cambridge university press perspectives edited by kristin...

INDEX

Aaland Islands 71–3Aarela and Nakkalajarvi v Finland [2001] 33–5Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali [1985] 323accession monitoring see EUACFC see FCNMA.D. v Canada [1984] 38–9Adami, Zarb v Malta [2006] 324–6administrative authorities

minority languages, and 126, 133–4, 262–3advisory and consultative committees 140–1affirmative action see special treatment under discriminationAfrica

indigenous peoples 65–6, 76–8, 251Katanga case 394–5lack of integrative standard-setting 18land displacement 76–8minority protection problems

conflict areas 396–7governments’ response to 395–7history of 395–7

Cold War 395–6Ogoni of Nigeria case 391–4self-determination 394–5slavery 55–7see also African Charter; African Commission; African Court

African Charter (1986) 2–4, 226, 385–400assessment of 399–400Berlin Conference (1885) 386interpreted by African Commission 389–90minorities in Africa

concept of peoples’ rights 388–9‘peoples’ not defined 388–9

creation of 386–7definition of minorities 388–9discriminated against 387

minority rights, none 65–6

425

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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-86483-1 - Synergies in Minority Protection: European and International LawPerspectivesEdited by Kristin Henrard and Robert DunbarIndexMore information

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African Charter (1986) (cont.)objectives promoted by African Commission 389–90provisions

relevant to minorities 389non-discrimination 389

upheld by African Court 397purpose of 387quasi-judicial role 14–16see also Africa; African Commission; African Court

African Commission 2–4, 49–50, 53–5, 389–95indigenous peoples and minorities 65–6information and information sharing 16–17, 68–9procedure 390role and functions 389–90supervisory practice 390, 391–5

Katanga 394–5Ogoni of Nigeria 391–4

synergy with other international instruments 391see also Africa; African Charter; African Court

African Court 18–19, 51, 397–9role and jurisdiction 398–9upholding African Charter 397see also Africa; African Charter; African Commission

African Union see OAUAlbania 142–3, 304Alfredsson, Gudmundur 145Algeria 228–9Ammoun, Charles D. 299–302Amsterdam Treaty 369–70, 371, 378apartheid 205, 301Apirana Mahuika see MahuikaArab states

and democracy 76–8League of Arab states see League

ARF 409–11Article 27 see ICCPRASEAN 403–9

see also Asia-PacificAsia-Pacific region

descent of people from 251lack of integrative standard-setting 18minority protection in 401–24

assessment of 421–4sub-regional international organisations 403–14

ARF 409–11: security role and membership 409ASEAN 403–9: cautious approach 404, normative frameworks 404–8;

children 407, citizenship 406, cultural rights 405–6, human rightsregime, steps towards 404–5, lack of human rights standards 4,

426 index




languages, minority 406–7, ‘new minorities’ 407, NGOsinitiatives 404–5, non-discrimination 405, women 407, proceduralmechanisms for conflict prevention 408–9; reluctance to agreemulti-lateral mechanisms 409

PIF 411–14: expanding agenda 411–12, resolution of crises 412–13, revisedmandate with minority dimension 413

synergies of non-minority-specific regional mechanisms 414–21overview of domestic experiences of minority protection 418–21: member

states’ approaches to minority issues 418–20regional approaches to minority protection : human rights 415–16;

NGOs initiatives 415–16, security issues and lack of collectiveaction 416–18

assimilation of minorities 136–8, 402see also equality under FCNM; minorities; WGM

associations, minority 134–6asylum-seekers and refugees

children 281, 286EU policy 369–70

Australiaboarding of Aboriginal children 292CRC 292, 295ICERD 271–3‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7

AustriaHoffman v Austria see HoffmanOtto-Preminger-Institute v Austria 356–7Petrovic v Austria 321–2

authorship and creation 237–9autonomy see self-determination

Ballantyne et al v Canada [1993] 26–7, 41–2Bangladesh 228–9Belgian Linguistics case [1968] 317–18, 339–40Belgium

Belgian Linguistics see Belgian Linguisticslanguage 369Moreaux v Belgium 332

Berlin Conference (1885) 386Bolivia

DRC 289, 295Bosnia and Herzegovina 202–4

ICERD 271–3Brazil 295Brownlie, Ian 6–8Bulgakov v Ukraine [2005] 341–2Bulgaria 252–3, 378

Ivanova v Bulgaria 347Nachova v Bulgaria 319

index 427




Bulgaria (cont.)Roma cases 372–3UMO Ilinden et al v Bulgaria 336United Macedonian Organisation Ilenden-Pirin v Bulgaria 337

burden of proofArticle 27 cases, in 33–5private discrimination cases, in 328–9

Burundi 271–3minority conflicts in 396–7

CADE see UNESCOCambodia 418–20Canada

A.D. v Canada 38–9Ballantyne et al v Canada 26–7CRC 285, 289–90, 295Lovelace v Canada 29Lubicon Lake Band v Canada see Lubicon‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7Quebec Secession case 37–8Waldman v Canada 41–2

Capotorti, F 193CCR 305–11CEIWGM 53–5, 78–9cemeteries 135central Europe

EU enlargement 4–6LN regime 2see also Europe

CERD/C see ICERDCha’are Shalom VE Tsedek v France [2000] 348–9Chapman v UK [2001] 319–20, 343–5Charter of Fundamental Rights (2000) 366–7Chechnya 271–3children

ASEAN policy initiatives 404–5, 407asylum-seekers 281, 286CRC see CRCeducation see education under CRC

boarding of Aboriginal children 292enforced assimilation of 136family, and, protection of 221–3forcible transfer of 200–1labour 221–3, 281refugees 281, 286

China 243minority issues 418–20

CHR 46–8, 53–7

428 index




citizenshipallocation, impact on inequality 130–1ASEAN members, and 406, 420ICERD application, and 255–6‘new’ minorities 112–17OSCE HCNM criteria 88–9, 94public life participation, impact on 139–41requirement irrelevant in

Article 27 25–6, 121–4FCNM 121–4, 124–5

exceptions 124–5rights 119WGM not requiring for minority status 60–1

COE 4–6, 49–50, 53–5, 78–9, 85–6, 365–8, 382Committee of Ministers, supervision by 14–16, 145–6, 148–9

Languages Charter, under 171–81cross-referencing 9–10FCNM see FCNMinformation and information sharing 16–17, 147Languages Charter 4–6MoU with EU 18–19

Cold War 395–6collective

element in human rights 11OSCE reluctance on 57self-determination 38–9

Commentary on Declaration see WGMCommittee of Ministers see COEcomplaints, individual see HRCconcept and definition of minority 11–12

see also FCNM; ICCPR; WGMconflict prevention see OSCE HCNMCongo, Democratic Republic of 271–3

