17 to 18 group theory_e

8/12/2019 17 to 18 Group Theory_E

1/23

"eiflsmjueirpmysl`s.lf" 9

@MAELPTR\

p-Bho`j Ahaeafts (Mihocafs ifd Fobha Cisas)

Lftrodu`tlof ;Croup 90 to 9= og tma parlodl` tibha og ahaeafts òfstltuta tma pbho`j. Tma pbho`j òftilfs eatihs,

eatihholds is wahh is fofeatihs.

Tma pbho`j ahaeafts miva cafarih vihafà smahh aha trofl òfglcuritlof fs2 fp97.

Tma glrst eaebar og ai`m croup groe 9093 og tma pbho`j ahaeafts dlggar lf eify raspa`ts groe tma otmar

eaebars og tmalr raspa`tlva croups baìusa og seihh slza, mlcm aha`trofacitlvlty ifd ibsafà og dorbltihs.

Tma glrst eaebar og i croup ihso mis craitar iblhlty to gore pp euhtlpha bofds to ltsahg (a.c. @5@, @@, FF)ifd to ahaeaft og saòfd row (a.c @5O, @5F, @F, F5O) òepirad to tma otmar eaebars og tma siea croup.Tma mlcmast oxlditlof og pbho`j ahaeaft ls aquih to tma croup fuebar 9>. Eovlfc dowf tma croup, tma

oxlditlof stita two hass tmif tma mlcmast croup oxlditlof stita baòeas eora stibha lf croups 90 to 97 dua

to lfart pilr agga`t (rahu`tifà og s-subsmahh aha`trofs to pirtl lpita lf `maelìh bofdlfc)

CROQ^ 93 AHAEAFTP ; TMA MIHOCAF GIELH\Ghuorlfa, `mhorlfa, broelfa, lodlfa ifd istitlfa ira eaebars og Croup 93. Tmasa ira òhha tlvahy jfowf is

tma mihocafs (Craaj miho eaifs siht ifd cafas borf l.a., siht produàrs). Tma mihocafs ira mlcmhy rai`tlva

fof-eatihhl` ahaeafts.

Aha`trofl` @ofglcuritlof

Ihh tmasa ahaeafts miva savaf aha`trofs lf tmalr outareost smahh (fs2 fp1) wml`m ls ofa aha`trof

smort og tma faxt fobha cis.

Itoel` ifd Lofl` Ridll

Tma mihocafs miva tma seihhast itoel` ridll lf tmalr raspa`tlva parlods dua to eixleue agga`tlva fu`hair

`mirca . Itoel` ifd lofl` ridll lf raisa groe ghuorlfa to lodlfa dua to lf raislfc fuebar og quiftue smahhs.

Loflsitlof Aftmihpy

Tmay miva hlttha tafdaf`y to hosa aha`trof. Tmus tmay miva vary mlcm loflsitlof aftmihpy. Dua to lf`raisa lf

itoel` slza, loflsitlof aftmihpy da`raisas dowf tma croup.

Aha`trof Cilf AftmihpyMihocaf miva eixleue facitlva aha`trof cilf aftmihpy lf tma òrraspofdlfc parlod. Tmls ls dua to tma gi`t

tmit tma itoes og tmasa ahaeafts miva ofhy ofa aha`trof hass tmif stibha fobha cis ofglcuritlofs. Aha`trof

cilf aftmihpy og tma ahaeafts og tma croup baòeas hass facitlva dowf tma croup. Mowavar, tma facitlva

aha`trof cilf aftmihpy og ghuorlfa ls hass tmif tmit og `mhorlfa. Lt ls dua to seihh slza og ghuorlfa itoe. Is i

rasuht, tmara ira strofc lftaraha`trofl` rapuhslofs lf tma rahitlvahy seihh 2p orbltihs og ghuorlfa ifd tmus, tma

axtri aha`trof (lfòelfc) doas fot axparlafà eu`m ittri tlof.

Aha`trofacitlvlty

Tmay miva vary mlcm aha`trofacitlvlty. Tma aha`trofacitlvlty da`raisas dowf tma croup. Ghuorlfa ls tma eost

aha`trofacitlva ahaeaft lf tma parlodl` tibha

^mysl ih ^ropartlasGhuorlfa ifd `mhorlfa ira cisas, broelfa ls i hlquld wmarais lodlfa ls i sohld. Tmalr eahtlfc ifd bolhlfc

polfts staidlhy lf`raisa wltm itoel` fuebar. Ihh mihocafs ira òhourad. Tmls ls dua to ibsorptlof og ridlitlofs

lf vlslbha raclof wml`m rasuhts lf tma ax ltitlof og outar aha`trofs to mlcmar afarcy havah. By ibsorblfc dlggaraft

quifti og ridlitlof, tmay dlsphiy dlggaraft òhours. Gor axiepha, G2, mis yahhow, @h

2, craaflsm yahhow, Br

2, rad

ifd L2, vlohat òhour. Ghuorlfa ifd `mhorlfa rai`t wltm witar. Broelfa ifd lodlfa ira ofhy spirlfchy sohubha lf

witar. But ira sohubha lf orcifl sohvafts su`m is `mhorogore, ìrbof tatri`mhorlda, ìrbof dlsuhpmlda ifd

mydroìrbofs to clva òhourad sohutlofs. Axàpt tma seihhar aftmihpy og dlsso litlof og G2

òepirad to tmit

og @h2. Tma ]-] bofd dlsisso litlof aftmihplas groe mhorlfa ofwirds smow tma axpa`tad trafd ; @h @h 6 Br

Br 6 G G 6 L L. Tma raisof gor tma seihhar aftmihpy og dlsso`litlof og G2

ls tma rahitlvahy hircar aha`trofs-

aha`trofs rapuhslof ieofc tma hofa pilrs lf G2eohaùha wmara tmay ira eu`m `hosar to ai`m otmar tmif lf

ìsa og @h2

.


2/23


@MAELPTR\

Tibha ; 9

Itoel` ifd pmyslìh propart las

Ahaeaft G @h Br L

Itoel` Fuebar < 93 01 10

Itoel` Eiss 9< 01.41 3

4s2

4p1

ZJrU 4d9>

1s2

1p1

@ovihaft Ridlus / pe 74 9217 9942 9>>=

Aha`trof cilf aftmihpy /(jK eoh9

) 000 04< 021 2.14 WEora tma vihua og tma PR , eora powarguh ls tma oxldlslfc icaft. Mafà tma ordar og oxldlslfc powar ls

G26 @h

26 Br

26

2

Plfà PR^ ls tma mlcmast gor G2(ieofc ihh ahaeafts og parlodl` tibha), lt ls i strofcast oxldlslfc icaft.

Axiepha-9 @ovihaft ridlus og ghuorlfa ls 74 pe but tma bofd hafctm ls fot aquih to 92= pe ifd tmit ls 940 pe

ifd bofd afarcy ls goufd to ba òepiribha to2

.

P o h u t l o f Tmls eiy ba ittrlbutad to.p .p rapuhslofs dua to seihh slza og G itoe.

Axiepha-2 Aha`trof igglflty og `mhorlfa ls eora tmif G. Lfsplta og tmls G2ls tma battar oxldlslfc icaft. Smy ?

P o h u t l o f PR^ og G2ls eu`m mlcmar tmif tmit og @h

2of i`òuft og seihhar bofd dlsso`litlof afarcy.


3/23


@MAELPTR\

Mydritlof afarcy og ]

Peihhar tma lof, mlcmar ls tma mydritlof afarcy.

G @h Br

191 0=9 043 0>1 lf jK/eoh

Ifoeihous bamivlour og ghuorlfa

Tma ifoeihous bamivlour og ghuorlfa ls duato lts seihh slza, mlcmast aha`trofacitlvlty, how G- G bofd dlsso litlof

aftmihpy, ifd fof ivilhiblhlty og d orbltihs lf vihaf`a smahh. Eost og tma rai`tlofs og ghuorlfa ira axotmarel`

(dua to tma seihh ifd strofc bofd goread by lt wltm otmar ahaeafts). Lt gores ofhy ofa oxoi ld wmlha otmarmihocafs gore i fuebar og oxoi`lds. Mydrocaf ghuorlda ls hlquld (b.p. 2


4/23


@MAELPTR\

Fota ; Lt ls fot posslbha to prapira ghuorlfa by aha`trohysls og iquaous sohutlof og FiG or JG. Lt ls baìusa wmaf

iquaous sohutlof og JG ls subka`tad to aha`trohysls, tmara wlhh ba gohhowlfc two oxlditlof lf òepatltlof it

ifoda,

M2O 9/2O

2+ 2M+ + 2a PO^ 5 9.20 W

ifd

G 9/2G2+ a PO^ 5 2.=3 W

Is i eittar og ruha tmit substifà wlhh ba oxldlsa wmosa PO^ ls mlcmar tmaragora witar cats oxldlsa it ifoda

ifd fot G

.(ll) @maelìh eatmod ;Groe ôtisslue maxighuoroeifcifita (LW), J

2ZEfG

7U.

