carbohydrate, amino, poly- theory_e

8/12/2019 Carbohydrate, Amino, Poly- Theory_E

1/19

"oegbscùoerpcysbns.bg" 5

NCLOB^Q]R

MBKOKJLN\JL^

NE]MKCRA]EQL

Nermkcyaretl 9 Okjlnujls kh ûppkrt ega Lglrdy

E pkjycyarkxy nkopkuga tcet ces eg ejalcyal kr e `ltkgl hugntbkgej drkup prlslgt, lbtclr hrll kr esclobenltej kr enltej erl nejjla nermkcyaretl.

Nermkcyaretls erl sumstegnls wbtc tcl dlglrej hkrouje Nx(C

=K)

y, ega wlrl tclrlhkrl nejjla nermkcyaretls

(cyaretls kh nermkg) mlneusl tcly nkgtebgla cyarkdlg ega kxydlg bg tcl seol prkpkrtbkg es bg wetlr.Ckwlvlr, e guomlr kh nkopkugas cevl mllg absnkvlrlawcbnc erl nermkcyaretls my nclobnej mlcevbkur, mutak gkt nkghkro tk tcl hkrouje N

x(C

=K)

y, l.d., =-alkxyrbmksl, N

NCLOB^Q]R

(bb) Tclg trletla wbtc enltbn egcyarbal, hruntksl hkros tcl plgte-enltetl. Qcbs bgabnetls tclprlslgnl kh hbvl cyarkxyj drkups.

(bbb) Hruntksl hkros kxbol wclg trletla wbtc cyarkxyjeobgl, ega tclrlhkrl nkgtebgs e nermkgyj drkup.

(bv) Tclg kxbabsla wbtc gbtrbn enba hruntksl bs nkgvlrtla bgtk e obxturl kh trbcyarkxydjuterbn, terterbn egadjynkjjbn enbas. ^bgnl e obxturl kh enbas lenc nkgtebgbgd hlwlr nermkg etkos tceg hruntksl bs kmtebgla, tclnermkgyj drkup bg hruntksl oust ml prlslgt bg e `ltkgbn drkup.

(v) Hruntksl oeyml rlaunla tk e clxecyarbn ejnkckj, skrmbtkj, wcbnc, kg rlauntbkg wbtc cyarkbkabn enba egarla pckspckrus et 566N, dbvls g-clxegl. Qcbs hkroetbkg bgabnetls tcet tcl sbx nermkg etkos bg hruntksl erlbg e strebdct ncebg.

Bt bs bgtlrlstbgd tk `gkw tcet A-hruntksl bs () jelvk

ûnrksl 9(ûnrksl, negl-suder N

5=C

==K

55)

(b) ûnrksl bs e wcbtl nrystejjbgl skjba, skjumjl bg wetlr.

(bb) Tclg cletla emkvl bts oljtbgd pkbgt, bt hkros e mrkwg sumstegnl `gkwg es nereolj.

(bbb) Nkgnlgtretla sujpcurbn enba ncers sunrksl, tcl prkaunt mlbgd ejokst purl nermkg.

(bv) ûnrksl bs alxtrkrktetkry, bts splnbhbn rktetbkg mlbgd + 88.


4/19


NCLOB^Q]R

Oejtksl (oejt suder), N5=

C==

K55

, bs prkaunla my tcl entbkg kh oejt (wcbnc nkgtebgs tcl lgzyol abestesl) kgsternc 9

(N8C

56K

8)

g+

=

gC

=K abestesl

=

gN

5=C

==K

555

Tclg bt bs cyarkjysla wbtc abjutl enbas kr my tcl lgzyol oejtesl, oejtksl ybljas twk okjlnujls kh A (+)-djunksl. Oejtksl bs e rlaunbgd suder, l.d., bt rlaunls Hlcjbgds skjutbkg 0 bt hkros eg kxbol ega eg ksezkgl,ega ugalrdkls outerktetbkg. Qcbs bgabnetls tcet et jlest kgl ejalcyal drkup (kh tcl twk djunksl okjlnujls)

bs hrll bg oejtksl.

