grignard reagent, reduction & alkane theory_e

8/12/2019 Grignard Reagent, Reduction & Alkane Theory_E

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"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" 2

ADJK@Q^\P

I\@IHB\N \JBIJH , \JNZA^@OH & BMFBHJ

2. I\@IHB\N \JBIJH^

2.2 Oribhokjtbmmà aokpouhnsOribhokjtbmmà aokpouhns brj tdj oribhà aokpouhns `h wdàd b kjtbm btok `s n rjatmy bttbadjn to abrlohoe oribhà kojt`y tdrouid aovbmjht lohn or òhà lohn. Eor jxbkpmj

A ‑ K or (Ydjrj A `s b abrloh btok oe bh oribhà komjaumj bhn K `s b kjtbm btok)

@e tdj kjtbm btok `s bttbadjn to oxyijh, h`troijh. sumpdur, jta., tdjh suad bh oribhà aokpouhn `s hotrjibrnjn bs bh oribhokjtbmmà aokpouhn. ^dj eommow`hi struaturbm eorkumb no hot ljmohi to tdj ebk`my oe oribhokjtbmmà aokpouhns.\OHb (Qonùk bmfox`nj). AD

1AOOHb (Qonùk bajtbtj), AD

1AOOBi(Q`mvjrbajtbtj),\QF (Wotbssùk

kjrabpt nj) \HDF(H-Bmfympotbssbk`nj), (AD

1AOO)

>Wl (Mjbn tjtrbbajtbtj), jta.

Hotj 3 @t sdoumn lj hotjn tdbt (AD1)

>Q` ( jtrbkjtdyms mbhj, ^KQ) `s bmso hot bh oribhokjtbmm a aokpouhn ljabusj

s`màoh `s b hohkjtbm.Kost `kportbht jxbkpmjs oe oribhokjtbmmà aokpouhns brj Irìhbrn rjbijhts. @h Irìhbrn rjbijht, tdj

abrloh bhn kbihjsùk btoks brj lohnjn w td jbad otdjr tdrouid pombr aovbmjht lohn bhn kbihjsùk btok`s bttbadjn to dbmoijh ly òhà lohn.

(Euhat ohbm pbrt oe b Irìhbrn rjbijht komjaumj)

@h oribhokjtbmmà aokpouhns, tdj kjtbm btok abh lj lohnjn to abrloh btok oe b dynroabrloh pbrts(Qbturbtjn, uhsbturbtjn, bm`pdbtà,bmàyamà or brokbtà) or abrloh btok oe b djtjroayamà pbrt. Qokj jxbkpmjs brj i`vjh ljmow.

Qbturbtjn Bm`pdbtà Irìhbrn rjbijht 3- AD1 ‑ Ki@

(Kjtdymkbihjsùk òn`nj)

Zhsbturbtjn Bm`pdbt a Irìhbrn rjbijht 3 -

(`) Bmfjhym Ir ihbrn rjbijht 3 - AD<

; AD ‑ AD< ‑ KiT (Bmmymkbihjsùk dbm`nj)

(` ) Bmfyhym Ir ihbrn rjbijht 3 - AD A ‑ A D< ‑ KiT (Wropbriymkbihjsùk dbm`nj)

Bmàyamà Irìhbrn rjbijht 3 - (Ayamodjxymkbihjsùk dbm`nj)

Brokbtà Irìhbrn rjbijht 3 (Wdjhymkbihjsùk dbm`nj)

Djtjroayamà Brokbtà Irìhbrn rjbijht 3- (Wyr`n`hj->-kbihjsùk dbm`nj)

Djtjroayamà Hohbrokbtà Irìhbrn rjbijht 3- (W`pjr`njhj->-kbihjsùk dbm`nj)

2.< Wrjpbrbtòh oe Irìhbrn \jbijht

\T + KiJtdjr

purjbhnNry \KiT

Jtdjr `s usjn bs b somvjht ljabusj `t `s b Mjw`s lbsj tdbt nohbtjs `ts mohj pb`r oe jmjatrohs to jmjatroh-njeà`jht kbihjsùk btok, tdjrjeorj prov`n`hi stbl`m`ty to tdj Irìhbrn rjbijht ly aokpmjt`hi tdj oatjt ohkbihjsùk btok.



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" <

ADJK@Q^\P

2.1 \jbatòhs oe Irìhbrn rjbijhts@t dbs ljjh eouhn out ly jst kbtòh tdbt tdjrj `s 1:% òhà adbrbatjr `h abrloh-kbihjsùk lohn oe Irìhbrnrjbijht. ^djrjeorj, tdjrj `s b tjhnjhay oe eork`hi abrlbhòh ly djtjromys`s oe td`s pombr aoorn`hbtj lohn bseommows.

+

^dj abrlbhòh (b huamjopd`mj) eorkjn bs sdowh blovj, bttbafs tdj pos t vjmy, adbrijn jmjatropd`m a ajhtrj oe otdjr aokpouhn. ^djrjeorj. @t abh lj sb`n tdbt è b Irìhbrn rjbijht `s rjibrnjn bs tdj sulstrbtj, tdjh

jmjatropd`mj n`spmbajs KiT, `.j. jmjatropd`mà sulst`tutòh (QJ) rjbatòh tbfjs pmbaj.

\ ‑ KiT \ ‑ J (QJ Wronuat)

Irìhbrn rjbijhts eork bnnuats ly bnn`tòh oh tdj eommow`hi typjs oe p` lohns.