Katanga case 394–5consultative and advisory committees 140–1corporal punishment 301Côte d’Ivoire 271–3, 396–7Council of the Baltic Sea States 53–5country visits see monitoring; CRC; FCNM; Languages Charter; OSCE HCNMcourts

African see African Courtdomestic, role in

discrimination and equality cases 129–30ICCPR cases 33–5

European Court of Human Rights 261right to use minority language in 2see also judicial authorities

index 429




CRC 4, 53–5, 68–9, 278–96approach, holistic and broad 282–4assessment of 295–6Article 30 23–5asylum-seekers 281, 286definition of minority groups 282–4education 287–8

boarding of Aboriginal children 292Haitian children 60–1indigenous children 13–14, 278, 282–4, 288–9, 292–5language 286–7media 286–7monitoring 279–81

concluding observations 280–1country visits 280–1reporting mechanisms 279–80

non-discrimination 284–6refugees 281, 286scope of application 278specific provision for minority groups 282

definition of minority groups 282–4education 287–8indigenous children 288–9, 292–5media 286–7non-discrimination 284–6reservations/declarations to Article 30 289–90

implementation of Article 30 290–2state reporting mechanisms 14–16, 279–80see also children

creation and authorship 237–9crimes against humanity 191, 205–11

duty to prevent 209–10see also genocide; Genocide Convention

Croatia 75, 99–101, 378–9ICERD 258, 271–3languages 179–80problems in overcoming ethnic bias 128–9

cross-cutting issues see HRCcross-fertilisation of ideas 10–11cross-referencing of standards between bodies 9–10, 68–9CSCE 4–6

see also OSCECT 365–8, 376, 384Cuba 208–10culture and cultural

ASEAN approach 405–6diversity see Languages Chartereconomic activities included see economicenjoyment, human right of 122–4

430 index




EU see EUgenocide 199–204identity 214–15indigenous peoples see under ICCPR; indigenous peoplesprotection of 224–6, 262self-determination 38–9

Cyprus 271–3Cyprus v Turkey [2001] 339–40Czech Republic 271–3

D.H. et al v Czech Republic see D.H. et al

Dahlab v Switzerland [2001] 349Darfur 196–9, 210–11

ICERD 271–3Declaration (1992) 23–5, 226, 389

African Commission 393and UNIEMI see UNIEMIand WGM see WGM

decolonisation 386–7definitions

crimes against humanity 205genocide see genocide; Genocide Conventionminority, of 11–12, 121–7, 365–8, 388–9see also CRC; FCNM; ICCPR; WGMparticipatory concept, of 300–31racial discrimination 250–1regional or minority languages, of 160–3

Demokratik Kitle Partisi and Elci v Turkey [2007] 337Denmark 139–40

Jersild v Denmark 355languages 183–5

development in international law 1–8ad hoc and limited before WW1 1–2LN 2synergies in minority protection 8–17

express cross-referencing of standards between bodies 9–10limits of and future prospects 18–19

diversity of situations 18future possibilities 18–19lack of integrative standard-setting 18

substantive convergences in understandings 10–14assimilation 13collective human rights 11cross-fertilisation of ideas 10–11‘ethnicity-sensitisation’ 10–11integration 13minority definition 11–12‘new minorities’ 11–12

index 431




development in international law (cont.)right to development 14special needs 13–14special treatment 12–13

working methods, emergence of similar 14–17country visits 16information and information sharing 16–17minority and non-minority instruments compared 14–16

WW2, after 2–6see also minority protection

D.H. et al v Czech Republic [2006] 324–6, 338–9DH-MIN 363–4dialects 161–3Diergaardt et al v Namibia [2000] 27–8, 41–2direct state statements 227–30discretion in minority protection, states’ 125–7discrimination and non-discrimination

African Charter see African CharterASEAN 405children see CRCCRC see CRCECHR see ECHREU see EUFCNM, and see FCNMgender, and 236–7ICESCR see ICESCRindirect discrimination 259–61languages see minority languages; Languages Charterlimitations on before WW1 1–2LN, under 2MoU, COE/EU 18–19‘new minorities’ 11–12non-discrimination necessary for minority protection 316racial see ICERD; racial discriminationreligious see religionreverse 262Roma see Romaspecial treatment 12–13, 132, 219–20, 236–7, 261–2, 320–2

necessary for minority protection 316virulent racial 265–7see also genocide; Genocide Convention; ICERD; equality; minorities;

protection of minoritiesdiversity 136–8

see also equality under FCNM under Languages Charterdomestic courts role in ICCPR cases 33–5Dominican Republic 83–4DRC see Congo

432 index




eastern EuropeEU enlargement 4–6LN regime 2

ECcross-referencing in accession monitoring 9–10

ECHR 2–4, 58–60, 126, 314–64, 366–7Article 14 316–29assessment of jurisprudence and minority protection 358–60cross-referencing 9–10DH-MIN 363–4discrimination see equality belowECRI 360–2ECtHR see below under synergiesequality and non-discrimination 261, 316–29‘ethnicity-sensitisation’ 10–11jurisprudence assessed 358–60Languages Charter 182–3minority

protection assessed 358–60specific standards, no duty to adopt 12–13

quasi-judicial role 14–16synergies

assessed 358–60work of other bodies, in 360–4

DH-MIN 363–4ECRI 360–2Venice Commission 362–3

synergies in broad sense 343–58freedom of expression 352–8

Handyside v UK 352, 355hate speech, protection from 354–6, Handyside 355, Jersild v

Denmark 355protecting religious sensibilities 356–8Giniewskiv France 357I.A. v Turkey 357Otto-Preminger-Institute v Austria 356–7Tatlav v Turkey 357Wingrove v UK 356–7

freedom of religion 345–52Cha’are Shalom VE Tsedek v France 348–9Dahlab v Switzerland 349Hoffman v Austria 347Ivanova v Bulgaria 347Kokkinakis v Greece 347Kosteski v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 351–2Turkey 349–51Karaduman v Turkey 350

index 433




ECHR (cont.)Kose et al v Turkey 351Leyla Sahin v Turkey 350–1

hate speech, protection from 354–6Handyside 355Jersild v Denmark 355

protecting religious sensibilities 356–8Giniewski v France 357I.A. v Turkey 357Otto-Preminger-Institute v Austria 356–7Tatlav v Turkey 357Wingrove v UK 356–7

way of life, right to respect for 343–5Chapman v UK 343–5

synergies in strict sense 315–43educational rights 338–40

information transfer in public education 338–9: D.H. et al v Czech Republic338–9, Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen en Petersen v Norway 338–9

language 339–40: Belgium Linguistics 339–40, Cyprus v Turkey 339–40,Skender v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 339–40

see also linguistic rights belowequality and non-discrimination 316–29

burden of proof 328–9private discrimination, protection against 328–9standard of proof 328substantive equality and non-discrimination 316–28: Belgium Linguistics