J2

ZEfG7U + 2 PbG

1 2J ZPbG

7U + EfG

0+

2

9G

2 :

204 G2

9EfG

vliEfG

Lf tmls rai`tlof, tma strofcar Hawls i`ld PbG1

dlsphiàs tma waijar ofa, EfG4

groe lts siht. EfG4

ls ufstibha

ifd raidlhy daòeposas to clva EfG0

ifd ghuorlfa.

^ROÂRTLAP ;

(l) Dlitoel , îha craaf-yahhow cis wml m ippairs to ba iheost òhourhass. Lt ls maivlar tmif ilr. Lt òfdafsas

to yahhow hlquld it 9==>@ ifd yahhow sohld it 220>@. Lt mis pufcaft odour ifd ls mlcmhy polsofous.

(ll) Oxldlslfc `miri`tar ;Lt ls tma eost powarguh oxldlslfc icaft.G

2+ 2Fi] 2FiG + ]

2: wmara (] 5 @h, Br,)

(i) Lt ìf oxldlsa ihh otmar mihlda lofs lfto mihocaf eohaùhas

(b) Lt if oxldlsa @hO0 lfto @hO

4 ifd LO

0 to LO

4

G2+ @hO

0 + M

2O 2G + @hO

4 + 2M+

(`) Lt if oxldlsa MPO4 lfto P

2O

=2

2MPO4 + G

2 2G + P

2O

=2 + 2M+

(lll) Rai`tlof wltm FiOM sohutlof ; Sltm dlhuta ihjihl gores oxycaf dlghuorlda ifd wltm òfàftritad ihjihl

hlbaritas O2.

2G2+ 2 FiOM (dlhuta) OG

2(c) + 2 FiG + M

2O

2G2+ 4 FiOM (òfàftritad) O2(c) + 4 FiG + 2M2O(lv) Rai`tlof wltm FM

0;

2FM0+ 0G

2 F

2+ 7 MG

Lt ls tma dlstlf`tlof groe otmar mihocafs: otmar mihocafs gore axphoslva F]0

wltm òfàftritad FM0

l.a. hlquor

ieeofli.

(v) Rai`tlof wltm M2P ;

M2P + G

2 PG

7+ 2 MG

(vl) Rai`tlof wltm PlO2; Lt itti`js chiss it ibout 9>>>@.

PlO2(s) + 2G

2(c) PlG

4(c) + O

2(c)

Tma rai`tlof ls show wltm dry G2.

(vll) Rai`tlof wltm PO0 ;

PO0+ G

2 IcG

@9=> GPO2OOPO

2G

(vlll) Rai`tlof wltm O2;

O2+ G

2 aircdls`maha`trl`slhaft

ogprasafàlfofhy O2G

2

(lx) Rai`tlof wltm eatihs ifd fofeatihs ; Lt òeblfas wltm eost og tma eatihs. Iheost ihh fof-eatihs

axàpt O2& F

2lcflta spoftifaoushy lf prasafà og G

2.

2 Ic + G22 IcG : 2 Ih + 0 G

2 2 IhG

0

@ + 2 G2 @G

4 : Pl + 2 G

2 PlG

4

Ghuoroìrbofs ira axtraeahy lfart. @G4

ìf ba maitad lf ilr wltmout burflfc. Ghuoroìrbofs ira lfart

to òfàftritad MFO0

, M2PO

4ifd to strofc oxldlslfc icafts su`m is JEfO

4or O

0ifd to strofc

radu`lfc icafts su`m is HlIhM4or @ it 9>>@.


5/23


@MAELPTR\

@MHORLFA (@h2) ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;(l) By maitlfc `mhorlda wltm òfàftritad M

2PO

4lf prasafà og EfO

2.

4M+ + EfO2+ 2] ]

2+ Ef+2 + 2M

2O

Broeldas ifd lodldas ihso hlbarita Br2

ifd L2

raspa`tlvahy wltm òfàftritad M2PO

4ifd EfO

2.

(ll) (i) Fi@h + MFO0

FiFO0+ M@h 0

MFO0+ 0M@h FO@h + @h2+ 2M2O

0Fi@h + 4 MFO0

0 FiFO0+ FO@h (fltrosyh `mhorlda) + @h

2+ 2M

2O

2FO@h + O2

2FO2+ @h

2: FO

2+ M

2O MFO

0(to ba ra`y had)

(b) Smaf @h2ls usad gor tma `mhorlfitlof og mydroìrbof tma by-produ`t ls M@h. Tma M@h ls ìtihytlìhhy

oxldlsad lfto M2O & @h

2uslfc oppar powdar elxad wltm rira airtm `mhorldas.

4 M@h + O2

`mhorldaairtmrirapowdar@u 2M2O + 2@h

2

(`) @iO h@

@h

+ 2M@h @i@h2+ @h

2+ M

2O

(d) 2JEfO4

+ 97 M@h2 J@h + 2 Ef@h2

+ 1 @h2

+ = M2

O

(a) ^bO2+ 4 M@h^b@h

2, + @h

2+ 2 M

2O

Tmasa eatmods ira ax huslvahy usad ofhy gor `mhorlfa.

(lll) Eifugi`tura og `mhorlfa ;

(i) Daiòfs proàss ; By oxlditlof og mydrocaf `mhorlda cis by iteospmarl` oxycaf lf tma prasafà

og @u@h2(ìtihyst) it 320 J.

4 M@h + O2

2@u@h 2 @h2+ 2 M

2O

(b) Aha trohytl` proàss ; @mhorlfa ls obtilfad by tma aha`trohysls og brlfa (òfàftritad Fi@h sohutlof).

@mhorlfa ls hlbaritad it ifoda. Lt ls obtilfad is i byprodu t lf eify `maelìh lfdustrlas a.c.: lf

eifugi`turlfc og sodlue mydroxlda.Fi] (iq) Fi+ (iq) + ] (iq)

Ifoda ; 2] ]2

+ 2a

^ROÂRTLAP ;(l) Lt ls i craaflsmyahhow cis wltm pufcaft ifd suggoìtlfc odour. Lt ls ibout 21 tleas maivlar tmif ilr. Lt ìf

ba hlquaglad lfto craaflsmyahhow hlquld wml`m bolhs it 20 M@h

(b) @mhorlfa oxldlsas botm Br ifd h to Br2ifd L

2raspa`tlvahy.

] + @h2

]2+ 2@h

(`) Lt ls i powarguh bhai`mlfc icaft : bhai`mlfc i`tlof ls dua to oxlditlof.

@h2+ M

2O 2 M@h + O

@ohourad substifà + O @ohourhass substifàLt bhai`mas vacatibha or orcifl` eittar lf tma prasafà og eolstura. Bhai`mlfc agga`t og `mhorlfa ls pareifaft.


6/23


@MAELPTR\

Fota ; Tma bhai`mlfc i`tlof og PO2ls taeporiry baìusa lt tijas phià tmroucm radu`tlof.

PO2+ 2 M

2O M

2PO

4 + 2 M

PO0

2 + @ohourad eitarlih PO4

2 + Raduàd òhourhass eitarlih.

Raduàd @ohourhass eitarlih ilrogO2

@ohourad eitarlih.

(lv) Rai`tlof wltm FiOM ;

(i) 2 FiOM ( òhd & dlhuta) + @h2 Fi@h + Fi@hO + M2O

(b) 7 FiOM (mot & òfàftritad) + 0 @h2

1 Fi@h + Fi@hO0+ 0 M

2O

Tmasa rai`tlofs ira ihso clvaf by Br2

ifd L2.

(v) Rai`tlof wltm dry shijad hlea, @i(OM)2; To clva bhai`mlfc powdar.

2 @i(OM)2+ 2 @h

2 @i(O@h)

2+ @i@h

2+ 2 M

2O

QPAP ; @h2

ls usad

9. gor bhai`mlfc wood puhp (raqulrad gor tma eifugi`tura og pipar ifd riyof), bhai`mlfc òttof ifd taxtlhas,

2. lf tma eifugi`tura og dyas, drucs ifd orcifl òepoufds su`m is @@h4

, @M@h0

, DDT, ragrlcarifts, at`.

0. lf tma axtri`tlof og cohd ifd phitlfue.

4. lf starlhlslfc drlfjlfc witar ifd1. prapiritlof og polsofous cisas su`m is pmoscafa (@O@h2), tair cis (@@h

0FO

2), eustird cis

(@h@M2@M

2P@M

2@M

2@h).

BROELFA (Br2) ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;

(l) @oeeof eatmod ; 2 FiBr + 0M2PO

4(òfàftritad) + EfO

2 Br

2+ EfPO

4+ 2FiMPO

4 + 2M

2O

(ll) Groe Pai-witar ;

Fi@h ls eilf òepofaft but FiBr ls ihso prasaft lf soea quiftlty lf sai witar. @h2

cis ls pissad tmroucm

sai witar wmaf vipours og broelfa ira avohvad.

