nlsfqmhe 87777 sfrwleafeqr) è lef dslvw hea jlsnèd qmsff

rfwhshqf dslvwr jls f}wfsq hrrfrrnfeqr sfavbfr qmf tf`dmq lj

rvszfpr è dfefshi ql leip lef jlvsqm%

Qmf bih`n qmhq a`jjfsfeq tf`dmqèd rprqfnr al elq ifha ql

rvcrqheq`hiip a`jjfsfeq sfrviqr10 qmfsfjlsf bheelq cf rvwwlsqfa% Rlvsbfr

al nfhrvsf a`jjfsfeq hrwfbqr lj dlzfsehebf hea sheo blveqs`fr

èa`zàvhiip a`jjfsfeqip? mfebf tmhq rlvsbfr sfbf`zf nlsf tf`dmq tìi

afqfsnèf qmf lzfshii shqèd% Jls qmf wvswlrf lj ìivrqshq`le tf tìi

mhzf h bilrf illo hq #Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp# 377:% J`dvsf 1%1 rmltr qmf

lzfshii sfrviqr lj qmf shqèd% Qhcif 1%3 rmltr mlt fhbm lj qmf qfe

rlvsbfr shqfa qmf j`zf Bfeqshi Hnfs`bhe blveqs`fr%

10Nlsf rprqfnhq`bhiip hr tf a`rbvrr jvsqmfs cfilt qmf sheoèdr wslzàfa cp lvshddsfdhqf èa`bhqlsr hsf xv`qf slcvrq ql hiqfsehq`zf tf`dmqèd rbmfnfr -Ohvjnheefq hi% 3774c w% 82)

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820

J`dvsf 1%1

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817

Qhcif 1%3

#Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp# 377: è Blrqh S`bh Dvhqfnhih Mleavshr

E`bhshdvh hea Whehnh

Rblsfr jsln a`jjfsfeq èa`zàvhi èa`bhqlsr hsf elq a`sfbqip blnwhshcif t`qm fhbm lqmfs rèbf qmfa`jjfsfeq ahqh rlvsbfr vrf a`jjfsfeq ve`qr hea blzfs a`jjfsfeq rfqr lj blveqs`fr% Qmf ahqh jsln qmf

èa`zàvhi èa`bhqlsr hsf jvsqmfs sfrbhifa ql nhof qmfn blnwhshcif hbslrr ahqh rlvsbfr cfjlsf

blerqsvbqèd qmf hddsfdhqf dlzfsehebf èa`bhqlsr% Rff Hddsfdhqèd Dlzfsehebf @ea`bhqlsr-Ohvjnhee fq hi% 8000c) jls afqhìr%

Dvhqfnhih blnfr qm`sa lvq lj qmf j`zf Bfeqshi Hnfs`bhe

blveqs`fr t`qm qmf rhnf rlvsbfr% Mltfzfs leip qtl rlvsbfr sheo `q

qm`sa% Qmsff rlvsbfr sheo `q j`srq -Tlsia Fbleln`b Jlsvn F}fbvq`zf

Lwè`le Rvszfp @JHA Svshi Rfbqls Wfsjlsnhebf Hrrfrrnfeqr

Blrqh S`bh Dvhqfnhih Mleavshr E`bhshdvh Whehnh

Wfsbfeqìf Sheo :2%0 68%3 26%: 28%4 :7%6

Rlvsbf Rlvsbf shqèd -le h rbhif jsln 7 ql 8)CfsqfirnheeQsherjlsnhq`le @eaf} 7%4= 7%14 7%:8 7%62 7%43Fbleln`rq @eqfii`dfebfVe`q 7%46 7%6 7%6 7%6 7%6Dilchi @er`dmq Cvrèfrr

Blea`q`ler hea S`ro@ea`bhqlsr 7%:0 7%11 7%2= 7%2= 7%:0Dilchi @er`dmq DilchiS`ro Rfsz`bf 7%06 7%=4 7%=0 7%43 7%06Mfs`qhdf Jlveahq`le@eaf} lj Fbleln`bJsffaln 7%:4 7%:: 7%:6 7%:0 7%4@JHA Svshi RfbqlsWfsjlsnhebf Hrrfrrnfeqr 7%:1 7%42 7%68 7%6: 7%:6Nfsbmheq @eqfsehq`lehi

Dslvw Dshp HsfhApehn`br 7%66 7%1 7%26 7%26 7%12Wli`q`bhi S`ro Rfsz`bfr@eqfsehq`lehi BlveqspS`ro Dvàf 7%:1 7%=3 7%66 7%42 7%=3Tlsia Cheo BlveqspWli`bp hea @erq`qvq`lehiHrrfrrnfeqr Elq wvci`b Elq wvci`b 7%4 7%: Elq wvci`bTlsia Fbleln`b JlsvnDilchi Blnwfq`q`zfefrr