case 317–18, formal equality 317–18, heightened scrutiny forsuspect grounds 325–8; Hoffman v Austria 325–8, Jehovah’sWitnesses of Gldani 325–8, Timishev v Russia 327–8: indirectdiscrimination 322–8; Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali 323, Adami,Zarb v Malta 324–6, D.H. et al v Czech Republic 324–6, Hoogendijk vThe Netherlands 324–6, Kelly v UK and Jordan vUK 323–4, Thlimmenos v Greece 323–4: Nachova v Bulgaria 319,positive discrimination/special measures 320–2; Petrovic v Austria321–2, Stec et al v UK 321–2, Van Raalte v The Netherlands321–2, reasonable accommodation 319–20; Chapman v UK319–20, Thlimmenos v Greece 318–20, suspect groundssee heightened scrutiny above

linguistic rights 340–2Bulgakov v Ukraine 341–2

participatory rights 329–38definition of concept 300–31representation dimension 330–4: Article 3 331–4; Lindsay v UK 332,

linguistic component 332–4, Ignatene v Latvia 334, Podkolzina vLatvia 332–3, Mathieu, Mohin and Clerfayt 332, Moreaux vBelgium 332, freedom of association 334–8; Demokratik Kitle Partisiand Elci v Turkey 337, Ouranio Toxo v Greece 337,Sidiropoulos v Greece 334, UMO Ilinden et al v Bulgaria 336,

434 index




United Macedonian Organisation Ilenden-Pirin v Bulgaria 337,limitations on general principle 334–7, Gorzelik et al v Poland334–5, Refah Partisi v Turkey 336–7

Roma issues 342–3Venice Commission 362–3WGM 55–7see also human rights

ECJ 158, 381economic

activities included in culture 14, 18–19dimensions of minority issues see FCNM; WGMmarginalisation of minorities 73–5see also indigenous peoples

ECtHR see ECHRECRI 360–2Ecuador 246

CRC 295education

boarding of Aboriginal children 292CADE see CADE under UNESCOCRC, and see CRCECHR see ECHREU see EUHague Recs. see Hague Recs.ICESCR 219–20, 223–4, 233–6Languages Charter, and 169–70, 180–1protection of 223–4right to 233–6

use minority language in see minority languagesWGM general comments 49–50see also minorities; protection of minorities; UNESCO

Egypt 55–7Eichmann, Adolf 194Eide, Asbjørn 49–50equality

ECHR see ECHRFCNM, under see FCNMICERD, under see ICERDLN, under 2‘new minorities’ 11–12special treatment see discriminationstates’ obligations to ensure see FCNMsubstantive 261–2see also discrimination; minorities; protection of minorities

Estonia 100–1, 138, 377citizenship allocation, impact on inequality 130–1FCNM, approach to 124–5languages 229–30

index 435




Ethiopia 79, 86ethnic and religious tensions

bias and equality problems 128–9cause of war and violence 1–2

after Communism collapse 4–6discrimination see discriminationPIF 412–13

ethnic cleansing after WW2 204‘ethnic minorities’ 58–60

see also ICCPR; minorities‘ethnicity-sensitisation’ 10–11EU 49–50, 61–2

accession of candidate countriesminority protection requirements 377–80monitoring compliance 13–14, 380–2

internal minoritiesdevelopment of 18–19Member states’ approach to 379, 380policy absent 4–6, 11–12

migrants included in assessments 11–12migration policy 369–70minority languages 374–6minority protection policy 365–84

assessment of 382–4main strands of policy 368–80

education and culture 374–6: minority languages374–6

external relations 377–80: approach to candidate countries 378–9; Turkey379

free movement of EU citizens and third country nationals 368–70non-discrimination on race and ethnic grounds 370–3: Roma issues 372–3,

380monitoring minority protection compliance 380–2no explicit framework 365–8

monitoring member states 14–16, 380–2MoU with COE 18–19

EuropeWGM mandate 75–6see also central Europe

EuropeanCharter of Fundamental Rights 366–7Court of Human Rights 261Social Charter 9–10, 141–2

expert, independent bodies see HRCexpress cross-referencing 9–10expression, freedom of 41–2, 352–8

limited right to before WW1 1–2

436 index




family and children, protection of 221–3Faroe Islands 139–40FCNM 4–6, 53–5, 78–9, 119–54, 226

ACFC 14–16, 16–17, 55–7, 58–60, 61–2, 74–5, 75–6, 199approval of UK approach 124–5

assessment of 151–4country visits 16, 57–8, 92–3criticised 145, 150–1cross-fertilisation of ideas 10–11, 51cross-referencing 9–10culture, minority, promoting conditions for 132–8

assimilation, segregation or integration 136–8enforced assimilation 136, 137integration and segregation 137–8: indigenous peoples and itinerant life-

styles 138associations, support for 134–6cemeteries and heritage 11–12diversity see assimilation abovelanguage rights 133–4media rights 133standard human rights 132–3

definition and concept of minority 121–7ACFC approach to states’ discretion 125–7human rights for all under ICCPR 121–4

obligations on states to protect 122–4states’ parties approach to scope of application 124–5

discrimination see equality belowequality, ensuring for minorities 127–32

citizenship allocation, impact of 130–1discrimination, legal measures prohibiting 127–8ethnic bias, problems in overcoming 128–9remedies in state institutions 129–30special measures required 132

indigenous peoples 64see also indigenous peoples

information and information sharing 16–17, 68–9NGOs 97

Languages Charter 183–5‘new minorities’ generally excluded 62–3OSCE HCNM, work compared to 107–9participation of minorities, effective, conditions for 138

ACFC, and 142–5indigenous peoples 143–4‘new minorities’ 144–5Travellers and Roma 142–3

public life, in 139–41advisory and consultative committees 140–1

index 437




FCNM (cont.)Lund Recs. and self-governance 139–40public service administration, minorities in 140–1

social and economic life, in 141–2personal scope of application 121–7procedural and institutional developments 145–51

monitoring procedure 145–9country opinion and comments on 148–9country visits 147–8information gathering 147

monitoring procedure, assessment of 149–51information flow increasing 149involvement of minorities 150–1transparency and openness 149–50

quasi-judicial role, none 14–16standard human rights/FCNM rights compared 119–21UNIEMI 85–6WGM 55–7see also COE