2 Br (iq) + @h2

2@h (iq.) + Br2

Tma Br2 ls raeovad by i straie og ilr slfà Br

2ls qulta vohitlha. Tma cis ls pissad tmroucm i sohutlof og

Fi2@O

0wmaf tma Br

2ls ibsorbad gorelfc i elxtura og FiBr ifd FiBrO

0. Tma sohutlof ls tmaf i ldlglad ifd

dlstlhhad to clva pura broelfa.

0Br2+ 0Fi

2@O

0 1FiBr + FiBrO

0+ 0@O

2

1FiBr + FiBrO0+ 0M

2PO

4 1MBr + MBrO

0+ 0Fi

2PO

4

1MBr + MBrO0

0Br2+ 0M

2O

^ROÂRTLAP ;

(l) Raddlsm browf hlquld, gilrhy sohubha lf witar. Lt ihso gores mydrita hlja @h2

(Br2 . =M2O) @hitmrita òepoufd

(ll) Rast rai`tlofs ira siea is wltm @h2

LODLFA (L2) ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;

(l) @oeeof eatmod ; 2Fi+ 0M2PO

4(òfàftritad) + EfO

2

2+ EfPO

4+ 2FiMPO

4+ 2M

2O

(ll) Groe @ihl`ma or @ruda `mlha siht patra ;

Tma eilf sourà og lodlfa ls FiO0(sodlue lodita) wml`m ls goufd lf fitura wltm FiFO

0(`mlha sihtpatra).

FiO0

ls prasaft lf seihh ieouft. Igtar `rystihhlsitlof og FiFO0

, tma eotmar hlquor hagt òftilfs FiO0

(sohubha). To tmls sohutlof FiMPO0ls iddad wmara upof

2ls pra`lpltitad.

2O0 + 7MPO0 2L + 7 PO42 + 7M+1 + LO

0 + 7M+ 0L

2+ 0 M

2O


7/23


@MAELPTR\

(lll) Groe sai-waads ;

@artilf eirlfa phifts ibsorb ifd òfàftrita L saha`tlvahy lf prasafà og @h ifd Br. Pai-waads ira drlad

ifd burft lf smihhow plts, ism hagt ls ìhhad jahp. Ism of axtri`tlof wltm mot witar dlssohvas out `mhorldas,

ìrbofitas, suhpmitas ifd lodldas og sodlue ifd potisslue. Tma sohutlof of òfàftritlof sapiritas out ihh

haivlfc bamlfd lodlda lf tma sohutlof. Pohutlof ls elxad wltm EfO2ifd òfàftritad M

2PO

4 lf lrof ratorts.

Hlbaritad lodlfa ls òfdafsad lf sarlas og airtmafwira jfowf is ihudahs.

2Fi + EfO2

+ 0M2PO

4 2FiMPO

4 + EfPO

4+

2+ 2M

2O

(lv) @uPO4 + 2J J2PO4+ @u2: 2@u2

@u22 +2

Tmls 2

cats dlssohvad lfto J gorelfc 0

, slfà 0 lofs ira yahhow, tmaragora sohutlof davahops yahhow òhour.

^ROÂRTLAP ;(l) Lt ls i dirj vlohat sohld, ufdarcoas subhleitlof, haist sohubha (ieofc mihocafs) lf witar but eu`m eora

sohubha lf J(iq.) dua to goreitlof og J0. Lt ls sohubha lf orcifl` sohvafts hlja @M@h

0, @@h

4at`. to cat vlohat

sohutlofs.

(ll) Rai`tlof wltm mypo ;

P2

O0

2 (tmlosuhpmita lofs) +2

P4O

72 (tatritmlofita lofs) + 2

Tmls rai tlof ls tma bisls og lodoeatrl tltritlof, wml`m ls irrlad out gor tma astleitlof og lodlfa uslfc stir`m

lfdlìtor.

(lll) Rai`tlof wltm FM0

;

FM0(c) +

2 Fo Rai`tlof

FM (iq) + (s) F . FM + 0M0 2 0 0

(Ieeofli hlquor)

I shurry ls goreadwml`m ìf ba drlad

ifd of mieearlfc ltaxphodas ìuslfc

soufd (`rijars)

if axphoslva(Fltrocaftrllodldaieeoflitad)

=F0. FM

0 1F

2+ ,^t 2M

(ll) By maitlfc i mihlda wltm òfàftritad i`ld ;

(i) Fi@h + M2PO

4 @91> FiMPO

4+ M@h

FiMPO4+ Fi@h

@11>Fi

2PO

4+ M@h

Tmls eatmod ls ìhhad is siht ìja eatmod is lt lfvohvas tma goreitlof og FiMPO4(siht ìja).

M@h ìffot ba drlad ovar ^2O

1(^

4O

9>) or qul`j hlea slfà tmay rai`t wltm cis `maelìhhy.

@iO + 2M@h @i@h2

+ M2O

^4O

9> + 0M@h Ô@h

0+ 0MÔ

0

M@h ls, mafà drlad by pisslfc tmroucm ofàftritad M2PO4.


8/23

"eiflsmjueirpmysl`s.lf" =

@MAELPTR\

(b) MBr (or M) ìffot ba prapirad by maitlfc broelda (lodlda) wltm òfàftritad M2PO

4baìusa MBr

ifd M ira strofc radu`lfc icafts ifd raduà M2PO

4to PO

2ifd cat tmaesahvas oxldlsad to broelfa

ifd lodlfa raspa`tlvahy.

J] + M2PO

4 JMPO

4+ M]

M2PO

4+ 2M] PO

2+ ]

2+ 2M

2O (] 5 Br or)

Mafà, MBr ifd M ira prapirad by maitlfc broeldas ifd lodldas raspa`tlvahy wltm òfàftritad M0Ô

4.

0JBr(J) + M0Ô

4 J

0Ô

4+ 0MBr (M)

(lll) By rai tlof og 4(Hiboritory Eatmod) ;^

4+ 7Br

2(7

2) 4^Br

0(4^

0) (produ`t lf sltu)

^Br0(^

0) + 0M

2O 0MBr (M) + M

0Ô

0

(lv) By pisslfc M2P/PO

2lfto sohutlofs og mihocafs ;

M2P + ]

2 2M] + P

PO2+ 2M

2O + ]

2 2M] + M

2PO

4

^ROÂRTLAP ;

(l) Tmasa ira ohourhass, pufcaft seahhlfc cisas wltm i`ldl` tistas.

(ll) Tmasa ira faltmar òebustlbha for supportar og òebustlof.

(lll) Smaf parga`thy dry, tmay miva fo i tlof of hlteus, but lf prasafà og eolstura, tmay turf bhua hlteus rad,

smowlfc i`ldl` fitura. Ieofc M], Mls tma strofcast ifd MG ls tma waijast i`ld.

(lv) Tmasa ira qulta sohubha lf witar.

M@h loflsas is bahow ; M@h(c) + M2O () M

0O+ (iq) + @h (iq) : J

i5 9>3

Lt iquaous sohutlof ls ìhhad mydro`mhorl` i`ld. Mlcm vihua og dlsso`litlof òfstift (Ji) lfdlìtas tmit lt ls i

strofc i`ld lf witar.

Smaf tmraa pirts og ofàftritad M@h ifd ofa pirt og ofàftritad MFO0

ira elxad, iqui racli ls goread

wml`m ls usad gor dlssohvlfc fobha eatihs, a.c., cohd, phitlfue.

Iu + 4 M+ + FO0 + 4 @h ZIu@h

4U + FO + 2 M

2O

0 ^t + 97 M+ + 4 FO0

+ 9= @h 0 Z^t@h7U2 + 4 FO + = M

2O

(v) Radu`lfc proparty ifd stiblhlty og mydri`lds ;M@h ; Lt ls qulta stibha ifd mafà ls oxldlsad by strofc oxldlslfc icafts hlja EfO

2, JEfO

4, J

2@r

2O

3,

^bO2, ^b

0O

4.

(l) EfO2+ 4M@h Ef@h

2+ 2M

2O + @h

2

(ll) 2JEfO4+ 97M@h 2J@h + 2Ef@h

2+ =M

2O + 1@h

2

(lll) J2@r

2O

3+ 94M@h 2J@h + 2@r@h

0+ 3M

2O + 0@h

2

(lv) ^bO2+ 4M@h ^b@h

2+ 2M

2O + @h

2 : (v) b

0O

4+ =M@h 0^b@h

2+ 4M

2O + @h

2

Tmaragora, M@h ls i waij radu lfc icaft.

MBr ; Lt ls fot vary stibha ifd mafà eora aislhy oxldlsad or i`ts is i strofc radu`lfc icafts. Lf iddltlof

to ibova radu`lfc propartlas og M@h, lt ihso raduàs M2PO

4to PO

2wml`m ls fot dofa by M@h.