Jentksl(obj`-suder), N5=

C==

K55

, knnurs bg tcl obj` kh ejj egboejs ega bs alxtrkrktetkry. Bt bs cyarkjysla myabjutl enbas kr my tcl lgzyol jentesl, tk eg lqubokjlnujer obxturl kh A(+)-djunksl ega A(+)-dejentksl.

Jentksl bs e rlaunbgd suder. Bt sckuja ejsk ml gktla tcet jentesl bs e-djynksbaesl, b.l., spjbts-djynksbals(bt ces mllg sckwg tk ml balgtbnej wbtc loujsbg).

KC

KCC

C

C NC KC=

KC CC

NC KC= C KC

C KCCK

C C

KK

K

C

Lpbolrbsetbkg Qcl ncegdl kh nkghbduretbkg kh kgl esyooltrbn nermkg etko bg e nkopkuga nkgtebgbgd twk

kr okrl esyooltrbn nermkg etkos bs `gkwg es lpbolrbsetbkg.Ejaksls wcbnc prkaunl tcl seol ksezkgls oust cevl balgtbnej nkghbduretbkg kg ejj tclbr esyooltrbn nermkgetkos lxnlpt tclejpce (sbgnlkgjy tclejalcyal drkup ega-nermkg etkos erl bgvkjvla bg ksezkglhkroetbkg).^unc suders erl `gkwg es lpbolrs l.d. lpbolrbsetbkg kh djunksl bgtk oeggksl.


5/19

"oegbscùoerpcysbns.bg" 6 A-djunksl ugbts ikbglamy -djynksbabn jbgèdls mltwllg N-5 tk kgl djunksl ugbt ega N-1 kh tcl glxt djunksl ugbt. Qclsl ncebgs erlbg turg nkgglntla tk lenc ktclr my 5, 8-jbgèdls.

NC KC=

NC KC=NC KC=

NC KC=

NC=

C

CC

C

C

KC

KCKC

KC

KC

KC

KCKC

KC

KC

C

CC

C

C

C

CC

C

C

8

8

K

KKC

K

C

K

K

K

K

K

K.........

C

C

C

C

C

C

......K

......K

Mregnc

Oebg Ncebg

Eoyjkplntbg

C

(5 8)

mregnc pkbgt

(5 1)

^ternc, -eoyjksl skjumjl bg wetlr, ega tcl skjutbkg dbvls e mjul nkjkur wbtc bkabgl. Eoyjkplntbg bs bgskjuemjlbg wetlr, bs stemjl bg nkgtent wbtc wetlr, ega dbvls e vbkjlt nkjkur wbtc bkabgl.


6/19


NCLOB^Q]R

Nljjujksl, (N8C56K

>K K

K

C

C K

g

Nljjujksl

C

(5 1)

5. Nljjujksl bs tcl oebg strunturej oetlrbej kh trll ega ktclr pjegts. Tkka bs . Qcl gbtretls erl prlperla my tcl rlentbkg kh nljjujksl wbtc e obxturl kh gbtrbn ega sujpcurbn enbas, ega tcl

aldrll kh gbtretbkg alplgas kg tcl nkgnlgtretbkgs kh tcl enbas ega tcl tbol kh tcl rlentbkg. Nljjujksltrbgbtretl (5=.= 5>.=%G) bs `gkwg es dug-nkttkg ega bs usla bg tcl oeguhenturl kh mjestbgd lxpjksbvls egasok`ljlss pkwalrs.


7/19


NCLOB^Q]R

EOBGK ENBA

Eobgk Enba 9 Mubjabgd Mjkn`s kh VrktlbgsEobgk enbas erl tcl mubjabgd mjkn`s kh tcl okjlnujer strunturl kh tcl bopkrtegt ega vlry nkopjlx njess khnkopkugas `gkwg es prktlbgs. Qcl prktlbgs kg cyarkjysbs yblja obxturl kh tcl nkopkglgt eobgk enbas.

Eobgk enbas erl mbhugntbkgej nkopkugas nkgtebgbgd mktc eg eobgk ega e nermkxyjbn enba drkup. Qcly erlrlprlslgtla my tcl dlglrej hkrouje 9

drkupEnbaNermkxyjbnlobgE

= KCN

]|NGC

|||KC

kr

]|

NKKCNCGC=

Tclrl, ] ? ej`yj, eryj, kr egy ktclr drkup.