FinlandAarela and Nakkalajarvi v Finland 33–5indigenous peoples 143–4languages 161–3, 163–4Lansman v Finland No. 1 32–3, 35Lansman v Finland No. 2 33–5minorities in 60–1, 74–5‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7

formal equality 317–18freedom of

expression see expression, freedom ofreligion see religion, freedom of

France 207–9, 371Cha’are Shalom VE Tsedek v France 348–9Gillot v France 39–41Giniewski v France 357Hopu and Bessert v France 41–2minority protection 368, 380–2reservations

to CRC 289–90to ICESCR 228–9

rioting in 11–12free movement of EU nationals 368–70Fundamental Rights Agency 14–16

gender and discrimination 236–7, 321–2, 324–6General Comment see HRC; ICCPRgenocide

cemeteries 135Convention see Genocide Convention

438 index




crimes against humanity 191, 205–11compared to genocide 208–11

no armed conflict condition 207–9duty to prevent 209–10

see also crimes under Genocide Conventiondefinition of, Lemkin’s 189–90ICERD 265–7minorities as targets 50prohibitions on after WW2 2–4virulent racial discrimination 265–7

Genocide Convention 2–4, 189–212crimes against humanity 205–11

definition of 205duty to prevent 209–10genocide, and, compared 208–11

no armed conflict condition 207–9hate speech 206war crimes 206–8

cultural genocide 199–204Bosnia and Herzegovina 202–4children, forcible transfer of 200–1ICTY 202–4

Darfur 196–9definition of genocide 191–3duty to prevent 209–10group, victim, identification 194–9ICTR 191, 194–5ICTY 191–3, 195–6, 202–4judicial enforcement only possible 14–16

Georgia 76–8Germany 144–5, 371

Nazis 2–4, 190–1prosecution after war in Bosnia 202–4reservations to ICESCR 228–9

Gillot v France [2002] 39–41Giniewski v France [2006] 357globalisation

impact oncultural diversity 4–6linguistic diversity 4–6

Gorzelik et al v Poland [2004] 334–5Greece

children, forcible transfer of 200–1Kokkinakis v Greece 347minority protection 379Ouranio Toxo v Greece 337Sidiropoulos v Greece 334Thlimmenos v Greece 323–4WGM 55–7, 58–60

index 439




Greenland 139–40, 243group dimensions of minorities 30Guatemala 289Guyana 271–3Gypsies

way of life and planning policies 319–20see also Roma

Hague Recs. 62–3, 68–9, 78–9, 104–5, 233Haiti 60–1Handyside v UK [1976] 352, 355hard and soft law 105–6hate speech 206

protection against 354–6HCNM see OSCE HCNMHoffman v Austria [1993] 325–8, 347Hoogendijk v The Netherlands [2005] 324–6Hopu and Bessert v France [1997] 41–2housing rights 10–11HRC 9–10, 61–2, 245

Article 27 see under ICCPRcomplaints, optional procedure for 23–5CRC 289cross-cutting issues 23–5definition of ‘minority’ 25–6, 58–60, 121–4

case-law 26–8Ballantyne v Canada 26–7Diergaardt v Namibia 27–8

economic activities included in culture 14‘ethnicity-sensitisation’ 10–11General Comment 23–5indigenous peoples’ cultural rights, protection of

32–5, 64Aarela and Nakkalajarvi v Finland 33–5Apirana Mahuika et al v New Zealand 33–5Lansman v Finland No. 1 32–3, 35Lansman v Finland No. 2 33–5Lubicon Lake Band v Canada 32–3

mandatory reporting procedure 23–5margin of appreciation doctrine not applied 33–5membership in a group 28–30minority, right to belong, elements in 28–30

Kitok v Sweden 29–30Lovelace v Canada 29

monitoring state compliance with ICCPR 23–5secession, right to 37–8

Quebec Secession case 37–8self-determination, right of 36–41

440 index




collective self-determination 38–9A.D. v Canada 38–9Lubicon Lake Band v Canada 38–9Mahuika v New Zealand 38–9

interdependence with other provisions of ICCPR 39–41Gillot v France 39–41

supervisory practice 23–5synergies of ICCPR and general human rights 41–2

Ballantyne v Canada 41–2Diergaardt v Namibia 41–2Hopu and Bessert v France 41–2Waldman v Canada 41–2

HRCl 43–4, 81–3HRCm 6–8

country visits 16ICERD 274minority issues 4

human rightsAsia-Pacific region, in see Asia-Pacificbasic principles 127collective element in 11EU see EUFCNM, and see FCNMLN regime see LNspecial measures for minorities 132standard human rights 132–8, 139–41

compared to FCNM rights 119–21UDHR see UDHRUNESCO’s mandate 298–9universal after WW2 2–4violations 83–4see also CHR; ECHR; FCNM; ICCPR; UNHCHR; WGM

Hungary 55–7languages 178–9, 183–5minority protection 368

I.A. v Turkey [2005] 357ICC 191, 205, 207–9, 210–11ICCPR 2–4, 4, 23–5, 46–8, 53–5, 58–60, 68–9, 181African Commission 393Article 27 23–5

assessment of 45burden of proof 33–5definition of minority see minority concept belowHRC interpretation of 23–5, 25–6indigenous peoples’ cultural rights, protection of 32–5

Aarela and Nakkalajarvi 33–5Apirana Mahuika 32–3

index 441




ICCPR (cont.)Lansman v Finland No. 1 32–3, 35Lansman v Finland No. 2 33–5Lubicon Lake Band v Canada 32–3

membership in a group 28–30minority, right to belong, elements in 28–30

Kitok v Sweden [1988] 29–30Lovelace v Canada [1981] 29

minority concept 25–8HRC definition of ‘minority’ 25–6: case-law 26–8; Ballantyne et al v

Canada 26–7, Diergaardt et al. v Namibia 27–8positive state obligations and group dimensions 30

group dimension 31scope 30–1

procedural issues 42–4country visits and HRC 43information and state reports 43–4victim requirement 42–3

public life 139–41see also public lifereferences to other standards/procedures 44–5self-determination, right of 36–41

collective self-determination 38–9: A.D. v Canada 38–9, Lubicon LakeBand v Canada 38–9, Mahuika v New Zealand 38–9

interdependence with other provisions of ICCPR 39–41: Gillot v France39–41

‘peoples’, definition of 36–7, 39–41secession, right to 37–8: Quebec Secession case 37–8

synergies with general human rights 41–2Ballantyne 41–2Diergaardt 41–2Hopu and Bessert v France 41–2Waldman v Canada 41–2

assimilation of minorities, forced, prohibited 13culture, enjoyment of 14FCNM approach compared 121–4HRC see HRCminorities’ member’s rights 23–5quasi-judicial role 14–16special treatment for minorities 12–13state

compliance monitored see HRCreporting mechanisms 14–16

universal coverage 23–5ICERD 2–4, 46–8, 53–5, 58–60, 61–2, 68–9, 136, 193, 199, 249–77

assessment of 274–7CERD/C

CRC 289

442 index




‘good offices’ missions 271–3relationship with international bodies 273–4successes 269–70UNIEMI, and 83–4

citizens and non-citizens, application to 255–6definition of racial discrimination 250–1domestic law changes 270–1education 263–4equality issues 259–62

indirect discrimination 259–61special treatment 262substantive equality 261–2

‘ethnicity-sensitisation’ 10–11language and linguistic issues 262–3media 262–3monitoring 256–8

equality issues 259–62indirect discrimination 259–61special treatment 262substantive equality 261–2

problem identifying 271–3public life 70–1quasi-judicial role 14–16Roma 131, 264–5scope of application 250–6

group membership a matter for individuals 254–5indigenous peoples 251non-citizens 255–6racial discrimination, wide concept of 250–1states to provide demographic information 251–4

failure to provide 252–3self-determination 267–9special treatment for minorities 12–13, 261–2see also special treatment under discriminationstate reporting mechanisms 14–16virulent racial discrimination 265–7see also discrimination; racial discrimination