M2PO4+ MBr PO2+ Br2+ 2M2OIquaous MBr of axposura to iteospmarl` oxycaf ls oxldlsad to broelfa (yahhow)

4MBr + O2

2 Br2+ 2M

2O

M ; Lt ls haist stibha mydrocaf mihlda. Lt ls raidlhy oxldlsad ifd tmus i`ts is i powarguh radu`lfc icaft.Lf iddltlof to rai`tlof smowf by M@h, lt smows gohhowlfc rai`tlofs ihso.

(i) M2PO

4+ 2M PO

2+

2+ M

2O : M

2PO

4+ 7M P + 0

2+ 4M

2O:

M2PO

4+ =M M

2P + 4

2+ 4M

2O :

(b) 2MFO0+ 2M 2FO

2+

2+ 2M

2O (`) 2MFO

2+ 2M 2FO +

2+ 2M

2O

(d) MO0

+ 1M 02+ 2M

2O (a) J

2P

2O

=+ 2M J

2PO

4+

2+ M

2PO

4

(g) 2Ga@h0+ 2M 2Ga@h

2+

2+ 2M@h

Iquaous sohutlof og i`ld, lg axposad to O2ls oxldlsad to lodlfa.

4M+ O2

22+ 2M

2O


9/23

"eiflsmjueirpmysl`s.lf" % sohutlof.

^ROÂRTLAP ;

(l) Lt ls òhourhass, orroslva hlquld wltm pufcaft seahh wltm mlcm bolhlfc polft dua to mydrocaf bofdlfc.

(ll) Dry MG doas fot itti`j eatihs ufdar ordlfiry òfdltlofs (axàpt J), but lf prasafà og witar lt

dlssohvas eatihs wltm hlbaritlof og mydrocaf cis.

(lll) Lt ls i waij dlbisl` i`ld (dua to strofc MG bofd) ifd gores two sarlas og siht.

FiOM + M2G

2 FiMG

2+ M

2O : FiMG

2+ FiOM 2FiG + M

2O

(lv) MG ihso rai`t rai`ts wltm @@h4to gore graofs.

@@h4+ MG @G@h0+ M@h : @G@h0+ MG @G2@h2 + M@h.


10/23

"eiflsmjueirpmysl`s.lf" 9>

@MAELPTR\

Axiepha-4 (i) Smaf M@h rai`ts wltm glfahypowdarad lrof, lt gores garrous `mhorlda ifd fot garrl `mhorlda.

wmy ?

(b) @mhorlfa witar turfs bhua hlteus rad but sohutlof baòeas ohourhass igtar soeatlea.

P o h u t l o f (i) Lt gores M2

cis.

Ga + 2 M@h Ga@h2+ M

2.

Hlbaritlof og mydrocaf pravafts tma goreitlof og garrl` `mhorlda.

(b) Bhuahlteus `mifca lfto rad dua toi`ldl fitura(@h2

+ M2O MO@h+ M@h) but lt ls bhai`mlfc

icaft ihso (oxldlslfc icaft),tmaragora, lt daòhourlsas tma rad hlteus.

O]LDAP OG @MHORLFA ;

@MHORLFA DLO]LDA (@hO2) ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;

(l) 2 Fi@hO0+ PO

2+ M

2PO

4 Fi@hogtriàs 2@hO

2+ 2FiMPO

4

@mhoritas og sodlue ifd potisslue ìf ba usad

(ll) 2J@hO0+ 2 M2@2O4 @ 2@hO2(c) + 2@O2(c) + J2@2O4+ 2M2O

(lll) 2Ic@hO0+ @h

2 @ 2Ic@h (wmlta) + 2@hO2+ O2

(lv) @h2O

7+ F

2O

4 @hO

2+ ZFO

2+U Z@hO

4U

(v) 2M@hO0

+ 2M@h 2@hO2+ @h

2+ 2M

2O

^ROÂRTLAP ;

(l) \ahhow cis it rooe taeparitura dlssohvas lf witar avohvlfc mait ifd clvlfc i dirj craaf sohutlof.

@hO2

hlcmt @hO + ZOU

Lt jlhh bi`tarli battar tmif @h2.

(ll) Rai`tlof wltm ozofa ;2@hO2+ 2O

0 M @h

2O

7(yahhow sohld) + 2O

2

dl`mhorlfa maxi oxlda

Lf tma rai`tlof O0ls bamivlfc is if oxldlslfc icaft.

@hO2

dlssohvas lf FiOM gorelfc `mhorlta ifd `mhorita.

@h2O

7(s) ls i elxad ifmydrlda og M@hO

0ifd M@hO

4baìusa of dlssohvlfc lf witar lt clvas i elxtura

og tmasa two i`lds.

2@h2O

7+ 4FiOM 2Fi@hO

0+ 2Fi@hO

4+ 2M

2O.

Lf sohld stita, @h2O7 axlsts is @hO2

+

ifd @hO4

.

(lll) Rai`tlof wltm ihjihlfa M2O

2;

Lf tmls rai`tlof M2

O2

i`ts is i radu`lfc icaft. Lt raduàs @hO2lfto @hO

2

M2O

2 2M+ + O

2+ 2a

a + @hO2

@hO2

U 2

M2

O2+ 2@hO

2 2@hO

2 + 2M+ + O

2

or M2O

2+ 2@hO

2+ 2OM 2@hO

2

+ 2M2O + O

2


11/23


@MAELPTR\

(lv) Rai`tlof wltm M ;Lf tmls rai`tlof Mbamivas is i radu`lfc icaft wmara lt raduàs @hO

2lfto @h ifd ltsahg ls oxldlsad to

2.

Z1a + 4 M+ + @hO2

@h + 2M2OU 2

Z2 2

+ 2aU 1

2@hO2+ =M+ + 9> 1L

2+ 2@h + 4M

2O

Dl`mhorlfa Eofoxlda (@h2O) ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;

2@h2+ McO2 (Grasmhy prapirad pra`lpltita, browf) @0>> Mc@h

2. McO + @h

2O

^ROÂRTLAP ;

@h2O ls yahhow-browf cis vary sohubha lf witar.

0@h2O + 9>FM

0 7FM

4@ h + 2 F

2+ 0M

2O

@h2O + 2FiOM 2FiO@h + M

2O

BHAI@MLFC ÔSDAR (@[email protected]

2O)

Bhai`mlfc powdar ls ihso ìhhad ìh`lue `mhoromypo`mhorlta baìusa lt ls òfsldarad is i elxad siht og

mydro`mhorl` i`ld ifd mypo`mhorous i`ld.

@i(O@h)@h

^RAÎRITLOF;

@i(OM)2

+ @h2

@>

4>@i(O@h)@h + M

2O

^ropartlas(l) Lt ls i piha yahhow powdar. Lt mis i strofc seahh og `mhorlfa. Lt ls sohubha lf witar but i `hair sohutlof

ls favar goread dua to tma prasafà og lepurltlas.

(ll) Of hofc stifdlfc, lt ufdarcoas iutooxlditlof lfto ìh lue `mhorita ifd ìh lue `mhorlda.7 @iO@h

2 @i(@LO

0)

2+ 1 @i@h

2

(lll) 2 @iO@h2

2@o@h 2 @i@h2+ O

2

(lv) Lf prasafà og i hlttha ieouft og i dlhuta i`ld, lt hosas oxycaf.

2 @iO@h2+ M

2PO

4 @i@h

2+ @iPO

4+ 2 M@hO

M@hO M@h + OOf i`òuft og tma hlbaritlof og fisàft oxycaf, lt smows oxldlslfc ifd bhai`mlfc propartlas.

(i) Oxldlslfc propartlas

@iO@h2+ M

2P @i@h

2+ M

2O + P

@iO@h2+ 2 JL + 2 M@h @i@h

2+ 2 J@h + M

2O + L

2

0 @iO@h2+ 2 FM

0 0 @i@h2+ 0 M2O + F2 Lt oxldlsas FO

2 to FO

0 , IsO

00 to IsO

40 ifd Ga2+ to Ga0+ (lf i`ldl` eadlue)

(b) Bhai`mlfc i`tlof

@ohourad eittar + ZOU òhourhass produ`t.(v) Smaf bhai`mlfc powdar rai`ts wltm dlhuta i`lds or @O

2lt hlbaritas `mhorlfa wml`m ls jfowf is ivilhibha

`mhorlfa.

@iO@h2

+ 2 M@h @i@h2+ M

2O + @h

2

@iO@h2+ M

2PO

4 @iPO

4+ M

2O + @h

2

@iO@h2

+ @O2

@i@O0

+ @h2

MFO0ls i strofc oxldlslfc i`ld to ba ivoldad, mara.


12/23


@MAELPTR\

APTLEITLOF OG IWILHIBHA @MHORLFA ;

Hat tma walcmt og siepha og bhai`mlfc powdar ba S c.