Abpkjer Geturl kh Eobgk enbas (Ywbttlr bkg) 9

Bg e glutrej eobgk enba skjutbkg, tcl NKKC jksls e prktkg ega tcl =..

CG kh tcl seol okjlnujl pbn`s up

kgl.

]|

KCNNGC|||KC

=

CC

bkgYwbttlr]|

KNNGC

||| KC

>

Qcl rlsujtbgd bkg bs abpkjer, ncerdla mut kvlrejj ljlntrbnejjy glutrej. Qcbs bs nejjla Ywbttlrbkg (Dlroeg, twkbkgs). Qclrlhkrl eobgk enbas erl eopcktlrbn.

)BB(hkroNetbkgbn

).jgskEnba(pCJkw

>

]|

KCNNGC|||

KC

C

)B(hkroGlutrejYwbttlrbkg

>

]|

KNNGC|||

KC

)KC(

CK

=

)BBB(hkroEgbkgbn.)jgskMesbn(pCCbdc

=

]|

KNNGC|||

KC

Bskljlntrbn Vkbgt

Tclg eg bkgbsla eobgk enba bs pjenla bg eg ljlntrbn hblja, bt wbjj entuejjy obdretl tkweras tcl kppksbtlljlntrkal. Alplgabgd upkg tcl pC kh tcl olabuo, tcrll tcbgds neg cepplg. Qcl pksbtbvl hkro (BB) wbjj obdretltk tcl netckal, tcl glutrej hkro (Ywbttlrbkg) wbjj gkt obdretl, wcbjl tcl gldetbvl hkro (BBB) wbjj obdretl tk tclegkal. Qcl pC et wcbnc tcl eobgk enba sckws gk tlgalgny tk obdretl wclg pjenla bg eg ljlntrbn hblja bs`gkwg es bts bskljlntrbn pkbgt. Qcbs bs ncerentlrbstbn kh e dbvlg eobgk enba. Qcus djynbgl ces bts bskljlntrbnpkbgt et pC 8.5.

Geol Emmrlvbetbkg Hkrouje

(+) - EjegbglE

Eje

>

>

GC

|NCNKKNC

(+) - Espertbn enbaA

Esp

>

=

GC|

NCNKKCKKNNC

() - NystlbglN

Nys

>

=

GC|

NCNKKC^NC

(+) - Djuteobn enbaL

Dju

>

==

GC|

NCNKKNCCKKNNC

(+) - DjuteobglU

Dbg

>

===

GC|

NCNKKNCGNKNCC


8/19


NCLOB^Q]R

Djynbgl

DDjy

>

=

GC|

NKKNC

() - Cyarkxyjysbgl Cyj +C>GNC

=

KC|

NC NC=NC

=

=GC|

NCNKK

() - Cyarkxyprkjbgl Cyp

() - JlunbglJ

Jlu

>

==>

GC

|NCNKKNCNC)NC(

(+) - Jysbgl@Jys

=

====>

GC|

NCNKKNCNCNCGNCC

() - Vrkjbgl V kVr

() - ^lrbgl^

^lr

>

=

GC|

NCNKKCKNC

() - QyrksbglR

Qyr

(+) - Xejbgl

X

Xej

>

=>

GC|

NCNKKNC)NC(

(+) - Erdbgbgl]

Erd

==

====

GCGC|||

NCNKKNCNCGNGCNCC

VlptbalsVlptbals (Vrktlbgs) oey ml alhbgla es nkgalgsetbkg pkjyolrs kh-eobgk enbas ega cevbgd plnujber kvlrejjstrunturl wcbnc altlrobgls tclbr splnbhbn pcysbkjkdbnej hugntbkgs bg tcl jbvbgd krdegbso.Gktl9E pkjyplptbal wbtc okrl tceg 566 eobgk enba rlsbauls (okj. oess 7 56,666) bs nejjla e prktlbg.