ICESCR 46–8, 213–48, 289African Commission 393assessment of 247–8committee see committee under interpretation belowconceptualisation of minority protection 217–26

culture, protection of 224–6ICESCR and other instruments 226

discrimination; self-determination; dynamic components 217–21dynamic components 220–1non-discrimination 219–20self-determination 219

index 443




ICESCR (cont.)education, protection of 223–4family and children, protection of 221–3

cultural identity 213–14, 224–6interpretation 226–47

committee, by 230–47assessment of individual state performances 240–7: concluding

observations 244–7, lists of issues 242–4general comments, the 230–40: creation and authorship 237–9,

education, right to 233–6, gender and discrimination 236–7,inter-state relationships 239–40, minority concept and scope ofprotection 230–2, work, right to 236

direct state statements and reservations 227–30minority protection, no explicit 214–15monitoring 215–17self-determination in Article 1 36–7state reporting mechanisms 14–16work, right to 236

ICTR 191, 194–5hate speech 206see also Rwanda

ICTY 191–3, 195–6, 202–4, 207–9see also Yugoslavia

identitypreservation of 261–2right to see FCNM; Languages Charter

Ignatene v Latvia [2001] 334ILO 49–50, 53–5, 57–8, 68–9, 85, 246, 280independent expert bodies see HRCIndia 61–2, 76–8, 208–10

reservations to ICESCR 228–9indigenous peoples 13–14, 23–5, 60–1, 62–3, 83–4ASEAN 421assimilation 136–8

children, enforced of 136authorship and creation 237–9boarding at schools and institutions 292children see children; CRCcultural genocide 200–1cultural rights, protection of 122–4see also under ICCPR

ILO Convention 246, 294land development programmes 76–8lifestyle 143–4‘peoples’ as 36–7, 39–41racial discrimination 251see also ICERDrights as, and compared to, minorities 63–6

444 index




secession, right to 37–8self-determination, right to 36–41territorial autonomy 138, 143–4traditional activities, protection of 122–4, 132–8, 143–4see also ICCPR

UN Permanent Forum and Special Rapporteur 75–6WGIP see WGIPWGM see WGMsee also discrimination; equality; FCNM; minorities;

protection of minoritiesindirect discrimination 259–61, 317, 322–8individual

collective human rights, and 11complaints 14–16

burden of proof 33–5procedure see HRC

rights not securing minorities’ interests 46–8Indonesia 288

ASEAN 409minority issues 418–20traditional laws 421

information and information sharing 16–17, 67–8, 68–9ACFC, by see FCNMEuro-centric 75–6OSCE HCNM, by see OSCE HCNMright to under CRC 286–7states’ ICERD obligations 251–4

integration of minorities see minoritiesInternational Helsinki Federation 9–10Iran 301Iraq 70–1

LN regime 2Ireland

language 229–30Travellers 137, 142–3

Israel 194, 242–4ICERD 271–3

Italylanguage 369Roma issues 131

Ivanova v Bulgaria (2007) 347

Jackson, Justice Robert 206–8Japan 55–7

minority issues 418–20Jehovah’s Witnesses of Gldani [2007] 325–8Jersild v Denmark [1994] 355John Ballantyne and Others v Canada [1993] 26–7

index 445




Jordan v UK and Kelly v UK [2001] 323–4judicial authorities and Languages Charter 169

see also courtsjudiciary, ethnic bias in 128–9jury service 324–6

Karaduman v Turkey [1993] 350Katanga 394–5Kelly v UK and Jordan v UK [2001] 323–4Kenya 79kin state issues 55–7Kitok v Sweden [1988] 29–30, 38–9Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen en Petersen v Norway [1976] 338–9Kokkinakis v Greece [1993] 347Korea 55–7Kose et al v Turkey [2006] 351Kosovo 79, 142–3

Albanians 271–3ICERD 271–3

Kosteski v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia [2006] 351–2Kuwait 228–9, 242Kyrgyzstan 61–2

land-based culture see indigenous peoplesland deprivation

WGM general comments 49–50languages see Languages Charter; minority languagesLanguages Charter 4–6, 78–9, 155–86, 226

assessment of 185–6Commentary approach to linguistic rights 62–3Committee of Experts 14–16, 16–17country visits 16, 175definition of regional or minority languages 160–3dialects 161–3discrimination 168drafting history 156–7education 169–70implementation 171–81information and information sharing 16–17judicial authorities 169media 169–70migrants’ languages, not applicable 11–12, 62–3, 163–4monitoring process of COE 171–81

developments from 177–81clarification of obligations 178–9determination of territories 179–80education 180–1

working methods 173–7

446 index




country visits 175NGOs 174reports 175–7

‘new minorities’, application to 163–6generally excluded 62–3, 163–4

objects and purposes 157–8quasi-judicial role, none 14–16relationship with other instruments 181–5

ECHR 182–3FCNM 183–5

reports 175–7scope of application 158–63

definition of regional or minority languages 160–3dialects 161–3

non-territorial languages 159–60traditionally used regional languages 159

self-determination 166–7states’ choice of obligations 169–70structure and content 167–71

non-discrimination provision 168states’ choice of obligations 169–70

WGM 51see also minority languages

Lansman v Finland No. 1 [1994] 32–3, 35Lansman v Finland No. 2 [1996] 33–5Lao Peoples’ Democratic Republic 271–3Laos 76–8

minority issues 418–20Latin America 76–8Latvia 377

citizenship allocation, impact on inequality 130–1CRC 291Ignatene v Latvia 334Podkolzina v Latvia 332–3

Lauterpacht, Hersh 190–1law enforcement, ethnic bias in 128–9League of Arab States 53–5see also Arab

legislation prohibiting discrimination 127–8Lemkin, Raphael 189–90Leyla Sahin v Turkey [2004] 350–1Liberia 271–3liberty, right to

protected by LN 2Libya 246life, right to

protected by LN 2Lindsay v UK [1979] 332

index 447




linguisticcomponent in participatory rights 332–4identity and minorities see ICCPR; minority languages; Languages Charterrights