Idd lfto i baijar òftilflfc iàtl` i`ld sohutlof ifd axàss J. I yahhow browf sohutlof ls goread (0)

2

+ 0

Fow gaw drops og stir`m sohutlof ls iddad lfto lt. If lftafslva bhua òhor ls obsarvad. Fow mypo ls usad is

tma tltrift. Fota tma vohuea wmara tma bhua òhour dlsippair.

Rai`tlof lfvohvad ;

@iO@h2

+ 2@M0@OOM (@M

0@OO)

2@ i + M

2O + @ h

2

@h2+ 2J 2J@h + 2

2+ 2P

2O

02 P

4O

72 + 2

@ihùhitlof ; %@h 5 9>>S

392

9UWEZ mypomypo

(vl) Bhai`mlfc powdar òfvarts iàtofa or atmyh ihòmoh lfto @M@h0

@iO@h2

+ M2O @i(OM)

2+ @h

2

@M0@O@M

0+ 0 @ h

2 @@h

0@O@M

0+ 0 M @ h

2 @@h0@O@M

0+ @i(OM)

2

(@M0@OO)

2@i + 2 @M@h

0

O]\-I@LDP OG Mihocafs ;

MO] PARLAP ;

M\Ô-GHOROQP I@LD ZMOGU ;

MOG mis baaf prapirad by tripplfc G2

ifdM2O lf ufrai`tlva eitrlx og sohld F

2it vary how taeparitura ifd

pmotohyslfc tma cisas.

G2+ M

2O mv MOG + MG

Raàft eatmod ls by pisslfc, G2ovar là it >@ ifd raeovlfc tma produ`t lfto i òhd trip.

M2O + G

2

4>@ MOG + MG

MO@h, MOBr ifd MOh ira fot vary stibha ifd ira jfowf ofhy lf iquaous sohutlof.

M\Ô-@MHOROQP I@LD ZM@hOU ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;

(l) Tma i`ld ls jfowf ofhy lf sohutlof, Lt ls obtilfad by smijlfc pra`lpltita og McO wltm mhorlfa witar.

2McO + 2@h2

+ M2O Mc

2O@h

2(Oxy mhorlda og earùry) + 2M@hO

(ll) @oeear`lihhy, lt ls obtilfad by pisslfc @O2tmroucm suspafslof og bhai`mlfc powdar ifd tmaf dlstlhhlfc.

2@iO@h2+ M

2O + @O

2 @i@h

2+ @i@O

0+ 2M@hO

Eixleue òfàftritlof obtilfad ls 21% is lf tma proàss og dlstlhhitlof, tma i`ld daòeposas lfto lts

ifmydrldas, @h2O.

2MO@h M2O + @h2O


13/23


@MAELPTR\

^ROÂRTLAP ;(l) Lt ls i waij i ld. Lts òfàftritad sohutlof ls yahhow lf òhour wmlha dlhuta sohutlof ls òhourhass. Lt ls ufstibha

ifd daòeposas.

2M@hO 2M@h + O2

(ll) Lt dlssohvas eicfaslue wltm avohutlof og mydrocaf.

Ec + 0M@hO Ec(@hO)2+ M

2

(lll) Sltm ihjihlas, lt gores sihts ìhhad mypo`mhorltas.

(lv) Lt i ts is i powarguh oxldlslfc ifd bhai`mlfc icaft. Tmls ls dua to rahaisa og fisàft oxycaf aislhy.

M@hO M@h + O

M]O2

PARLAP ;

@MHOROQP I@LD ZM@hO2U ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;Lt ls obtilfad lf iquaous sohutlof wmaf birlue `mhorlta suspafslof lf witar ls traitad wltm M

2PO

4. Tma

lfsohubha birlue suhpmita ls glhtarad ogg.

Bi(@hO2)

2+ M

2PO

4 BiPO

4+ 2M@hO

2

^ROÂRTLAP;

(l) Tma grasmhy prapirad sohutlof ls òhourhass but lt soof daòeposas to @hO2 wml m eijas tma sohutlof yahhow.

1 M@hO2

4 @hO2+ M@h + 2M

2O

(ll) Pihts og M@hO2

ira ìhhad `mhorlta ifd prapirad by ofa og tma gohhowlfc eatmods.

2@hO2+ 2FiOM Fi@hO

2+ Fi@hO

0+ M

2O

2@hO2+ Fi

2O

2 2Fi@hO

2+ O

2

@mhorltas ira usad is bhai`mas. Tmay ira stibha lf ihjihlfa sohutlof avaf wmaf bolhad, but lf i`ld sohutlof

tmay dlsproportlofita, pirtl uhirhy wmaf maitad.

1M@hO2

4@hO2+ M@h + 2M

2O ifd 4M@hO

2 2@hO

2+ M@hO

0+ M@h + M

2O

(lll) Tma i ld hlbaritas lodlfa groe J

4J+ M@hO2+ 2M

2O 4JOM + M@h + 2

2

M]O0PARLAP@MHORL@ I@LD ZM@hO

0U ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;Tmls i ld ls ofhyjfowf lf sohutlof. Tma i ld ls prapirad bytma i tlof og tma dlhuta M

2PO

4of birlue `mhorita.

Bi (@hO0)

2+ M

2PO

4 BiPO

4 + 2M@hO

0.

Igtar rai`tlof, BiPO4

ls raeovad by glhtritlof, ifd tma glhtrita ls aviporitad lf viùue tlhh 4> paràft sohutlof

ls obtilfad. Mowavar, gurtmar òfàftritlof by aviporitlof haids to daòeposltlof.

0M@hO0

M@hO4+ @h

2+ 2O

2+ M

2O

MBrO0

ìf ba prapirad by slelhir eatmod uslfc Bi(BrO0)

2.

^ROÂRTLAP ;@ofàftritad i`ld ls òhourhass ifd pufcaft seahhlfc hlquld. Lt daòeposas lf hlcmt. Mowavar, lt ls stibha lf

dirj. Lt i`ts is i strofc oxldlslfc ifd bhai`mlfc icaft lf hlcmt. Orcifl substifàs hlja pipar, òttof, wooh,

at`., ìt`m glra lf òfti`t wltm tma i`ld.

M@hO0oxldlsas PO

2to PO

0; M@hO

0+ 0PO

2 M@h + 0PO

0

M@hO0

wmaf aviporitas to dryfass daòeposas clvlfc @hO2.

4M@hO0

4@hO2(c) + 2M

2O(c) + O

2(c)

MBrO0 ls fot vary stibha, but ls jfowf lf sohutlof, ifd is sihts.

MhO0

ls goread by oxlditlof og L2

wltm ofàftritad MFO0

or O0.

=M+ + 9>FO0 + L

2 2LO

0 + 9>FO

2+ 4M

2O

hO0 oxldlsas L to L

2; hO

0 + 1L + 7M+ 0h

2+ 0M

2O

Lodl` i`ld ls raisofibhy stibha ifd axlsts is i wmlta sohld.


14/23


@MAELPTR\

2J@hO0 2EfO

@91> 2J@h + 0O2

4J@hO0

ataepariturhow 0J@hO4+ J@h (lf ibsafà og ìtihyst)

2[f(@hO0)

2 2[fO + 2@h

2+ 1O

2

@mhoritas ira usad lf glra worj.

ÂR@MHORL@ I@LD ZM@LO4U ;

^RAÎRITLOF;(l) Lt ls tma eost stibha oxy-i`ld og `mhorlfa. Ifmydrous M@hO

4ls obtilfad by dolfc dlstlhhitlof og J@LO

4

(potisslue par`mhorita), wltm

(B) PO0

(@) @h2O

7 (D) PO

2

P o h u t l o f (@) @h2O7 wmaf dlssohvas lf witar produàs M@hO0 ifd M@hO4, tmaragora, lt ls elxad ifmydrlda.


15/23


@MAELPTR\

Axiepha-= Clva ipproprlita raisofs gor ai`m og tma gohhowlfc ;

(i) Iddltlof og @h2to JL sohutlof clvas lt i browf òhour but axàss og @h

2turfs lt òhourhass.

(b) âr mhorl i`ld ls i strofcar i`ld tmif suhpmurl` i`ld.

(`) ML ìf fot baprapirad bymaitlfcFiL wltmòfàftritad M2PO

4.

P o h u t l o f (i) @h2

balfc i strofcar oxldlslfc icaft tmif L2, glrst oxldlsas JL toL

2wml`m lepirts browf òhour

to tma sohutlof. But wmaf @h2ls pissad lf axàss, tma L

2so goread cats gurtmar oxldlsad to

MLO0

(òhourhass)

2JL (iq) + @h2(c) 2J@h (iq) + L2(s) : 1@h2+ L2 + 7M2O 9>M@h + 2MLO0(b) Oxlditlof stita og @h lf M@hO

4ls + 3 ifd tmit og P lf M

2PO

4ls + 7. (@h ls eora aha`trofacitlva

tmif P). Is i rasuht, @hO0pirt og M@hO

4ìf braij tma OM bofd eora aislhy to hlbarita i

protof tmif PO2pirt lf M

2PO

4. Tmus M@hO

4ls i strofcar i`ld tmaf M

2PO

4.