Sfwlsq 7%1: 7%10 7%2: 7%2: 7%11
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Wli`q`bhi S`ro Rfsz`bf @eqfsehq`lehi Blveqsp S`ro Dvàf) lef sheor `q

rfblea qtl sheo `q jlvsqm hea lef sheor `q j`jqm% Lef lj qmf rlvsbfr

qmhq sheo `q qm`sa Dilchi @er`dmqr Cvrèfrr Blea`q`ler hea S`ro@ea`bhqlsr mhr nlsf tf`dmq qmhe qmf qmsff rlvsbfr qhofe qldfqmfs qmhq

sheo Dvhqfnhih j`srq% @j bleràfshcip nlsf tf`dmq tfsf d`zfe ql qmlrf

rlvsbfr qmhq sheo Dvhqfnhih j`srq Dvhqfnhihr wlr`q`le le qmf shqèd

tlvia `nwslzf%

Whehnh blnfr rfblea jls Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp hjqfs Blrqh

S`bh% Mltfzfs lvq lj qmf 0 rlvsbfr tf mhzf ahqh jls leip jlvs sheor

Whehnh cfmèa Blrqh S`bh% Qtl d`zf qmf rhnf rblsf ql Blrqh S`bh

hea Whehnh hea qmsff sheo Whehnh m`dmfs qmhe Blrqh S`bh% Qhofe

qldfqmfs qmf jlvs rlvsbfr qmhq sheo Blrqh S`bh m`dmfs qmhe Whehnh

mhzf hinlrq alvcif qmf tf`dmq qmhe qmf qmsff rlvsbfr qmhq sheo

Whehnh m`dmfs qmhe Blrqh S`bh% Hdhè t`qm a`jjfsfeq tf`dmqr

Whehnh tlvia `nwslzf `qr sheoèd%

Qmf m`dm a`zfsdfebf è qmf rlvsbfr shqèdr `r sfjifbqfa è qmf

m`dm nhsdèr lj fssls; Dvhqfnhihr 07& blejàfebf èqfszhi lzfsihwr

t`qm qmf blejàfebf èqfszhi lj hii lqmfs jlvs blveqs`fr% Hea Whehnhrblejàfebf èqfszhi lzfsihwr t`qm Blrqh S`bh hea Dvhqfnhih -rff

J`dvsf 1%1)% Hdhè qm`r sfèjlsbfr qmf thseèd qmhq shqèd blveqs`fr le

qmf TD@r frwfb`hiip . cvq elq leip . tmfsf qmf blejàfebf èqfszhir

lzfsihw `r n`rifhaèd%

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813

1%2%6 Ihbo lj blnwhshcì`qp lzfs q`nf

Qmf TD@r bheelq cf vrfa jls a`sfbq blnwhs`rler lj qmf xvhi`qp

lj dlzfsehebf lzfs q`nf 67 % He hbqvhi bmhedf è qmf ifzfi lj

dlzfsehebf `r leip lef lj jlvs wlrr`cif sfhrler jls h bmhedf è h

blveqspr shqèd le qmf TD@r%

H rfblea wlrr`cif sfhrle `r h bmhedf è qmf rlvsbfr wfsbfwq`ler

lj qmf xvhi`qp lj dlzfsehebf t`qmlvq he hbqvhi bmhedf è qmf xvhi`qp ljdlzfsehebf% Jls èrqhebf è Afbfncfs 800: h rqsèd lj blssvwq`le

bhrfr m`q Bmhsifr Mhvdmfp tml mha cffe ws`nf nè`rqfs è @sfihea

jsln 8040 ql 8003% Qmf @eqfsehq`lehi Blveqsp S`ro Dvàf lef lj qmf

rlvsbfr jls qmf TD@r altedshafa @sfihea rfzfshi q`nfr è qmf nleqmr

qmhq jliiltfa hea avsèd tm`bm nlsf hea nlsf fzàfebf lj qmf

rbheahir hwwfhsfa% @q `r veiòfip qmhq qmf ifzfi lj hbqvhi blssvwq`le mha

bmhedfa è @sfihea cvq qmf @BSD vwahqfa `qr shqèd chrfa le eftip

hzhìhcif ejlsnhq`le%

67 Tf elqf è whrrèd qmhq Ohvjnhee fq hi% n`rveafsrqlla qmf sfhrle jls hwwipèdqmf`s svif lj qmvnc . elq ql blnwhsf sfrviqr lzfs q`nf ls hbslrr blveqs`fr t`qmlzfsihwwèd blejàfebf èqfszhir . è Hseaq hea Lnhe w% :=% -rff hertfs qlBs`q`xvf 1 h bs`q`xvf tf efzfs nhaf è Ohvjnhee fq hi% 3774 w%87); Qmf h`n ljqm`r rfbq`le thr ql fnwmhr`{f ql vrfsr qmf `nwlsqhebf lj vrèd Ohvjnhee fq hi%rSvif lj Qmvnc Svif tm`bm tf zfsp nvbm hwwsfb`hqf Cp rmltèd tmhq bmhedfr hsfr`de`j`bheq hq h 07 & r`de`j`bhebf ifzfi tf h`nfa hq sfèjlsbèd Ohvjnhee fq hi%rlte bhvq`ler ql leip nhof blnwhs`rler lzfs q`nf `j qmf nhsdèr lj fsslsr al elqlzfsihw% Hea tf hsf rlnfmlt rvsws`rfa qmhq qmf hvqmlsr dl hthp jsln qmfrf bih`nr%D`zfe qmhq qmf hbqvhi nhsdèr lj fssls hsf iòfip ql cf nvbm m`dmfs rl qmhq nlsfbhvq`le shqmfs qmhe ifrr `r hwwslws`hqf tf jèa `q èhafxvhqf ql èavbf vrfsr ql sfiple h 46 wfsbfeq r`de`j`bhebf ifzfi èrqfha lj h 06 & lef -rff w% 88 è Hertfsèd qmfbs`q`br)%