Commentary approach to 62–3 see linguistic under ECHRlists of issues in ICESCR 242–4Lithuania 130–1LN

limited minority protection after WW1 2, 23–5, 119–21national minorities, meaning of 123

London bombings 11–12Lovelace v Canada [1981] 29Lubicon Lake Band v Canada [1990] 32–3, 38–9Lund Recs. 104–5, 139–40, 300–31

see also WGM

Maastricht Treaty 374Macedonia 70–1, 100–1, 378–9

Kosteski v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 351–2Skender v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 339–40

Madrid bombings 11–12Mahuika, Apirana et al v New Zealand [2000] 33–5, 38–9Malaysia

customary and traditional law 421minority issues 418–20

Malta 227–8Adami, Zarb v Malta [2006] 324–6

margin of appreciation doctrine 33–5marriage 221–3Mathieu, Mohin and Clerfayt [1987] 332Mauritius 57–8, 92–3McDougall, Gay 6–8MDGs 46–8, 73–5, 85media

CRC, and 286–7ICERD, and 262–3Languages Charter, and 169–70rights of minorities 133

MexicoICERD 271–3‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7

migrants 83–4EU migration policy 369–70languages 11–12, 62–3, 163–4see also Languages Charter

workersrights under ICCPR 25–6WGM 60–1

448 index




minoritiesAfrica, in 386–7, 395–7see also African Charter; African Commission

assimilation 13, 18–19associations, support for 134–6CERD see ICCERDchildren see children; CRCcommunities and information sharing 16–17conflict between, prevention of see OSCD HCNMculture see culture; FCNM; ICCPRdefinition and aspects of 11–12see also FCNM; ICCPR; WGM

discrimination against see discriminationdiversity see diversity

of situationsECHR see ECHReconomic issues see economiceducation see education; CADE under UNESCOequality of, ensuring see equality‘ethnic’ see ICCPRexpression, freedom of see expressionEU see EUFCNM, and see FCNMfreedom

expression, of see expressionreligion, of see religion

hate speech see hateICCPR see ICCPRimmigration, impact of 11–12indigenous see indigenous peoplesintegration 13, 18–19, 136–8land-based culture see ICCPR; indigenous peoples‘linguistic’ see ICCPRlanguage see minority languagemedia rights see mediaMoU, COE/EU 18–19‘national’ 25‘new’ 11–12, 18–19, 60–1, 61–2, 62–3

approach towards byACFC 144–5ASEAN 407OSCE HCNM 112–17

languages of see Languages Charterprotection of see protection of minoritiespublic life see public life‘religious’ see ICCPRsee also religion

right to belong, elements in 28–30

index 449




minorities (cont.)separation 136–8special needs 13–14submission to African Commission 394–5traditional activities, protection of 122–4, 132–8way of life, right to respect for 343–5see also development; discrimination; equality; ICCPR; indigenous peoples;

protection of minorities; WGMminority concept see under Article 27 under ICCPRminority languages

administrative authorities see administrative authoritiesArticle 27 protection by 35, 41–2ASEAN 406–7broadcasting 104–5children 286, 286–7Commentary approach to linguistic rights 62–3, 78–9danger of disappearance 4–6education in mother tongue 2, 10–11, 14, 18–19, 78–9, 263–4see also educational rights under synergies under ECHR

‘ethnicity-sensitisation’ 10–11EU 374–6FCNM, protected by 133–4see also FCNM

globalisation, impact on linguistic diversity 4–6ICESCR 229–30Languages Charter see Languages Charterlinguistic rights see linguistic under ECHRmedia see mediamigrants see migrants’ languagesnames 262–3Oslo Recs. see Oslo Recs.preserving see culture under FCNMpublic life see public liferight to use 18–19

before WW1 1–2protected by LN 2

Roma see Romatranslation services 262–3

minority protection and synergies in see African Charter; AfricanCommission; Asia-Pacific; CRC; development in international law;ECHR; EU; FCNM; Genocide Convention; ICCPR; ICERD;ICESC; Languages Charter; OSCE HCNM; UNESCO; UNIEMI;WGM

minority rights 365–8see also minorities; protection of minorities

Minority Rights Group International 386minority-specific instruments

state reporting mechanisms 14–16

450 index




Moldova 139–40monitoring of treaty obligations 14–16

CADE see CADE under UNESCOcountry visits 16, 43, 92–3, 175CRC see CRCICERD see ICERDOSCE HCNM see OSCE HCNMstate reporting mechanisms 14–16, 23–5, 43–4, 51–2, 175–7, 279–80, 305–7

Languages Charter, under 171–81WGM see WGM

Montenegro 55–7Moreaux v Belgium [1983] 332Morocco 244

minority conflict 396–7MoU, COE/EU 18–19multi-cultural societies 11–12multi-ethnic states see ethnic and religious tensionsMutua, Makau wa 388Myanmar 46–8

ASEAN 404, 409, 411

Nachova v Bulgaria [2004] 319, 327–8names 262–3Namibia

Diergaardt et al v Namibia see Diergaardtnational decision-making by minorities 70–1‘national minorities’ 25

compared to ‘new’ minorities 112–17in states’ legislation 124–5meaning of 123see also minorities; protection of minorities

natural resources 38–9, 64, 76–8nature-based way of life see indigenous peoplesNazis 2–4, 190–1Nepal 61–2Netherlands 165–6

CRC 285Hoogendijk v The Netherlands 324–6Van Raalte v The Netherlands 321–2

Network of Independent Experts 14–16‘new minorities’ see minoritiesNew Zealand

cultural genocide 200–1ICERD 271–3Mahuika, Apirana see Mahuika

NGOs 9–10, 14–16, 53–5African Commission 390African Court 398–9

index 451




NGOs (cont.)Asia-Pacific region see Asia-PacificCESR see Ogoni caseCRC 279–80EU 382information and information sharing 16–17, 43–4, 49–50, 52–3, 57–8, 68–9, 147FCNM 97Languages Charter 174Minority Rights Group International 386OSCE HCNM 94–6SERAC see Ogoni caseUNIEMI 86–7

Nicaragua 75–6Nigeria 67–8, 74–5

minority conflict 396–7Ogoni of Nigeria 391–4

‘nine/eleven’ 11–12non-discrimination see discriminationnon-territorial languages 159–60Northern Ireland 71–3Norway

assimilation, enforced 136FCNM, approach to 124–5indigenous peoples 143–4Kjeldsen, Busk Madsen en Petersen v Norway 338–9languages 161–3‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7Travellers 142–3