( ) ML ls i strofcar radu`lfc icaft. Lt, tmaragora, raduàs M2PO

4to PO

2ifd ltsahg cats oxldlsad

to L2.

FiL + M2PO

4 FiMPO

4+ MLU 2

M2PO

4+ 2ML PO

2+ L

2+ 2M

2O

2FiL + 0M2PO

4 2FiMPO

4+ L

2+ 2M

2O + PO

2

Poea leportift ordar(i) I`ld strafctm

(l) M6 MBr 6 M@h 6 MG (ll) MO@h 6 MOBr 6 MO (lll) M@hO4

6 M@hO0

6M@hO2

6 M@hO

(b) Oxldlslfcpowdar

(l) G26 @h

26 Br

26

2

(ll) BrO4 6 LO

4 6 @hO

4 (I`òrdlfc to aha troda potaftlih)

( ) Ordar og dlsproportlofitlofs

0 ]O 2] + ]O0

(mypomihlta lof) : O 6 BrO 6 @hO

^saudo mihocafs ifd psaudo mihldas ;Poea lforcifl òepoufds òfslstlfc og two or eora itoes og wml m it haist ofa ls F miva baaf goufd to

bamiva hlja mihocafs & tmay ira jfowf is psaudo mihocaf sohlds, a.c. (@F)2

`yifocaf, (P@F)2

tmlo`yifocaf,

(Pa@F)2 sahafo`yifocaf, (P@PF0)2 izldoìrbofdlsuhpmlda. Plelhirhy gaw lofs ira jfowf tmit miva propartlasslelhir to tmosa og tma mihlda lofs. Tmay ira tmaragora ìhhad psaudomihlda lofs, a.c. (@F) `yiflda lof,

(P@F) tmlo`yifita lof, (Pa@F) sahafo`yifita lof, (O@F) `yifita lof, (F@F)2 `yifielda lof,

(F0) izlda lof at`.

LFTARMIHOCAF @OEÔQFDP ;Sa jfow tmit mihocaf itoes miva dlggaraft aha`trofacitlvlty. Dua to tmls dlggarafà lf aha`trofacitlvlty tma

mihocaf itoes òeblfa wltm ai`m otmar ifd clva rlsa to tma goreitlof og blfiry òvihaft òepoufds, wml`m

ira ìhhad lftarmihocaf òepoufds. Tmasa ira og gour typas.

IB IB0

IB1

IB3

@hG @hG0

@hG1

hG3

BrG BrG0

BrG1

L@h L@h0 LG1LG LG0

^RAÎRITLOF ;

(l) By tma dlra`t òeblfitlof og mihocafs ;

@h2

+ G2

(aquih vohueas) J430 2@hG : @h2+ 0G2(axàss) J130 2@hG0 :

L2+ @h

2 2L@h :

(aquleohir)

Dlhutad wltm witar ; Br2(c) + 0G

2 2BrG

0

G2ls dlhutad wltm F

2; L

2+ 0G

2 @3= 2LG

0

G2ls tijaf lf graof ; Br2+ 1G2(axàss) 2BrG1

LG3ìf fot ba prapirad by dlra`t òeblfitlof og L

2& G

2.


16/23


@MAELPTR\

(ll) Groe howar lftarmihocafs ;

@hG + G2

@hG0

: @hG0+ G

2(axàss)

@01>@hG

1

BrG0+ G

2(axàss)

@2>>BrG

1: LG

1+ G

2 @23> LG

3

Tmls eatmod ls cafarihhyipphlad gor tma prapiritlof og mihocaf ghuorldas.

(lll) Otmar eatmods;

7M@h + JLO0+ 2JL 2J@h + 0M

2O + 0L@h

@h2+ @hG

0 @01>21> 0@LG : J@h + 0G

2 @2>> JG + @hG

1

0h2

+ 1IcG 1Ich + hG1

: =G2+ ^bL

2 ^bG

2+ 2hG

3

^ROÂRTLAP ;

(l) Tmasa oepoufds eiy ba cisas, hlqulds or sohlds.

Cisas ; @hG, BrG, @hG0, LG

3: Hlqulds ; BrG

0, BrG

1: Pohlds ; L@h, LBr, LG

0, L@h

0.

(ll) Lftarmihocafs òftilflfc ghuorlfa ira òhourhass but lftar mihocafs òfslstlfc og maivlar mihocafs

ira òhourad. Tma lftafslty og òhour lf`raisas wltm lf`raisalf tma eohaùhir walcmt og tmaòepoufds.

(lll) Ihh lftarmihocafs ira òvihaft eohaùhas ifd ira dlieicfatl` lf fitura slfà ihh tma vihafà aha trofs

prasaft is bofdlfc or fof-bofdlfc aha`trofs ira pilrad.

(lv) Tma bolhlfc polfts lf`raisas wltm tma lf`raisa lf tma aha`trofacitlvlty dlggarafà batwaaf I ifd Bitoes.

(v) Tmareih stiblhlty ogIB typa lftarmihocaf òepoufds da raisas wltm tma da raisa lf aha`trofacitlvlty

dlggarafà batwaaf I ifd B itoes. LG 6 BrG 6 @hG 6 L@h 6 LBr 6 Br@h.

Eora pohir ls tma I B bofd eora ls tma stiblhlty og lftarmihocaf.

(vl) Lftarmihocaf òepoufds ira eora rai tlva tmif tma piraft mihocafs but hass rai`tlva tmif G2.

L@h + 2Fi FiL + Fi@hTma ordar og rai`tlvlty og soea lftarmihocafs ls is gohhows ;

@hG06 BrG

06 LG

36 BrG

16 BrG.

(vll) Mydrohysls ; Ihh tmasa ufdarco mydrohysls clvlfc mihlda lof darlvad groe tma seihhar mihocaf ifd i

mypomihlta (wmaf IB), mihlta (wmaf IB0), mihita (wmafIB

1), ifd parmihita (wmafIB

3) iflof darlvad

groe tma hircar mihocaf.IB + M

2O MB + MOI

Br@h + M2O M@h + MOBr : L@h + M

2O M@h + MLO

L@h0+ 2M

2O 0M@h + MLO

2: LG

1+ 0M

2O 1MG + MLO

0

LG3+ 7M

2O 3MG + M

1LO

7 : BrG

1+ 0M

2O 1MG + MBrO

0

Oxlditlof stita og I itoe doas fot `mifca durlfc mydrohysls.

(vlll) Rai`tlof wltm fof-eatihhl ifd eatihhl` oxldas ;

4BrG0+ 0PlO

2 0PlG

4+ 2Br

2 + 0O

2 : 4BrG

0+ 2SO

0 2SG

7+ 2Br

2 + 0O

2

(x) Rai`tlof wltm ihjihl eatih mihldas ;

LBr + FiBr FiLBr2

: L@h0+ J@h JL@h

4

QPAP ;Tmasa òepoufds ìf ba usad is fof iquaous sohvafts. Lftarmihocaf òepoufds ira vary usaguh

ghuorlfitlfc icafts. @hG0

ifd BrG0

ira usad gor tma produ`tlof og QG7

lf tma afrl meaft og2 01Q .

Q(s) + 0 @hG0(h) QG

7(c) + 0 @hG (c)

Axiepha-


17/23


@MAELPTR\

CROQ^ 9= AHAEAFTP ; (TMA [ARO CROQ^ GIELH\)

Croup 9= òfslsts og slx ahaeafts; mahlue, faof, ircof, jryptof , xafof ifd ridof . Ihh tmasa ira cisas ifd

`maelìhhy ufrai tlva. Tmay gore vary gaw òepoufds . Baìusa og tmls tmay ira taread fobha cisas.

O`ùrrafà

Ihh tma fobha cisas axàpt ridof o`ùr lf tma iteospmara. Tmalr iteospmarl` ibufdifà lf dry ilr ls ~ 9%

by vohuea og wml`m ircof ls tma eikor òfstltuaft. Mahlue ifd soeatleas faof ira goufd lf elfarihs og

ridloi`tlva orlclf a.c., plt mbhafda, eofizlta, `havalta. Tma eilf òeear`lih sour a og mahlue ls fiturih cis.

]afof ifd ridof ira tma rirast ahaeafts og tma croup. Ridof ls obtilfad is i daìy produ`t og 227

Ri.

Ri227== Rf222=7 + Ma

42

Eost ibufdift ahaeaft lf ilr ls Ir. Ordar og ibufdifà lf tma ilr ls Ir 6 Fa 6 Jr 6 Ma 6 ]a.

Aha`trofl` @ofglcuritlof

Ihh fobha cisas miva cafarih aha`trofl` òfglcuritlof fs2fp7 axàpt mahlue wml`m mis 9s2 . Eify og tma

propartlas og fobha cisas lf`hudlfc tmalr lfi`tlva fitura ira is`rlbad to tmalr `hosad smahh stru`turas.