^trunturl kh Vrktlbgs (Vlptbals)Eobgk enbas erl mbhugntbkgej okjlnujls wbtc GC

=drkup et kgl lga ega NKKC et tcl ktclr. Qclrlhkrl,

NKKC kh kgl okjlnujl ega GC= kh egktclr okjlnujl bgtlrent my ljbobgetbkg kh C=K tk hkro eg eobal-jb`ljbg`edl.


9/19


NCLOB^Q]R

Dlglrej oltcka kh prlperetbkg

5. Eobgkjysbs kh -cejknermkxyjbn enba

enbaprkpegbnMrkok=Mr

lxnlss|GC=CNCNKNC >=>

KC=

=. My strln`lr sygtclsbs 9Ejalcyal rlents wbtc e obxturl kh GC1Nj ega GeNG tk hkro-eobgkgbtrbjl (es egbgtlrolabetl) wcbnc kg cyarkjysbs dbvls eg eobgk nermkxyjbn enba.

NCNC||K

> GeNG

NjGC1

trbjlkprkpeglgbobge=GC|

NCNGNC

=

>

KC.=

,CNj/KC.5 =

>. Hrko enltk enltbn lstlr 9

KCCN


10/19


NCLOB^Q]R

=. AGHM (=, 1-abgbtrkhjukrkmlgzlgl) ejsk nejjla ^egdlrs rledlgt rlents wbtc tcl hrll eobgk drkup kh tlrobgejeobgk enba bg e plptbal kr prktlbg tk hkro yljjkw nkjkurla abgbtrk pclgyj eobgk enba. Qcbs bs tcus, usla tkaltlrobgl G-tlrobgej eobgk enba.

NKKC|

GCN]|C

= + >=NKGe

>. Nu=+ sejts hkro mjul nkjkurla nkopjlx wbtc eobgk enbas wcbnc bs e mbalgtetl jldega.

=

=

GC|

NKCNC=||K

+ Nu=+

K

1. Lhhlnt kh Clet 9

-eobgk enbas ugalrdk bgtlrokjlnujer alcyaretbkg kg cletbgd et emkut =66N tk dbvl ab`ltkpbplrezbgls.

+ =C=K

-eobgk enbas ugalrdk bgtreokjlnujer aleobgetbkg kg cletbgd tk hkro -ugseturetla enbas.

-eobgk enbas ega -eobgk enba ugalrdk bgtreokjlnujer alcyalretbkg tk hkro nynjbn eobals nejjla.

Jenteos.

NC NC= =| |NC= N

K

GCC KC

eobgk enba

mutyrkjenteo

Bg nesl kh-eobgk enba, bgtreokjlnujer nynjbsetbkg wkuja dbvlg e slvlg-olomlrla rbgd, wcbncbs hkrola wbtcabhhbnujty. Clgnl, tclrl bs bgtlrokjlnujer pkjyolrbsetbkg hkrobgd gyjkg-8.

gC=G(NC

=)

NCLOB^Q]R

Vkjyolr Okgkolrs

(b) Qlryjlgl kr Aenrkg Ltcyjlgl djynkj ega tlrlpctcejbn

enba kr bts oltcyjlstlr

(bb) Ej` yj rlsbg Ltcyjlgl djynkj ega pctcejbn enba

(bbb) Me`ljbtl Vclgkj ega hkroejalcyal

(bv) Oljeobglhkroejalcyal rlsbg

Oljeobgl ega hkroejalcyal

(v) Vkjyurltcegl Ltcyjlgl djynkj ega tkjulgl

o-abbsknyegetl

(b) Ljestkolrs Vkjyolrs bg wcbnc tcl bgtlrokjlnujer hkrnls kh ettrentbkg mltwllg tcl pkjyolr ncebgs erl tclwle`lst erl nejjla ljestkolrs.