Nuremberg see war crimes

OAS 49–50, 64, 86OAU 86, 387, 389–90, 390

African Court 397minority protection problems, response to 395–7

OECD 49–50Ogoni of Nigeria [2003] 391–4OIC 86Oman 289–90Ombudsman 129–30, 147, 148–9, 150–1Ominayak case see LubiconOSCE 4–6, 61–2, 78–9, 147, 182, 365–8, 382

collective rights, reluctance on 57cross-fertilisation of ideas 10–11, 51, 68–9cross-referencing 9–10, 68–9

OSCE HCNM 4–6, 6–8, 9–10, 46–8, 53–5, 55–7, 75–6, 78–9, 88–118assessment of work 117–18conflict prevention 88–9cooperation with other organizations 100–1

452 index




country visits 16, 57–8, 92–3information and information sharing see informationmandate and working methods 90–104

conflict, consensual early involvement in 90–2country visits 92–3

information gathering 94–6: recommendations on citizenship 94minority, representatives, contact with 96–7norms on minority protection, development of 97–9

‘new’ minorities, approach towards 112–17policing in multi-ethnic societies 109–10

recommendations on 111–12recommendations and guidelines 104–12

guidelines on standards 104–5hard and soft law 105–6minority protection, for 89–90, 97–9thematic recommendations on Roma and Sinti 106–7work compared to COE/FCNM 107–9

UNIEMI 82–3, 85–6Oslo Recs. 104–5

see also minorities; minority language; protection of minoritiesOtto-Preminger-Institute v Austria (1994) 356–7Ouranio Toxo v Greece [2005] 337

Pacific region see Asia-Pacific regionPakistan 228–9Palestine 271–3Panama 208–10Papua New Guinea 271–3parental leave 321–2participatory rights 329–38Partisi, Refah v Turkey [2001] 336–7PCIJ 194, 304

supervision of LN regime 2‘peoples’, definition of 36–7, 39–41

secession, right to 37–8self-determination, right to 36–41see also indigenous peoples

persecution 205personal scope of application of FCNM 121–7Petrovic v Austria [1989] 321–2Philippines 74–5

land rights 421minority issues 418–20traditional laws 421

PIF 411–14Podkolzina v Latvia [2002] 332–3Poland 135

Gorzelik et al v Poland 334–5

index 453




policebias and equality problems 128–9minorities in 140–1multi-ethnic societies, in 104–5, 109–10, 144–5recommendations on 111–12

positivediscrimination see special treatment under discriminationstate obligations and group dimensions 30

poverty 76–8alleviation 85

prisoners, rules for treatment of 44–5private discrimination 328–9protection of minorities 4–6

Africa, in 386–7, 395–7see also African Charter; African Commission

Asia, in 4CERD see ICERDchildren see children; CRCCOE 4–6conflicts, in see OSCE HCNMculture see culture; FCNM; ICCPRdevelopment of see developmentdiscretion in minority protection, states’ 125–7discrimination against see discriminationdiversity of situations 18economic issues see economiceducation see education; CADE under UNESCOequality of, ensuring see equalityEU see EUexpression, freedom of see expressionFCNM see FCNMfreedom

expression, of see expressionreligion, of see religion

globally 4hate speech see hateICCPR see ICCPRindigenous see indigenous peoplesland-based culture see under ICCPRlanguage see minority languageMoU, COE/EU 18–19‘new minorities’ 11–12non-discrimination/special measures necessary 316OSCE HCNM see OSCE HCNMreligion see religionspeech see expressionstandard-setting, lack of integrative 18states’ obligations see FCNM

454 index




synergies in see synergies under developmentUN, role in see UNWW1, after see LNWW2, after 2–4, 4–6

treaty monitoring 4–6see also development; discrimination; equality; ICCPR; minorities; WGM

public life 139–41, 329–38advisory and consultative committees 140–1elections to public office, linguistic component 332–4Languages Charter 180–1Lund Recs. see Lund Recs.public service administration, minorities in 140–1, 144–5, 332–4

QuebecBallantyne case 26–7Quebec Secession case 37–8

Raalte, Van v The Netherlands [1997] 321–2‘Race Directive’ 370–3, 381racial discrimination

definition of 250–1ECtHR and suspect grounds 327–8EU see EUICERD see ICERDMoU, COE/EU 18–19prohibitions on after WW2 2–4virulent 265–7see also discrimination

racism 73, 83–4in violence 319

reasonable accommodation 319–20recognition regime 25–6recommendations for minority protection 89–90

see also Hague Recs.Refah Partisi v Turkey [2001] 336–7refugees

asylum-seeking children, and 281, 286EU policy 369–70minorities, and 61–2

religionArticle 27 protection by 35, 41–2FCNM, and see FCNMfreedom of 83–4, 345–52

respect for before WW1 1–2protected by

FCNM see FCNMLN 2

minorities rights to 62–3

index 455




religion (cont.)nationalism 76–8preserving see culture under FCNMprotecting sensibilities 356–8tensions in as cause of war 1–2work, and 319–20

‘religious minorities’ see ICCPR; minoritiesremedies in discrimination and equality cases 129–30reporting by states see monitoringrepresentation see public lifereservations

to CRC 289–90to FCNM 125–7to ICESCR 227–30

resources, right to 38–9reverse discrimination 262right to

liberty see libertylife see life

Roma issues 106–7, 128–9, 131assimilation, enforced 136discrimination and ICERD 251, 264–5ECtHR decisions on 342–3education for ‘mentally retarded’ 301

D.H. et al v Czech Republic 324–6EU, in 372–3, 380languages 183–5, 264–5lifestyle 137, 142–3see also Gypsies; WGM

Romania 55–7, 378Rotterdam Charter 111–12Russia 55–7, 143–4

ICERD 271–3OSCE HCNM 90–2Timishev v Russia 327–8

Rwandagenocide 2–4, 396ICERD 271–3reservations to ICESCR 228–9see also ICTR

Sahin, Leyla v Turkey [2004] 350–1‘Scramble for Africa’ 386secession 37–8, 50self-determination, right of 36–41

autonomy, and 71–3ICERD 267–9ICESCR, and 219, 228–9

456 index




Katanga case 394–5languages, and 166–7WGM, and 60–1

self-governance 139–40Senegal 396–7separation of minorities 136–8Serbia

Montenegro, and 55–7problems in overcoming ethnic bias 128–9

Shelton, D. 105–6Sidiropoulos v Greece [1998] 334Skender v Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia [2005] 339–40socio-economic

life, participation of minorities in 141–2rights, development of 73–5

soft and hard law 105–6Sohn, Louis 388Solomon Islands 412–13South Africa

cultural genocide 200–1Soviet Union 207–9

break up 4–6, 135special

needs of minorities see minoritiestreatment of minorities see discriminationsee also equality

speech see expression; hate speechSrebrenica 202–4, 271–3Sri Lanka 2–4, 71–3, 76–8standard human rights see human rightsstandard-setting

lack of integrative 18synergies in 66–75

statesdirect statements 227–30domestic law changes 270–1non-discrimination provisions see discriminationobligations

choice of, under Languages Charter 169–70ICERD, under, to

address racial discrimination 265–7provide demographic information 251–4: failure to provide 252–3special measures, to take 261–2translation services, to provide 262–3

to protect minorities see FCNMreporting mechanisms see monitoringreservations

to CRC 289–90

index 457




states, reservations (cont.)to FCNM 125–7to ICESCR 227–30

see also HRCStec et al v UK [2006] 321–2substantive

convergences 10–14equality 261–2, 316–28

Sudan 77, 79Darfur conflict 396–7ICERD 271–3independence 386

supervisory mechanisms see monitoringSuriname 271–3Sweden

cultural genocide 200–1FCNM, approach to 124–5indigenous peoples 143–4Kitok v Sweden see Kitok‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7