, , bhn A H , ‑ H ; O,

ji. \ ‑ KiT +

Bnnuat|

OKiTA\|

Oh dbv`hi sbkj dynroabrloh rbnàbm, tdj ornjr oe rjbat v ty oe Irìhbrn rjbijhts w mm lj bs eommows 3\Ki@ 8 \KiLr 8 \KiAm

2.> Qyhtdjtà `kportbhaj oe Irìhbrn rjbijhts

2.>.2 Qyhtdjs`s oe Bmfbhjs

( ) Y`td aokpouhns dbv`hi rjbat`vj dynroijh btok

Ijhjrbm rjbatòh 3

\ ‑ KiT + D ‑ S \ ‑ D + SKiT

AD1 ‑ KiT + D ‑ OD AD

1 ‑ D + Ki(OD)T

A<D

: ‑ KiT + D ‑ O\ A

<D

: ‑ D + Ki(O\)T

A1D

9 ‑ KiT + D ‑ OA

5D

: A

1D

9 ‑ D + Ki(OA

5D

:)T

A<D

: ‑ KiT + D ‑ HD

< A

<D

: ‑ D + Ki(HD

<)T

AD1 ‑ KiT + D ‑ HD\ AD

1 ‑ D + Ki(HD\)T

A<D

: ‑ KiT + D ‑ H\

< A

<D

: ‑ D + Ki(H\

<)T

AD1 ‑ KiT + D ‑ HDA

5D

: AD

1 ‑ D + Ki(HDA

5D

:)T

A<D

: ‑ KiT + D ‑ Q\ A

<D

: ‑ D + Ki(Q\)T

AD1 ‑ KiT + D ‑ A H AD1 ‑ D + Ki(AH)T

A<D

: ‑ KiT + D ‑ A AD A

<D

: ‑ D + DA A ‑ KiT (Jtdyhymkbihjsùk dbm`nj)

AD1 ‑ KiT + D ‑ A A\ AD

1 ‑ D + \ ‑ A A ‑ KiT (Bmfyhymkbihjsùk dbm`nj)

Kjtdbhj ibs `s rjmjbsjn oh rjbat`hi kjtdymkbihjsùk òn`nj w`td b aokpouhn aohtb`h`hi rjbat`vjdynroijh btok. ^dj rjbatòh `s usjn eor jst kbt oh oe rjbat`vj dynroijh btoks prjsjht `h b komjaumj. ^d`skjtdon `s abmmjn Sjrjw`t`hoee kjtdon oe jst kbt oh oe rjbat`vj dynroijh btoks.

(` ) Y`td bmfym dbm`nj (aoupm hi) 3

\ ‑ KiT + T ‑ \ \ ‑ \ + KiTT

2.>.< Qyhtdjs`s oe bmfjhjs

\ ‑ KiT + Tdbm`nj Bmmym

<< ADADAD \ ‑ AD< ‑ AD ; AD

<+ KiTT




ADJK@Q^\P

2.>.1 Qyhtdjs`s oe dìdjr bmfyhjs

Hoh-tjrk`hbm bmfyhjs

\ A A ‑ D \D

\Kix

\ ‑ A AKiT

<KiT

T\

\ ‑ A A ‑ \

2.>.> Qyhtdjs`s oe otdjr oribhokjtbmmàs

>\ ‑ KiAm + <WlAm<

\>Wl + Wl + >KiAm

<

^wo `kportbht bht fhoaf`hi aokpouhns, tjtrbjtdymmjbn ( .J.M.) bhn tjtrbkjtdymmjbn ( .K.M.) brj kbhuebaturjnly tdj blovj rjbatòh.

<\ ‑ KiAm + DiAm<

rauryN`bmmfymkj

KiAm<\Di\ <

<\ ‑ KiAm + AnAm<

nkùkN`bmmfymab

KiAm<\An\ <

>\ ‑ KiAm + QhAm>

t`h^jtrbbmfymKiAm>Qh\ <>

2.>.: Qyhtdjs`s oe Bmaodoms

^djrj brj eommow`hi kjtdons to oltb`h bmaodoms erok Irìhbrn rjbijht.(`) Erok abrlohym aokpouhns

\ ‑ KiT + |

OKiTA\|

DOD

bmaodom

|ODA\

|

^d`s `s huamjopd`mà bnn`tòh rjbatòh

(b) Wr`kbry or 2· Bmaodoms

Wr`kbry bmaodoms brj eorkjn oh tbf`hi eorkbmnjdynj

\ ‑ KiT +

D|

OKiTA\

|D

DOD

Bmaodom2D|

ODA\

|D

(l) Qjaohnbry or <· bmaodoms

(2) Erok \ADO Qjaohnbry bmaodoms brj eorkjn ly tdj rjbatòh oe bhy bmnjdynj otdjr tdbh eorkbmnjdynj.

\ ‑ KiT +

Bmaodom<

D|

ODA\|\

(<) Erok Eorkà Jstjr 3Qjaohnbry bmaodoms brj oltb`hjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj pronuat oltb`hjn ly tbf`hijxajss oe Ir ihbrn rjbijht bhn bnn`hi eorkà jstjr to `t.

OKiT

|||OJtA\

|D

O

||A\|D

OD

\KiT

<

OD

|\A\

|D



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" >

ADJK@Q^\P

(a) ^jrt`bry or 1· bmaodoms

(2) jrt`bry bmaodoms brj eorkjn ly tbf`hi bhy fjtohj

\ ‑ KiT +

\|

OKiTA\|\

Bmaodom1

\|

ODA\|\

(<) jrt bry bmaodoms brj bmso oltb`hjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj pronuat oltb`hjn ly tbf`hi

jxajss oe Irìhbrn rjbijht bhn bh jstjr oe b dìdjr dokomoiuj oe eorkà ba`n.