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H qm`sa wlrr`cif sfhrle jls h bmhedf `r qmhq lqmfs blveqs`fr

dlzfsehebf shqèdr bmhedfa% Rèbf Ohvjnhee fq hi% blerqsvbq fhbm lj

qmf`s blnwlr`qf èa`bhqlsr è rvbm h thp qmhq qmf hzfshdf zhivf lj qmfèa`bhqls hbslrr hii blveqs`fr tlsiatàf `r hithpr {fsl hea `qr

rqheahsa afz`hq`le `r hithpr lef bmhedfr è lef blveqspr shqèd

bmhedf qmf shqèdr lj lqmfs blveqs`fr lqmfs qmèdr fxvhi%

H jlvsqm wlrr`cif sfhrle `r h bmhedf è qmf evncfs hea

blnwlr`q`le lj rlvsbfr jsln lef pfhs ql qmf ef}q% Ql ìivrqshqf

Dvhqfnhihr shqèd le Sfdvihqlsp Xvhi`qp tlsrfefa bleràfshcip

jsln 800= ql 3776% Qmf shqèd jls 800= thr chrfa le qmsff rlvsbfr

hea qmf shqèd jls 3776 le f`dmq rlvsbfr hnled qmfn qmf qmsff

ls`dèhi rlvsbfr jsln 800=% Qmf shqèd lj lef lj qmfrf qmsff rlvsbfr

qmf BW@H `r elq wvci`bip hzhìhcif jls 800=% Qmf lqmfs qtl rlvsbfr

qmhq hsf hzhìhcif jls clqm pfhsr hbqvhiip shqfa qmf blveqsp cfqqfs è

3776 qmhe è 800=% Qmf afqfs`lshq`le è Dvhqfnhihr shqèd jsln 800=

ql 3776 thr mfebf zfsp iòfip as`zfe cp qmf haa`q`lehi rlvsbfr jls

qmf 3776 shqèd -f}hnwif chrfa le ahqh jsln Ohvjnhee fq hi% 377:)%

Bmhedfr è qmf blnwlefeqr lj h blnwlr`qf èa`bhqls lzfs q`nf hsf elq

efbfrrhsìp wslcifnhq`b jls `qr blnwhshcì`qp lzfs q`nf `j qmfsf hsfrvcrqheq`zf sfhrler jls qmf bmhedf -jls èrqhebf blnwvqfsr tfsf

haafa ql qmf chrofq lj dllar vrfa ql bhibvihqf qmf Blervnfs Ws`bf

@eaf} cfbhvrf blervnwq`ler whqqfser bmhedf)% Mltfzfs bmhedfr è

qmf TD@ hsf elq f}wihèfa blebfwqvhiip%

Bleqshsp ql qmf`s lte fhsi`fs tlso -rff Ohvjnhee fq hi% 8000

hc) Ohvjnhee fq hi% -3776c 377: 3774hc) nlsf sfbfeqip bih`n

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811

qmhq qmf`s èa`bhqlsr hbqvhiip al hiilt jls a`sfbq blnwhs`rler lj

dlzfsehebf ifzfir lzfs q`nf `j blejàfebf èqfszhir al elq lzfsihw%

Qmf`s nhkls hsdvnfeq `r qmhq qmf`s f}fsb`rfr chrfa le h rfifbq`le ljrlvsbfr qvsefa vw i`qqif fzàfebf lj r`de`j`bheq qsfear è tlsia

hzfshdfr lj dlzfsehebf -3774c w% 2)% Nlsf wsfb`rfip Ohvjnhee fq

hi% -3774c w% 2%) bih`n qmhq qmf fzàfebf jsln lvs èa`zàvhi rlvsbfr

qmhq tlsia hzfshdfr lj dlzfsehebf hsf elq bmhedèd nvbm `r bsvb`hi

cfbhvrf `q hiiltr vr ql èqfswsfq qmf sfihq`zf bmhedfr è blveqsp rblsfr

le lvs hddsfdhqf èa`bhqlsr ls dslvwr lj blveqs`fr rblsfr hr hcrlivqf

bmhedfr% Tf al elq jèa qm`r hsdvnfeq wfsrvhr`zf jls qmf jliiltèd

sfhrler;

Qmf fzàfebf qmhq dilchi hzfshdfr al elq bmhedf lzfs q`nf `r chrfa le qmf hrrv

c, arndt, 2009

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