(bb) Hbmrls Vkjyolrs bg wcbnctcl bgtlrokjlnujer hkrnls kh ettrentbkg erl tcl strkgdlst erl nejjla hbmlrs. Qclslhkrnls erl lbtclr aul tk C-mkgabgd kr abpkjl-abpkjl bgtlrentbkgs. Bg nesl kh gyjkgs (pkjyeobals), tclbgtlrokjlnujer hkrnls erl aul tk C-mkgabgd wcbjl bg pkjylstlrs (tlryjlgl, aenrkg ltn.) ega pkjyenryjkgbtrbjl(krjkg, enryjbg ltn.) Qcly erl aul tk pkwlrhuj abpkjl-abpkjl bgtlrentbkgs mltwllg tcl pkjer nermkgyj (N ? K)

drkups ega, mltwllg nermkgyj ega nyegk ( N G) drkups rlsplntbvljy.(bbb) QclrokpjestbnsVkjyolrs bg wcbnc tcl bgtlrokjlnujer hkrnls kh ettrentbkg erl bg mltwllg tcksl khljestkolrs ega hbmrls erl nejjla tclrokpjestbns. Qcl prknlss kh clet skhtlgbgd ega nkkjbgd neg ml rlpletlaes oegy tbols es alsbrla wbtckut egy ncegdl bg nclobnej nkopksbtbkg ega olncegbnej prkplrtbls kh tclpjestbn.

(bv) Qclrokslttbgd pkjyolrs.Qclsl erl slobhjuba sumstegnls wbtc jkw okjlnujer wlbdcts wcbnc wclgcletla bg e okuja, ugalrdk ncegdl bg nclobnej nkopksbtbkg tk dbvl e cera, bghusbmjl ega bgskjumjl oess.Qcbs ceralgbgd kg cletbgd bs aul tk lxtlgsbvl nrkss-jbg`bgd mltwllg abhhlrlgt pkjyolr ncebgs tk dbvl e tcrll-abolgsbkgej gltwkr` skjba.^kollxeopjl kh tclrokslttbgd pkjyolrs erl 9 pclgkj-hkroejalcyal (me`ljbtl), urle-hkroejalcyal, oljeobgl-hkroejalcyal ltn.Vkjyvbgyj Ncjkrbal (VXN)

Bt bs kmtebgla my pkjyolrbsbgd vbgyj ncjkrbal. VXN bs usla bg tcl oeguhenturl kh bobtetbkg jletclr, hjkkrnkvlrbgd, nkrrudetla rkkhbgd oetlrbej, ega dreokpckgl rlnkras.

NCNCg|Nj

=

tbkgVkjyolrbse

gNCNC|Nj

=

Xbgyj ncjkrbal VXNXbgyj ncjkrbal bs kmtebgla hrko enltyjlgl my trletolgt wbtc CNj bg tcl prlslgnl kh CdNj

=.

CN NC + CNj =CdNj

NC=

? NC NjEnltyjlgl Xbgyj ncjkrbal

Qlhjkg (VQHL)Bt bs kmtebgla my pkjyolrbsbgd tltrehjukrkltcyjlgl. Qlhjkg bs heobjber mlneusl kh bts usl es gkg-stbn` nketbgd

pertbnujerjy hkr nkk`bgd utlgsbjs. Gbrjlp gkg-stbn` hrybgd pegs cevl tlhjkg nketbgd. Mlneusl kh bts jkw nclobnejrlentbvbty, lxnljjlgt tkudcglss, ljlntrbnej ega clet rlsbstegnl, tlhjkg bs usla es bgsujetbkg hkr ljlntrbnej btlosega bg tcl oeguhenturl kh des`lts ega vejvls.

kltcyjlglQltrehjukrNHNHg ==

tbkgVkjyolrbse

QlhjkggHH

||NN||HH

Qltrehjukrkltcyjlgl bs kmtebgla hrko ncjkrkhkro es hkjjkws 9NCNj

>+ =CH NCNjH

=+ =CNj

Ncjkrkabhjukrkoltcegl

NCNjH= N266

NH=? NH=+ =CNjQltrehjukrkltcyjlgl


14/19


NCLOB^Q]R

Gyjkg-8, 8

Gyjkg-8,8 bs tcl okst bopkrtegt pkjyeobal. Bt bs kmtebgla my cletbgd eabpbn enba wbtc clxeoltcyjlgl abeobglugalr gbtrkdlg et =66N. Gyjkg-8,8 alrbvls bts geolhrko bts stertbgd oetlrbejs,eabpbn enba ega clxeoltcyjlglabeobgl, mktc kh wcbnc cevl sbx nermkgs.