OKiT|||

OJtA\|\

O||A\|\

OD

\KiT

<

OD|

\A\|\

Ubròus bmaodoms abh lj prjpbrjn ly adbhi`hi \ `h tdj blovj syhtdjs`s.( ` `) Erok Jpox`njs

OKiT|ADAD\ <<

Akorjtwodbv`hi

Bmaodom2

OD|ADAD\ <<

(`v) Erok Oxyijh

(b) Qyhtdjs`s oe bmaodom

\ ‑ KiT + O ; O \ ‑ O ‑ O ‑ KiT

\ ‑ O ‑ O ‑ KiT + \ ‑ KiT <\ ‑ O ‑ KiT

\ ‑ O ‑ KiT + DOD \ ‑ O ‑ D + Ki(OD)T

Wr`kbry, sjaohnbry bhn tjrt`bry bmaodoms abh lj oltb`hjn ly blovj rjbatòh

(l) Qyhtdjs`s oepdjhoms

Wdjhom `s oltb`hjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj pronuat oltb`hjn ly rjbatòh oe brymkbihjsùk

lrok`nj w td oxyijh.

A5D

:KiLr + O ; O A

5D

:O ‑ OKiLr

A5D

:O ‑ OKiLr + A

5D

:KiLr <A

5D

: ‑ OKiLr

A5D

: ‑ OKiLr + D

<O A

5D

: ‑ OD + Ki(OD)Lr

2.>.5 Qyhtdjs`s oe Bmnjdynjs

Aorrjspohn`hi bmnjdynj `s oltb`hjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj pronuat oltb`hjn ly rjbat`hi oe eorkà jstjr bhn

Irìhbrn rjbijht `h jqu`kombr rbtò.

OKiT|||

OJtA\|D

‑JtO ‑

O||A\|D

jtrbdjnrbm `htjrkjn`btj

@h td`s rjbatòh tjtrbdjnrbm `htjrkjn`btj `s erokjn so td`s kjadbh`sk `s abmmjn QH

< ^d kjadbh`sk



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" :

ADJK@Q^\P

2.>.9 Qyhtdjs`s oe Fjtohjs

(`) Erok Ba`n njr`vbt`vj

KiOI ‑

O

||A\|\

Ydjrj I ; -OJt, ‑ Am

^dj blovj rjbatòh sjqujhaj abh lj s`kpm e`jn bs eommows eor aohvjh`jhaj.

\ ‑ KiT +

O||

\AI

O||

\A\ + I ‑ KiT

ji. \ ‑ KiT +

O

||\AJtO

O

||\A\ + JtO ‑ KiT

ji. \ ‑ KiAm + Am ‑ AO ‑ \ \ ‑ AO ‑ \ + KiAm<

(` ) Erok Bmfym Aybh`njs

B fjt`k`hj `s eorkjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj bnnuat oltb`hjn ly tdj rjbatòh oe Irìhbrn rjbijht bhn bh

bmfym aybh`nj, wdàd i`vjs fjtohj oh eurtdjr dynromys`s.

\KiT + \AH \<A ; HKiT DOD

jk`hFjt`

HDA\< DOD

FjtohjOA\<

2.>.4 Qyhtdjs`s oe Abrloxymà ba`ns

B abrloxymà ba`n `s eorkjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj bnnuat eorkjn ly pbss`hi abrloh nòx`nj `h tdj jtdjrjbm

somutòh oe b Irìhbrn rjbijht.

O||

OAKiT\

O||

OKiTA\ T)OD(Ki

DOD

O||

ODA\

2.>.0 Qyhtdjs`s oe Abrloxymà ba`n jstjrs

Jstjrs brj eorkjn oh rjbat`hi tdj jtdymadmoroeorkbtj w td Irìhbrn rjbijht.

\KiAm + AmAOOJt \AOOJt + KiAm<

2.>.27 Qyhtdjs`s oe Jtdjrs

Dìdjr jtdjrs abh lj syhtdjs`sjn ly rjbat`hi b mowjr admor`hbtjn jtdjr w td Irìhbrn rjbijht.

\ ‑ KiAm + Am ‑ AD< ‑ O ‑ \ \ ‑ AD

< ‑ O ‑ \ + KiAm

<

AD1KiAm +

jtdjr jtdymymAdmorokjtd:<< DAOADAm

jtdjr N`jtdym:<<1 DAOADAD

2.>.22 Qyhtdjs`s oe Kjrabptbhs

Bmfbhjtd oms, `.j. kjrabptbh `s eorkjn oh dynromys`s oe tdj pronuat oltb`hjn ly bnn`hi sumpdur to tdj jtdjrjbm

somutòh oe Irìhbrn rjbijht.

\ ‑ KiAm + Q \ ‑ Q ‑ KiAm DOD\ ‑ Q ‑ D + Ki(OD)Am




ADJK@Q^\P

<. \JNZA^@OH

@htronuatòh\jnuatòh aovjrs lotd tdj bnn tòh oe dynroijh (or njutjrùk) to b noulmj lohn bhn tdj rjpmbajkjht oe bh

btok or iroup ly dynroijh (or njutjr uk). @h otdjr worns, rjnuatòh kjbhs dynroijhbtòh or dynroijhomys`s.

Kjtdons oe \jnuatòh 3

<.2 Abtbmytà dynroijhbtòh 3 ^dj abtbmysts usjn abh lj n`v`njn `hto two lrobn ambssjs, lotd oe wdàd

kb`hmy aohs`st oe trbhs`tòh kjtbms bhn tdj`r aokpouhns 3

<.2.2 Djtjroijhjous abtbmysts 3 (abtbmysts `hsomulmj `h tdj rjbatòh kjnùk)

@h djtjroijhjous abtbmytà dynroijhbt oh abtbmysts brj usjn `h pownjrjn eork (rbhjy hàfjm (H ), Wbmmbnùkoh adbraom (Wn/A), Wmbt`huk kjtbm or `ts ox`nj). Qulstrbtj komjaumjs brj bssukjn to uhnjrio dokomys`s`hto btoks wdàd brj adjk`sorljn bt tdj surebaj oe tdj abtbmyst. ^dj sulstrbtj `s bmso adjk`sorljn oh tdj

surebaj oe tdj abtbmyst.