Loflsitlof Aftmihpy

Dua to stibha aha`trofl` òfglcuritlof tmasa cisas axmlblt vary mlcm loflsitlof aftmihpy . Mowavar, lt da-

`raisas dowf tma croup wltm lf`raisas lf itoel` slza.

Itoel` Ridll

Itoel` ridll lf`raisa dowf tma croup wltm lf`raisa lf itoel` fuebar.

Aha`trof Cilf Aftmihpy

Plfà fobha cisas miva stibha aha`trofl ofglcuritlofs, tmay miva fo tafdaf`y to i`àpt tma aha`trof ifd

tmaragora, miva hircar posltlva vihuas og aha trof cilf aftmihpy.

^mysl ih propartlas

Ihh tma fobha cisas ira eofo-itoel`. Tmay ira òhourhass, ifd tistahass. Tmay ira spirlfchy sohubha lf

witar. Tmay miva vary how eahtlfc ifd bolhlfc polfts baìusa tma ofhy typa og lftaritoel` lftari`tlof lf

tmasa ahaeafts ls waij dlsparslof goràs,. Mahlue mis tma howast bolhlfc polft (4.2J) og ify jfowf sub-

stifà. Lt mis i ufusuih proparty og dlgguslfc tmroucm eost òeeofhy usad hiboritory eitarlihs su`m is

rubbar, chiss or phistl`s.

Tibha ; 2

I t o e l ` i f d p m y s l ` i h p r o p a r tl a s

Ahaeaft Ma Fa Ir Jr ]a

Itoel` Fuebar 2 9> 9= 07 14

Itoel` Eiss 4 2>.9= 0 =0.=> 909.0>

Aha`trofl` òfglcuritlof 9s2 ZMaU 2s

22p

7ZFaU 0s

20p

7ZIrU 0d

9>4s

24p

7ZJrU 4d

9>1s

21p

7

Itoel` Ridlus (pe) 92> 97> 9 2>> 22>

Loflzitlof aftmihpy / (jK eoh9

) 2032 2>=> 912> 9019 993>

Dafslty (it PT )/c è0

9.= 9>4

9>4

9.= 9>0

0.3 9>0

1.< 9>0

Eahtlfc polft / J 24.7 =0.= 991.< 979.0

Bolhlfc polft / J 4.2 23.9 =3.2 99

@maelìh ^ropartlas ; Lf cafarih, fobha cisas ira haist rai`tlva. Tmalr lfartfass to `maelìh rai tlvlty ls ittrlbutad

to tma gohhowlfc raisofs;

(l) Tma fobha cisas ax apt mahlue (9s2) miva òephatahy glhhad fs2 fp7 aha`trofl` òfglcuritlof lf tmalr vihafàsmahh.

(ll) Tmay miva mlcm loflsitlof aftmihpy ifd eora posltlva aha trof cilf aftmihpy.

Tma rai`tlvlty og fobha cisas mis baaf lfvastlcitad o`ìslofihhy avar slfà tmalr dlsòvary, but ihh ittaept

to gorà tmae to rai`t to gore tma òepoufds wara ufsu`àssguh gor qulta i gaw yairs. Lf Eir`m 9 jK eoh 9). Ma eida aggorts to

prapira siea typa og òepoufd wltm ]a+ ^tG7 byelxlfc ^t G7 ifd ]afof.Igtar tmls dlsòvary, i fuebar ogxafof òepoufds eilfhy wltm eost aha trofacitlva ahaeafts hlja ghuorlfa ifdoxycaf,miva baafsyftmaslsad.


18/23

"eiflsmjueirpmysl`s.lf" 9=

@MAELPTR\

Tma òepoufds og jryptof ira gawar. Ofhy tma dlghuorlda (JrG2) mis baaf studlad lf datilh. @oepoufds og

ridof miva fot baaf lsohitad but ofhy ldaftlglad (a.c., RfG2) by ridlotriàr ta`mflqua. Fo trua òepoufds og

Ir, Fa or Ma ira yat jfowf .

Lg Mahlue ls òeprassad ifd hlqulglad lt gores Ma() hlquld it 4.2 J. Tmls hlquld ls i foreih hlquld hlja ify otmarhlquld. But lg lt ls gurtmar òohad tmaf Ma() ls obtilfad it 2.2 J, wml`m ls jfowf is supar ghuld, baìusa lt lsi hlquld wltm propartlas og cisas. Lt `hlebs tmroucm tma wihhs og tma òftilfar & òeas out. Lt mis vary mlcm

tmareih ofdu tlvlty & vary how vlsòslty.

@hitmarita òepoufds ;Lfart cis eohaùhas cat trippad lf tma ìcas goread by tma `rystih stru`tura og witar.

Durlfc tma goreitlof og là ]a itoes wlhh ba trippad lf tma ìvltlas (or ìcas) goread bytma witar eohaùhas

lf tma `rystih stru`tura og là. @oepoufds tmus obtilfad ira ìhhad `hitmarita òepoufds.

Tmara ira fo `maelìh bofds. Tmay do fot possass if axi`t `maelìh goreuhi but ipprox lt ls 7 witar

eohaùhas ; 9 lfart cis eohaùha. Tma ìvlty slza ls kust seihhar tmif tma itoe og tma fobha cis. Pu`m

òepoufds ira ihso goread by tma otmar orcifl` hlqulds hlja dlmydroxybafzafa (gor axiepha qulfoh). Tma

seihhar fobha cisas Ma ifd Fa do fot gore hitmrita òepoufds baìusa tma cis itoes ira seihh afoucm

to asìpa groe tma ìvltlas. @hitmrita provldas i òfvaflaft eaifs og storlfc ridloi`tlva lsotopas og Jr ifd

]a produàd lf fu hair rai`tors.

Axiepha-9> Fiea tma fobha cis wml`m

(I) ls eost ibufdift lf iteospmara. (B) mis haist bolhlfc polft.P o h u t l o f (I)Ircof.

(B) Mahlue : Axlsts is eofo-itoel` eohaùhas ifd ira mahd tocatmar by waij vif dar Siihs

goràs. Tmasa vif dar Siihs goràs lf`raisa wltm tma lf`raisa lf itoel` slza og tma itoe, ifd

tmaragora, tma bolhlfc polfts lf`raisas groe Ma to Rf. Mafà Ma mis haist bolhlfc polft.

Axiepha-99 Smit ls tma utlhlty og tma `hitmarita òepoufds?

P o h u t l o f Lt ìf ba usad to sapirita elxtura og lfart cisas òftilflfc siy Ma ifd ]a. ^roàss ls eu`m

`maipar tmif siy dlstlhhitlof is i eaifs og sapiritlof.

@OEÔQFDP OG ]AFOF ;

]AFOF DLGHQORLDA (]aG2);

^RAÎRITLOF;

(l) ]a + G2 )Flogihhoy(eatiheofahorTubaFl

bir9,J=30

]aG

2

Wohuea ritlo smouhd ba 2 ; 9 otmarwlsa otmar mlcmar ghuorldas tafd to gore.

(ll) ]a + O2

G2

@99= ]aG2

+ O2

(lll) ]a + G2

)ir`(Mc ]aG2

(lv) Raàfthydlsòvarad eatmod ;

J+ ZIcG4U Zpotisslue tatrighuoroircaftita ()U ls glrst prapirad ifd tmls ls rai`tad wltm BG

0.

J+ ZIcG4U 0BG IcG0(rad sohld) + JBG4

2 IcG0+ ]a

2IcG2(Browf sohld) + ]aG2

^ROÂRTLAP ;(l) @ohorhass `rystihhlfa sohld ifd subhleas it 2>>@

]aG2

+ M2

]a + 2MG

(v) Mydrohysls ;

(i) 2]aG2

+ 2M2O 2]a+ 4MG + O

2(show)

Tma ibova ls faltmar i ìtlofl` mydrohysls for if iflofl mydrohysls is saaf lf lofl` aqulhlbrlue. Lt ls

i òvihaft òepoufd ifd mydrohysls ls hlja tmit og ^@h1.

(b) Mydrohysls ls eora ripld wltm ihjihl.

]aG2+ 2 FiOM ]a + O

2+ 2FiG + M

2O (gist)

Tma rai`tlof (i) ls showar probibhy dua to dlssohutlof og ]aG2

lf MG.