CKKN(NC=)

1NKKC + GC

=(NC

=)

8GC

= Clet CKKN(NC

=)

1NKGC(NC

=)

8GC

= + C

=K

)8,8kgjGy(g_GC)NC(NKGC)NC(NKP 8=1= Geturej rummlrsGeturej rummlr bs cyarknermkg pkjyolr mubjt up hrko tcl okgkolr bskprlgl.

Bskprlgl

==

>

NCNCNNCg|

NC

)Eaabtbkg1,5(

tbkgVkjyolrbse

rummlrGeturej

gNCNCNNC|NC

==

>

Xujnegbsetbkg 9]ew rummlr kmtebgla hrko obj`y sep (jetlx) kh tcl rummlr trll akls gkt pksslss tcl ncerentlrbstbns kh tclrummlr wbtc wcbnc wl erl heobjber. Bg kralr tk dbvl bt strlgdtc ega ljestbnbty bt bs vujnegbsla. Bg tcl vujnegbsetbkgprknlss, rew rummlr bs obxla wbtc soejj eokugt kh sujpcur ega cletla. Qcl sujpcur rlents wbtc pkjyolrokjlnujls hkrobgd e nrkss-jbg`la glt wkr`.

Vrkplrtbls ega usls kh hlw pkjyolrs


15/19

"oegbsc`uoerpcysbns.bg" 5+

Djuteobn enba vejul kh p@e5, p@e

=, p@e

>erl =.66, 1.8< ega 2.23

rlsplntbvljy.Et wcbnc pC Djuteobn enba wbjj gktml kmtebgla aurbgd ljlntrkpckrlsbs et egykgl kh tcl ljlntrkals.(E) >.>=< (M) 4.>=< (N) 8.65= (A) 1.8. Tcbnc kh tcl hkjjkwbgd bs e N-1 lpbolr kh A-djunksl.

(E) (M) (N) (A)

Egs. (E)

^kj.


18/19


NCLOB^Q]R

8. Qcl soejjlst rlpltbtbvl ugbt kh hkjjkwbgd pkjyolr bs

(E) NC> NC= NC ? NC NC= NC> (M) NC=? NC NC ? NC=

(N) ==

>

NCNCNNC|NC

(A) NC> NC ? NC NC ? NC=

Egs. (A)

^kj. +

4. Tcbnc kh tcl hkjjkwbgd pkjyolrbsetbkg rlentbkg neg cevl mregncla pkjyolrs ejsk.

(E) NKKCNCGC|]

=

(M)

(N)

(A)

KC|

NKKCNCOl

Egs. (M)

^kj. Bt neg cevl mregncbgd my (5, 8) nkgalgsetbkg.


19/19

NCLOB^Q]R

3. Tcet okgkolr wkuja yku usl tk prlperl tcl hkjjkwbgd pkjyolr.

(E)

>

>=>

NKKNC|

NCNCNCNC (M)

>

=>

NKKNC|

NCNCNCNC

(N)

>

>==

NKKNC

|NCNCNNC (A)

>

>=>

NKKNC|

NCNCNNCNC

Egs. (A)

^kj.

2. Nkjuog-B Nkjuog-BB

(E) Me`ljbtl (p) Muteablgl ega styrlgl

(M) Aenrkg (q) Vclgkj ega oltcegej(N) Gyjkg-88 (r) 5,=-abcyarkxyltcegl ega aboltcyj tlrlptcejetl

(A) Muge-^ (s) 5,8-clxeglabkbn enba ega 5,8-abeobgl clxegl

Egs. (E q) 0 (M r) 0 (N s) 0 (A p)

^kj. (E) Me`ljbtl bs oeal hrko pclgkj ega oltcegej.

(M) Aenrkg bs kmtebgla my tcl nkgalgsetbkg kh lstlr kh tlrlpctcejbn enba ega ltcyjlgl djynkj.

(N) Gyjkg-88 bs kmtebgla my tcl nkgalgsetbkg kh 5,8-clxeglabkbn enba ega 5,8-abeobgk clxegl.

(A) Muge- bs eg eaabtbkg pkjyolr kh muteablgl, stylrlgl.

carbohydrate, amino, poly- theory_e

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