Ijhjrbm \jbatòh A ; A + D<

Abtbmyst

)bnn`tòhsyh(DD

||AA||

Dynroijhbtòh oe bh bmfjhj `s bh jxotdjrkà rjbatòh ( ³D ‑2<7 fC kom ‑2)3

\ ‑AD ; AD ‑ \ + D<

H`\ ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ \ + djbt

^dj proajss `s jxotdjrkà, tdjrj `s usubmmy b dìd erjj jhjriy oe bat`vbtòh eor uhabtbmyzjn bmfjhjdynroijhbtòh, tdjrjeorj, tdj uhabtbmyzjn rjbatòh nojs hot tbfj pmbaj bt rook tjkpjrbturj. Dynroijhbt oh

w mm tbfj pmbaj rjbn`my bt rook tjkpjrbturj `h tdj prjsjhaj oe b abtbmyst ljabusj tdj abtbmyst prov`njs b hjwpbtdwby eor tdj rjbatòh tdbt `hvomvjs mowjr erjj jhjriy oe bat`vbt oh .

Djtjroijhjous dynroijhbtòh abtbmysts typàbmmy `hvomvj e`hjmyn`v njn pmbt`huk, pbmmbnùk, hàfjm, or rdonùk

njpos tòh oh tdj surebaj oe pownjrjn abrloh ( adbraobm). Dynroijhbt oh batubmmy tbfjs pmbaj bt tdj surebaj

oe tdj kjtbm, wdjrj tdj m`qu`n somutòh oe tdj bmfjhj aokjs `h aohtbat w`td dynroijh bhn tdj abtbmyst.Dynroijh ibs `s bnsorljn `hto tdj surebaj oe tdjsj kjtbm abtbmysts bhn tdj abtbmyst wjbfjhs tdj D ‑ D

lohn. @h ebat, è D< bhn N

< brj k`xjn `h tdj prjsjhaj oe b Wt abtbmyst, tdj two `sotopjs quàfmy sarbklmj to

pronuaj b rbhnok k`xturj oe DN, D< bhn N

<. (Ho sarbklm`hi oaaurs `h tdj blsjhaj oe tdj abtbmyst.)

Dynroijhbtòh `s bh jxbkpmj oe djtjroijhjous abtbmys`s, ljabusj tdj (som`n) abtbmyst `s `h b nèejrjht pdbsj

erok tdj rjbatbht somut oh. @h aohtrbst, dokoijhjous abtbmys`s `hvomvjs rjbatbhts bhn abtbmyst `h tdj sbkjpdbsj, bs `h tdj ba`n-abtbmyzjn njdynrbtòh oe bh bmaodom.




ADJK@Q^\P

Lotd dynroijh btoks usubmmy bnn erok tdj sbkj s`nj oe tdj komjaumj. ^d s konj oe bnn`tòh `s abmmjn b syh

bnn`tòh.

^dj jbsj oe rjnuat oh oe vbròus euhatòhbm iroups towbrn abtbmytà dynroijhbtòh (H /Wn/Wt)

M`hnmbr‐s abtbmyst 3 `s b po`sohjn pbmmbnùk abtbmyst, aokposjn oe pownjrjn lbrùk sumpdbtj aobtjn

w`td pbmmbnùk, po`sohjn w`td qu`hom`hj. Hàfjm lor`nj H`<L (W-< abtbmyst) (kbnj erok sonùk bajtbtj bhn

sonùk lorod`nr`nj) `s bh jxajmmjht bmtjrhbt vj abtbmyst eor tdj aohvjrsòh oe bmfyhj `hto bmfjhj. (syh bnn tòh)

^dj pbrt`bm rjnuat oh oe bmfyhj to bmfjhj s djtjroijhjous dynroijhbtòh w`td M`hnmbr's abtbmyst.

ji. AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ A A ‑ AD

1LHòr

abtbmysts'M`hnmbr D

<

< (syh bnn tòh)

Ba`n admor`nj rjnuajn to bmnjdynj ly us`hi Wn /LbQO> abtbmyst

>< LbQOWn/D AD1 ‑ ADO

^d`s rjbatòh `s abmmjn \osjhkuhn \jnuat oh

j.i. AD1 ‑AA‑AD

1

j.i. O<H ‑ AD ; AD ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1 Wn/D< D<H ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1

j.i. Wtor Wn/D<




ADJK@Q^\P

<.< \jnuatòh ly N`ssomv`hi Kjtbms

^dj ijhjrbm kjadbh`sk oe rjnuatòh ly n`ssomv`hi kjtbms `s lbsjn oh tdj ebat tdbt tdj kjtbm bats bs b

souraj oe jmjatrohs e`rst bh jmjatroh bnns to tdj sulstrbtj abus`hi e`ssòh oe b s`himj lohn `hto b erjj

rbnàbm bhn bh bhòh or `t abh bnns to b noulmj lohn eork`hi b rjsohbhaj - stblm`zjn rbnàbm òh.