19/23


@MAELPTR\

]AFOF TATRIGHQORLDA (]aG4) ;

^RAÎRITLOF ;

]a + 2G2

tubaFl,bir

,J

3

=30]aG

4

9 ; 1

^ROÂRTLAP ;(l) Lt ls i òhorhass rystihhlfa sohld ifd subhleas it 2;9

G0]a 2tubaFl

bir,J

3>7>130 ]aG

7 (ll) ]aG

4+ O

2G

2 ]aG

7+ O

2

^ROÂRTLAP;

(l) @ohourhass `rystihhlfa sohld ifd subhleas it 2


21/23


@MAELPTR\

(v) Rai tlof wltm slhl i (PlO2) ;

2]aG7

+ PlO2

2]aOG4

+ PlG4

(vl) Tmareih daòeposltlof (agga t og mait) ;

2]aG7

]aG2

+ ]aG4

+ 0 G2

]aG2

& ]aG4

do fot ufdarco daòeposltlof

(vll) Goreitlof og iddltlof òepoufds ;

]aG7+ PbG

1 Z]aG1U+ ZPbG

7U : ]aG

7+ BG

0 Z]aG1U+ ZBG

4U

(vlll) Rai tlof Sltm M2; ]aG

7+ 0M

2 7MG + ]a

(lx) Rai tlof og ]aG7

wltm ]aO0

; ]aO0

+2]aG7

0 ]aOG4

(x) G dofitlfc/ G i`àptlfc propartlas ; ]aG7

rai`ts wltm ghuorlda lof i`àptors to gore ìtlofl spa`las ifd

ghuorlda lof dofors to gore ghuoroiflofs.

]aG7

+ EG E+ Z]aG3U (E 5 Fi, J, Rb or @s)

dofitlof { ]aG7

+ ^tG1

(]aG1

+) ( tG7

)

Axiepha-92 Doas tma mydrohysls og ]aG4it =>@ haid to i radox rai`tlof ?

P o h u t l o f ]aG4

+ M2O @=> ]aOG2 + 2MG..

Tma oxlditlof stitas og ihh tma ahaeafts lf tma produ`ts raeilf tma siea is lt wis lf tma rai`tlfc

stita. mafà, lt ls i fot radox rai`tlof .

]AFOFO]\CAF @OEÔQFDP ;

Mydrohysls og ]aG4

ifd ]aG7

wltm witar clvas ]aO0.

7 ]aG4+ 92 M

2O 4 ]a + 2 ]aO

0+ 24 MG + 0 O

2

]aG7+ 0 M

2O ]aO

0+ 7 MG

îrtlih mydrohysls og ]aG7

clvas oxyghuorldas, ]aOG4

ifd ]aO2G

2.

]aG7

+ M2O ]aOG

4+ 2 M G

]aG7+ 2 M

2O ]aO

2G

2+ 4 MG

]aO0

ls i òhourhass axphoslva sohld ifd mis i pyrieldih eohaùhir stru`tura. ]aOG4

ls i òhourhass vohitlha

hlquld ifd mis i squira pyrieldih eohaùhir stru`tura.

QPAP ;

Mahlue ls i foflfghieeibha ifd hlcmt cis. Mafà, lt ls usad lf glhhlfc bihhoofs gor eataorohoclìh obsarvitlofs.

Lt ls ihso usad lf cisòohad fu`hair rai`tors. Hlquld mahlue (b.p.4.2 J) glfds usa is `ryocafl` icaft gor

ìrrylfc out virlous axparleafts it how taeparituras. Lt ls usad to produà ifd sustilf powarguh

suparòfdu`tlfc eicfats wml`m gore if assaftlih pirt og eodarf FER spa`troeatars ifd Eicfatl`

Rasofifà Leiclfc (ERL) systaes gor `hlflìh dlicfosls. Lt ls usad is i dlhuaft gor oxycaf lf eodarf dlvlfc

ippiritus baìusa og lts vary how sohublhlty lf bhood.

Faof ls usad lf dls`mirca tubas ifd ghuorasàft buhbs gor idvartlsaeaft dlsphiy purposas. Faof buhbs ira

usad lf botifl ih cirdafs ifd lf craaf mousas.

Ircof ls usad eilfhy to provlda if lfart iteospmara lf mlcm taeparitura eatihhurclìh proàss (ir` wahdlfc

og eatihs or ihhoys) ifd gor glhhlfc aha`trl` buhbs. Lt ls ihso usad lf tma hiboritory gor mifdlfc substifàs tmit

ira ilrsafsltlva.

]afof ifd Jryptof ira usad lf hlcmt buhbs daslcfad gor spa lih purposas.


22/23


@MAELPTR\

E L P @ A H H I F A O Q P P O H W A D A ] I E ^ H A P

9. Ldaftlgy ZIU ZBU ifd Z@U ifd clvas tma òephata `maelìh rai`tlofs lfvohvad.

Ifs. ZIU 5 Br : ZBU 5 BrO0

: Z@U 5 òfàftritad M2PO

4

Poh. 0Br2+ 7OM 1Br + BrO

0 + 0M

2O

1Br + BrO0+ 7M+ 0Br

2+ 0M

2O

2. @oeeaft of tma gohhowlfc.

(i) Aha`trohysls og L@F lf pyrldlfa sohutlof.

(b) Lodlfa dlssohvas lf ohaue.

(`) Aha`trlìh òfdu`tlvlty og eohtaf lodlfa.

Poh. (i) Lodlfa ls hlbaritad it itmoda lfdlìtlfc tma loflsitlof og L@F lfto L+ ifd @F.

(b) Brlcmt bhua sohutlof ls goread wml m mis baaf smowf to miva L2+ ifd L0+.

2 L2+ 7M

2PO

4. PO

0 2L

2+ + 2MP

0O

9> + 1M

2PO

4+ PO

2

0 L2+ 7M

2PO

4. PO

0 2L

0+ + 2MP

0O

9> + 1M

2PO

4+ PO

2.

(`) Lt ls dua to tma prasafà og (L0

+ ifd L0) spa`las produàd by sahg loflsitlof og lodlfa 0L2

L0

+ + L0

0. Smy ifmydrous MG hlquld ls fot aha`trohysad ihofa to cat G2?

Poh. Ifmydrous MG ls ofhy shlcmthy loflzad ifd ls, tmaragora i poor òfdu`tor og aha`trl`lty Tmus i elxtura og JG

ifd MG ls aha`trohysad to lf`raisa tma òfdu`tlvlty.

4. Sml`m og tma gohhowlfc produ t(s) ls/ira obtilfad lf tma gohhowlfc rai`tlof

JBrO0+ G2+ JOM produ`t(s)(I) JBrO

4 (B) JG (@) MOG (D) Br

2

Poh. JBrO0+ G

2+ 2JOM JBrO

4+ 2JG + M

2O. Ifs (I,B)

1. Eit`m tma gohhowlfc .

@ohuef - L @ohuef - LL

(I) @LO2

@L2O

0 (p) Bolhlfc wltm FiOM sohutlof.

(B) ZIL (OM)4U IL(OM)

0 q Of pisslfc ozofa.

@ ^4

^M0+ M

2Ô

2 (r) Rai`tlof wltm mydrocaf.

(D) ]aG2

]a (s) Of pisslfc @O2cis.

Poh. (Iq) : (Bs) : (@p) : (Dp,r)

(I) 2@LO2+ 2O

0 @L

2O

7+ 2O

2oxlditlof by ozofa.

(B) @O2+ M

2OM

2@O

0 @O

02 + 2M+ 2IL0+ + 0@O

02- + 0M

2O 2IL(OM)

0+ 0@O

2

Is i`ldl` proparty og IL(OM)0ls vary waij.

(@) ^4+ 0FiOM + 0M

2O wire/bolh ^M

0+ 0FiM

2Ô

2.

ILjihlfa mydrohysls.

(D) 2]aG2+ 4OM- 2]a + 4G + 2M

2O + O

2

Ihjihlfa mydrohysls.

]aG2+ M2 2]a + 2MGRadu`tlof by mydrocaf.


23/23

@MAELPTR\

7. Fi2P

2O

0eiyrai t wltm tma òepoufds clvaf lf òhuef (L). Fi

2P

2O

0axmlblts tma propartlas og tma typa clvaf

lf tma òhuef (LL)

@ohuef - L @ohuef - LL

(rai`tift) (typa og proparty smowf)

(I) @mhorlfa (@L2) (p) @oephaxlfc raicaft

(B) Plhvar broelda (q) Dlsproportlofitlof

(@) Mydro`mhorl` i`ld (r) Ofhy is radu`tift

(D) Lodlfa (L2) (s) If-iftl`mhor

Ifs. (I - r, s) : (B - p) : (@ - q) : (D - r)

Poh. (I) Fi2 0

2

2 OP

+ 4@L2+ 1M

2O 2FiM 4

7

OP

+ =M@L

Lt dastroys ify axàss og `mhorlfa of gibrl` lf bhai`mlfc lfdustry. Tmus lt i`ts is iftl`mhor.

(B) Ic+ + 2P2O

02 ZIc (P

2O

0)

2U0 (sohubha òephax)

(@) Fi2 0

2

2 OP

+2M@L 2Fi@L + 24

OP

+O

P + M2O

(D) 2Fi2 0

2

2 OP

+ L2 Fi2P4O7+ 2FiL

17 to 18 group theory_e

Documents