Switzerland 136Dahlab v Switzerland 349Travellers 142–3

synergies in minority protection see synergies under development

Tajikistan 262–3Tatlav v Turkey [2006] 357Thailand 76–8

ASEAN 409citizenship issues 420minority issues 418–20

CRC 288Thlimmenos v Greece [2000] 318–20, 323–4Thornberry, Patrick 386–7Timishev v Russia [2005] 327–8traditional

activities see culture; indigenous peopleslanguages see Languages Charterminorities, FCNM rights

limited to 124–5not limited to 122–4

Travellers 137, 138lifestyle 142–3

Treaty ofAmsterdam see AmsterdamMaastricht see Maastricht

treaty monitoring and implementationadjudication by treaty bodies 4–6

458 index




Turkey 371CRC 288Cyprus v Turkey 339–40Demokratik Kitle Partisi and Elci v Turkey 337freedom of expression 352–8freedom of religion 349–51

Karaduman v Turkey 350Kose et al v Turkey 351Leyla Sahin v Turkey 350–1

LN regime 2minority rights and EU 379OSCE HCNM 90–2protecting religious sensibilities 356–8

I.A. v Turkey 357Tatlav v Turkey 357

Refah Partisi v Turkey 336–7reservations

to CRC 289–90to ICESCR 228–9

UDCD 213–14UDHR

African Commission 393cultural genocide 200–1equality and non-discrimination 127minorities clause absent 23–5standard human rights compared to FCNM rights 119–21

Uganda 396–7UK 207–9

approach to scope of FCNM 124–5‘new minorities’, approach towards 144–5

Chapman v UK see ChapmanHandyside v UK 352, 355Kelly v UK and Jordan v UK 323–4languages 165–6Lindsay v UK 332planning policies and Gypsies 319–20reservations to ICESCR 228Stec et al v UK 321–2Wingrove v UK 356–7

Ukraine 135Bulgakov v Ukraine 341–2

UMO Ilinden et al v Bulgaria [2006] 336UN 53–5

Declaration see DeclarationGuide for Minorities see WGMHCHR see UNHCHRHCR see UNHCR

index 459




UN (cont.)human rights see UNHCHR; UNHCR; UNHRCt; UNIEMI; WGMIEM see UNIEMIindigenous peoples 64

Permanent Forum and Special Rapporteur 75–6information gathering 147minorities issues 6–8Security Council 273–4Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 44–5Treaty Bodies 6–8, 18–19, 273–4

revision of system 18–19UNESCO 4, 4–6, 49–50, 53–5, 280CADE 297–313

assessment and criticisms of 311–13general provisions 299–302minority provision 302–5supervisory jurisdiction 305–7

CCR’s examination of minority issues 307–11: assessment of 311–13CCR’s role 305–7

mandate in human rights field 298–9monitoring arrangements 14–16states reporting mechanisms 305–7see also education

UNHCHR 6–8, 46–8, 76–8, 85, 280UNHCR 49–50, 280UNIEMI 6–8, 81–7

country visits 16, 81–2, 92–3joint 83–4

Declaration implementation 81–2regional dimensions 18–19role and structure 81–2synergies

CERD and other mandates, with 83–4NGOs 86–7UN system, with 84–6

MDGs 85OAS and OIC 86OSCE HCNM 85–6

WGM, with 82–3see also WGM

United Macedonian Organisation Ilenden-Pirin v Bulgaria [2001] 337US 204

‘peoples’ and self-determination 36–7slavery 55–7

Van Raalte v The Netherlands [1997] 321–2Venice Commission 362–3victim requirement 42–3

460 index




Vietnam 76–8minority issues 418–20

violence and racism 319virulent racial discrimination 265–7visitors 25–6voting see participatory rights under ECHR

Waldman v Canada [1999] 41–2war crimes 206–8

trials 128–9, 191violence, and see ethnic and religious tensions

way of life, right to respect for 343–5WGIP 51–2, 63–6, 68–9WGM 2–8, 46–87

assessment of 79–81assimilation 51collective rights, reluctance on 57country visits 16, 57–8, 92–3Declaration 46–8

Commentary on 49–50indigenous peoples 64linguistic rights 62–3, 78–9

definition of minorities 58–66Declaration, in 58–60minority groups, problems in identifying 60–3

excluded groups 60–1indigenous groups and minorities 63–6‘new minorities’ 62–3statelessness and refugees 61–2

global mandate developed in regions 75–9Euro-centric balance, redressing 75–6UN Guide for Minorities 76–9

information and information sharing 16–17, 67–9, 75–6kin state issues, not involved in 55–7role and framework 46–8standard-setting, synergies in 66–75

developing Declaration standards 67–8minority standards, exploring 69–75

national decision-making 70–1self-determination and autonomy 71–3

standards from other regimes 68–9UN Guide for Minorities 49–50, 76–9UN human rights regime 50–8

institutional framework and state reporting 51–2broad-based consultation 52–3country visits 57–8parameters of discourse 57

index 461




WGM, UN human rights regime (cont.)participation of other human rights bodies 53–5utility and limits of dialogue process 55–7

intra-state framework of Declaration 51UN and problem of minorities 50WGIP 51–3

UNIEMI see UNIEMIWHO 280Wingrove v UK [1996] 356–7women

ASEAN policy initiatives 404–5, 407indirect discrimination 324–6measures only for 321–2

workreligion, and 319–20right to 236

working methods, emergence of similar 14–17WW1

definition of minority rights after 60–1, 119–21, 189–90national minorities, meaning of, after 123see also LN

WW2 151, 304ethnic cleansing after 204universal human rights after 2–4

xenophobiaMoU, COE/EU 18–19

Yugoslavia, Republic ofbreak up 4–6, 135citizenship allocation 130–1ICERD 258, 271–3see also ICTY

Zaire see CongoZarb Adami v Malta [2006] 324–6Zepa 271–3

462 index



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