B ‑ L ‑j B + ‑L or ‑ B + L

B ; L ‑j

L ‑ B or

L ‑ B

<.<.2 \jnuatòh ly Hb or M` /HD1 (L`rad rjnuatòh)

Kjadbh`sk 3

\jbijhts Hb(or M`,F) + m`q HD1

Hb+ + j¯ (somvbtjn jmjatroh)

HbHD< + (bht` bnn`tòh)

^ypàbm jxbkpmj oe rjnuatòh eor brokbtà systjk 3-

1HD/Hb

1HD/Hb

\ ‑ A A ‑ \ 1HD/Hb(bht` bnn`tòh)

j.i. 1HD/Hb




ADJK@Q^\P

<.<.< \jnuat oh ly Hb/A<D

:OD VLouvjbmt - Lmbha rjnuatòh[

\jnuatòh oe bmnjdynjs fjtohjs or jstjrs ly kjbhs oe jxajss oe Hb/A<D

:OD or h-lutbhom `s abmmjn Louvjbmt-

Lmbha rjnuat oh rjnuatòh.

Kjadbh`sk 3

Hb ODDA :< Hb

\AD<OD ODDA :< \AD< ‑ O ‑ Hb \AD< ‑ O¹ ODDA :< Hb \ A D ; O + A<D: O ‑

j.i. AD1ADO AD

1AD

<OD

Bajtbmnjdynj Jtdbhom

AD1 ‑AOAD1

Bajtohj propbhj-<-om

AD1AD

<OD

Jtdym bajtbtj Jtdbhom

<.1 \jnuatòh ly kjtbm dynr`njs bhn bmfox`njs 3

Ajrtb`h aokpmjx kjtbm dynr`njs, lorbhj bhn bmuk`hùk `sopropox`nj, brj rjbijhts oe adoàj eor rjnuatòh

oe abrlohym iroup.

<.1.2 M`BmD>

(MBD) M`tdùk bmuk`hùk dynr`nj 3 MBD `s kost aokkoh bhn vjrsbt`mj oe td`s ambss oe rjbijht. @t

`s sjhs t`vj to protà somvjht bhn tdjrjeorj usjn `h abrjeummy prjpbrjn hohdynroxymà somvjht ijhjrbmmy jtdjr `s

usjn bs somvjht, @t kby lj rjibrnjn bs njr`vjn erok kjtbm dynr`nj.

M`D + BmD1 >

‑

D BmM`

Kjadbh`sk 3

OA\<

> \<ADOD OD1 Bm ‑ (OAD\<)>

O\ A<

mDB (OAD\<)1

<.1.< HbLD>

(Qonùk lorodynr`nj) 3 @t `s korj spjaèà tdbh MBD bs b rjnua`hi bijht. @t `s rjnuajs ohmyfjtohjs

bhn bmnjdynjs to tdj aorrjspohn`hi bmaodoms w`tdout beejat hi otdjr euhatòhbm iroups. @t `s jeejat`vj jvjh `hprotà somvjht m`fj bmaodom. rjnuajs ba`n admor njs lut hot bhn bhy otdjr njr`vbt`vj oe ba`n.




ADJK@Q^\P

Kjadbh`sk 3

OA\<

> \<ADOD OD1 L ‑ (OAD\<)>

O\ A<LD (OAD\<)1

ji. >M`BmD

ji. >HbLD

ji.

<.1.1 N@LBM-D (N``solutym Bmuk`hùk Dynr nj) (BMBHJ) 3Kost `kportbht bmbhj `s n` solutym bmuk`hùk dynr`nj. @t ruhs pbrbmmjm to MBD (M tdòk bmuk`hùk dynr`nj) bsb rjnua`hi bijht lut `t `s korj sjmjat`vj.

ji. Wd‑AD;AD„AOOA<D

:OD

^DEM`BmD

<

> Wd‑AD

< ‑AD

< ‑AD

<OD +A

<D

:OD

Wd‑AD;AD„AD<OD

LyN@LBMbt orn hbrytjkpjrbturj jstjrs brjrjnuajn to bmaodoms lut `t mowtjkpjrbturjjxtjrs brjrjnuajnto bmnjdynj.

ji. A5D

: ‑ A||

O

‑OAD1 A³<:tomujhj

N@LBM A5D

:AD

<OD

A5D

:ADO

MBD rjnuaj \AH to bk`hj lut N@LBM `s eouhn to lj rjnuaj `t to bmnjdynj.

ji. AD1 ‑AH

OD

^DEM`BmD

<

> AD

1 ‑AD

< ‑HD

<

AD1 ‑ADO




ADJK@Q^\P

<.1.> \jnuatòh ly `sopropym bmaodom bhn bmuk`hùk `sopropox`nj. ^d`s `s abmmjn tdj Kjjrwj`h-Wohnore-

Ujrmjy rjnuatòh

Kjadbh`sk 3

ADOD)AD( <1

ji. + +

<.> K`sajmmbhjous \jnuatòhs

<.>.2 Qtjpdjh‐s \jnuatòhs

Ydjh rjnuat ohoe aokpouhns `s abrr`jn out w td ba nè jn stbhhous admor nj (QhAm</DAm) bt rook tjkpjrbturj,

`k`hj dynroadmor`nj `s oltb`hjn wdàd oh sulsjqujht dynromys`s w`td lo`m`hi wbtjr i`vjs bmnjdynj. ^d`sspjaèà typj oe rjnuatòh oe h`tr`mj `s abmmjn stjpdjh‐s rjnuatòh.

ji. AD1AH

OD)``(

DAm/QhAm)`(

<

< AD1ADO

Bajtbmnjdynj

ji.

OD)``(

DAm/QhAm)`(

<

<

Ljhzbmnjdynj



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" 2<

ADJK@Q^\P

<.>.< Amjkkjhsjh‐s \jnuabtòh 3

Zsjn to ijt bmfbhj erok abrlohym aokpouhns.

\ ‑A D O DAm.aoha/DiSh

\AD1

+ D<O

\A\||O

DAm.aoha/DiSh

\AD<\ + D

<O

ji. AD1 ‑ ADO

DAm.aoha/DiShAD

1AD

1+ D

<O

ji. :<1 DAAAD||O

+ >VD[ DAm.aoha/DiSh

AD1AD

<A

<D

:+ D

<O

Amjkkjhsjh rjnuat oh `s hot usjn eor aokpouhns wdàd dbvj ba`n sjhs`t vj iroup.

<.>.1 Yomee-f`sdhjr rjnuatòh w`td HD<HD< / FODZsjn to ijt bmfbhj erok abrlohym aokpouhns

Kjadbh`sk 3

\ADO

FOD/HDHD <<

\AD1

\AO‑\

FOD/HDHD <<

\AD<\

Yomee-f`sdhjr rjnuat oh `s hot usjn eor aokpouhns wd ad dbvj lbsj sjhs t`vj iroups.

<.>.> Ly \jn W & D@

D@Wn\j\ ‑ AD1 6

D@Wn\j

\ ‑ AD1

D@Wn\j\ ‑ AD1 6

D@Wn\j

\ ‑ AD< ‑ \

ji.

D@Wn\j

AD1 ‑ AD1

ji.

D@Wn\j

AD1 ‑ AD< ‑ AD1




ADJK@Q^\P

(*) noulmj lohn abh lj rjnuajn ly M`BmD> / ^DE ohmy `h a`hhbkà systjk.

Eor ji. Wd‑AD;AD„ADOOD

^DEM`BmD

<

> Wd‑AD

< ‑AD

< ‑AD

<OD

1. BMFBHJ

1.2 Ijhjrbm kjtdon oe prjpbrbtòh1.2.2. Ly abtbmytà rjnuatòh oe bmfjhjs bhn bmfyhjs

\ ‑ A A ‑ \Wnor Wt,H`

A<:,D< \ ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ \

\ ‑ AD ; AD ‑ \Wnor Wt,H`

A<:,D<

\ ‑ AD< ‑ AD

< ‑ \

Dynroijhbtòh Bnn`tòh oe D< to uhsbturbtjn lohn.

Dynroijhbtòh `s oe two f`hns

(b)D jtjroijhjous (l) Dokoijhjous

(b) Djtjroijhjous 3 @t `s two pdbsj dynroijhbtòh tdj abtbmyst `s e`hjmy njv`njn kjtbm m`fj H`, Wt or Wn bhnb somutòh oe bmfjhj.(l) Dokoijhjous 3 @t `s ohj pdbsj dynroijhbtòh lotd abtbmyst bhn bmfjhjs brj `h somutòh. @h td`s

dynroijhbtòh abtbmyst brj oribhà aokpmjx oe trbhs`tòh kjtbm m`fj \d or @r.Dynroijhbtòh `s jxotdjrkà, qubht tbt vj bhn nur`hi tdj dynroijhbtòh, totbm djbt jvomvjn to dynroijhbtjohj komj oe uhsbturbtjnaokpouhn `s abmmjndjbt oe dynroijhbtòh. Djbt oe dynroijhbtòh `s tdj kjbsurkjhtoe stbl`m ty oe `sokjrà bmfjhjs.

stbl`m`ty oe bmfjhj òhdynroijhbtoe Djbt

2

Hotj 3 Dynroijhbtòh oe bmfjhj or bmfyhj `h prjsjhaj oe kjtbm abtbmyst `s syh bnn`tòh

ji. + D<

AOODAD

Wn

1

(Kjso)



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" 2>

ADJK@Q^\P

ji. + D< AOODAD

Wn

1

(\bajkà k`xturj)

1.2.<. Erok bmfym dbm nj

(`) Ly wurtz rjbatòh

<\ ‑ T + <Hb jtdjr nry

\ ‑ \ + <HbT

\ ‑ T + \ ‑ T)nry(jtdjr

Hb \ ‑ \, \ ‑ \, \ ‑ \

Kjadbh`sk ^wo kjadbh`sks brj suiijstjn(b) @ohà kjadbh`sk

<Hb Hb< +

)<,2(T\

+ <j¯

<HQ \ ‑ \

HbT

(l) Erjj rbnàbm kjadbh sk

Hb

\ ‑ T + \ +

\ + \ \ ‑ \

Hotj 3 ^dj bmfym dbm`nj sdoumn lj 2· or <·, w`td 1· \ ‑ T QH

< bhn erjj rbnàbm aoupm`hi `s hot poss`lmj nuj to

stjrà d`hnjrjhaj so `h tdbt absj jm`k`hbtòh or n`sproportòhbtòh `s poss`lmj.

@h tdj òhà kjadbh`sk bmfym sonùk i`vjs strohi lbsj bs wjmm bs huamjopd`mj wdàd i`vjs QH

<

w`td \ ‑ T, jtdjr sdoumn lj nry otdjrw`sj è ko`sturj `sprjsjht tdbh eorks \ ‑ D `hstjbn oe \ ‑ \ w`td D<O.

j.i. AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ Lr Hb AD

1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1

j.i. AD1 ‑ Am + AD

1 ‑ AD

< ‑ Am Hb AD

1 ‑ AD

1 + AD

1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1 + AD

1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1

(``) Ly rjnuatòh oe bmfym dbm`njs

(B) w`td kjtbm-ba`n

2T\ \ ‑ D + DT

\jnua`hi bijht

Sh / DAm , Sh ‑ Au / D<O or Sh ‑ Au + AD

1AOOD

Sh ‑ Au / A<D

:OD, Hb ‑ Di / DAm, Bm ‑ Di / D

<O jta.

Kjadbh`sk

Kjtbm



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" 2:

ADJK@Q^\P

(L) Y`td kjtbm dynr`njs

(b) ^WD (Wd1QhD) ^r`pdjhymt`h dynr`nj 3 @t rjnuajs 2·, <· & 1· \ ‑ T

³1/³</³2T ‑\

QhDWd1 \ ‑ D

(l) HbLD>

3

1&<

T\ >HbLD\ ‑ D

(a) M`BmD> 3

<&2

T\ >M`BmD\ ‑ D

1

T\ >M`BmD Bmfjhj

1.2.1 Erok oribhokjtbmmà aokpouhn

(`) Ly Irìhbrn \jbijht.

1<,2

T\jtdjr

iK \KiT

\KiT +aokpouhn

aohtb`hiD

bat`vjbmm

\ ‑ D

D O<

\OD

HD1

\ ‑ A AD

\QD

\ ‑ AOOD

\ ‑ D + Ki (OD) T

+ Ki (O\) T

+ Ki (HD ) T<

+ Ki (A A\ )

+ Ki (Q\) T

+ Ki (OAO\) T

\KiT

\ ‑ D

\ ‑ D

\ ‑ D

\ ‑ D

\ ‑ D

T

(``) Ly aorjy dousj bmfbhj syhtdjs`s

)1,<,2(

T\

M`< AuT

)rjbijhts'I`mkbh(auprbtj

n`bmfymM`tdùkAuM`\<

)<2(T\

\ ‑ \

Kjadbh`sk

\<AuM` `s tdj souraj oe \

\ ‑ \

\<AuM` nojs hot rjbats w`td ‑ HO

<, ‑ AH, jta.

(```) Ly Erbhfmbhns rjbijht

\ ‑ T + Sh + \ ‑ T Jtdjr \ ‑ \ + Sh T

<




ADJK@Q^\P

Kjadbh`sk

1.2.> Erok abrloxymà ba`ns3 -

(`) Ly sonb m`kj 3 Ebtty ba`ns brj ioon souraj oe dynroabrloh, aoht`huous djbt`hi oe sonùk sbmt oe abrloxym aba`n (\ ‑ AOOHb) w td sonb m`kj (HbOD ‑ AbO) i`vjs dynroabrloh, td`s proajss `s fhowh bs njabrloxymb-tòh (j.i. rjpmbajkjht oe ‑ AOOD iroup ly ‑ D) njabrloxymbtòh bmso tbfjs pmbaj oh djbt`hi ohmy, wdjhaokpouhn `s ijk nàbrloxymà ba`n or tdjrj `s fjto iroup or noulmj lohn oh abrloh.

O||

ODA\ HbOD

AbO

\ ‑ D + Hb<AO

1

(` ) LyFomlj‐s jmjatromys`s

<\AOOF + <DOD `sJmjatromys \ ‑ \ + <AO< + D

< + <FOD

Kjadbh`sk

\ AO<F \ AO

< ‑ + F+

Bt Bhonj3 - \ AO< ‑ \

<AO + j ‑ (ox`nbtòh)

(@)

\ <AO \ + AO

<

(@@)

\ + \ \ ‑ \

@e h `s tdj hukljr oe abrloh btoks `h tdj sbmt oe abrloxymà ba`n, tdj bmfbhj eorkjn dbs <(h‑2) abrloh btoks.

j.i. <AD1 ‑ AOOF + <D

<O `sJmjatromys

AD1AD

1 + <AO

< + D

< + <FOD.

1.2.: Ly\jnuatòh

( ) Ly Amjkkjhsjh‐s rjnuatòh 3 w`td Sh ‑ Di / aoha. DAm

\ ‑A D O DAm.aoha/DiSh

\AD1

+ D<O

\A\

||O

DAm.aoha/DiSh

\AD<

\ + D<

O

j.i. AD1 ‑ ADO

DAm.aoha/DiShAD

1AD

1+ D

<O

:<1 DAAAD||O

+ >VD[

DAm.aoha/DiSh AD1AD

<A

<D

:+ D

<O

Amjkkjhsjh rjnuat oh `s hot usjn eor aokpouhns wdàd dbvj ba`n sjhs`t vj iroup.

(` ) Ly Yomee-f`sdhjr rjnuatòh w`td HD<HD

< / FOD

\ADO

FOD/HDHD << \AD

1

\AO‑\

FOD/HDHD << \AD

<\




ADJK@Q^\P

1.<.>. Qomul`m ty

@h fjjp`hi w`td tdj popumbr rumj ”m`fj n`ssomvjs m`fj‛ dynroabrlohs brj `hsomulmj `h pombr somvjht m`fj wbtjr ljabusj tdjy brj prjnok`hbhtmy hoh-pombr `h hbturj.

1.<.:. Njhs`ty

^dj njhs`t`js oe bmfbhjs `harjbsj w`td `harjbs`hi komjaumbr wjìdt lut ljaokj aohstbht bt blout7.4 i ak ‑1. ^d`s kjbhs tdbt bmm bmfbhjs brj mìdtjr tdbh wbtjr.

1.1 Adjkàbm \jbatòhs oe Bmfbhjs 3

Adbrbatjr`st a rjbatòh oe bmfbhjs brj erjj rbnàbm sulst`tutòh rjbatòh, tdjsj rjbatòhs brj ijhjrbmmyadb`h rjbatòhs wdàd brj aokpmjtjn `h tdrjj stjps.( ) adb`h `h`t btòh (` ) adb`h propbibt oh. (` ) adb`h tjrk`hbt oh

1.1.2. Dbmoijhbtòh 3

\ ‑ D + T< A>77<:7

tjkpor MìdtZU

\ ‑ T + DT

Kjadbh`sk oe dbmoijhbtòh oe bmfbhj

(`) Adb`h `h`t`btòh `t `s bh jhnotdjrkà stjp.

T< A>77<:7

.tjkpor ZU

•

T<

(``) Adb`h propbibt oh

•

T + \ ‑ D •

\ + DT

•

\ + T ‑ T \ ‑ T +•

T

(```) Adb`h tjrk`hbtòh `t `s bmwbys jxotdjrkà

•

T +•

T T<

•

\ +•

\ \ ‑ \

•\ +

•T \ ‑ T

Qtjps oe dbmoijhbtòh, Ubmuj oe D eor jbad stjp. (Fabm/komj)

E Am Lr @

(`) T<

<•

T + 14 + :4 +>5 +15

(``)•

T + AD>

1

•

DA + DT ‑ 1< + 2 + 25 + 11

(```) 1

•

DA + T<

AD1T +

•

T ‑ 97 ‑ <5 ‑ <> ‑ <7

\jbat`v`ty oe T< 3 E

< 8 Am

< 8 Lr

< 8 @

<

\jbat`v`ty oe D 3 1·D 8 <·D 8 2· D

Y`td E<

bmfbhjs rjbat so vìorousmytdbt jvjh `h tdj nbrf bhn bt rook tjkpjrbturj, rjbatbht `s n mutjn w td bh

@hjrt ibs. @on`hbtòh `s rjvjrs`lmj rjbatòh, s`haj D@ eorkjn bs b ly pronuat bhn @t `s b strohi rjnua`hi bijhtbhn rjnuajs bmfym òn`nj lbaf to bmfbhj. Djhaj òn`hbtòh abh lj nohj ohmy `h prjsjhaj oe strohi ox`n`s`hi

bijht m`fj D@O1, DHO

1or DiO.

\ ‑ D + @<

\ ‑ @ + D@

:D@ + D@O1

1D<O + 1@

<

<D@ +DiO @<

+ D<O + Di

<D@

+ <DHO1 @

< + <D<O + HO<Eorkbtòh oe bmfym erjj rbnàbm `s rbtj njtjrk`h`hi stjp.




ADJK@Q^\P

ornjr oe stbl`m`ty oe Erjj rbnàbm

•

1 AWd 8 DAWd•

< 8

<

•

DAWd 8<

•

< DAADAD 8 (AD1)

1

A 8 (AD

1)

<

AD 8 AD

1

<AD 8 1

•

DA

ji. AD>

d

Am<

DAm

AmAD1

d

Am<

DAm

AmAD <<

d

Am<

DAm

ADAm1

d

Am<

DAm

AAm>

Ydjh jqu`kombr bkouht oe kjtdbhj bhn Am< `s tbfjh, b k`xturj oe eour poss`lmj pronuats brj eorkjn, lutwdjh wj tbfj jxajss oe AD> tdjh y`jmn oe AD

1Am w`mm lj dìd.

Jbad pdotoh oe mìdt amjbvjs ohj admor`hj komjaumj to eork two admor`hj rbnàbms, jbad admor hj btok stbrtsb adb`h bhn oh bh bvjrbij jbad adb`h aohtb`hs :777 rjpjbt`tòhs oe tdj adb`h propbibt`hi ayamj so blout27,777 komjaumjs oe AD

1Am brj eorkjn lyohj pdotoh oe mìdt.

@h b adb`h rjbatòh eommow`hi rjbijhts brj `hvomvjn -

(`) @h`t`btors tdjy `h`t`btj tdj adb`h rjbatòh, @h t`btors brj pjrox`nj (\<O

<), Wjrjstjr's jta.

\ ‑ O ‑ O ‑ \

or

d •

O\

OO||||

\AOOA\

or d

O|| OA\

•

(``) @hd`l`tors B sulstbhaj tdbt smows nowh or stops tdj rjbatòh `s fhowh bs `hd`l`torsEor jxbkpmj O

< `s b ioon `hd`l`tor

•

\ + O<

•

OO\ +•

\ \ ‑ O ‑ O ‑ \

bmm rjbat`vj bmfym erjj rbnàbms brj aohsukjn so rjbatòh stops eor b pjròn oe t`kj.

\jmbt`vj rjbat`v`ty oe dbmoijh towbrns kjtdbhj

Ornjr oe rjbat`v ty `s E< 8 Am

< 8 Lr

< 8 @

< wdàd abh lj jxpmb`hjn ly tdj vbmuj oe D (jhtdbmpy adbhij)

Dbmoijhbtòh oe dìdjr bmfbhj 3

(`) AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1 A<:,mìdt

Am<

%::Am|

ADADAD 11 +

%>:

AmADADAD <<1

(``) AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1 A<:,mìdt

Am<

%9<Am|

ADADADAD 1<1 +

%<4

AmADADADAD <<<1

(```)

1

11

AD|

ADADAD A<:,mìdt

Am<

%5>AD|

AmADADAD

1

<1 +

%15Am|

ADAAD|AD

11

1

(`v) AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1 A2<9,djbt

Lr <

%1

Lr ADADAD <<1 +

%09Lr |

ADADAD 11



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" <2

ADJK@Q^\P

1.1.>. Bmfymbt oh 3 @sobmfbhjs bnn to `sobmfjhjs `h prjsjhaj oe aoha. D<QO

>or DE to i`vj dìdjr lrbhadjn bmfbhj

jtbh@solu1

1

1

AD|

DAAD|AD

+

@solutjhj1

1<

AD|

ADAAD ><QOD.aoha

jtbh@sooaADAD||

ADADADAAD|AD

11

1<1

1

1.1.:. Brokbt`sbtòh 3

Bmfbhjs aohtb`h`hi 5 or korj hukljr oe A btoks brj ox`n`sjn (njdynroijhbtj & ayam`sjn) `h prjsjhaj oe ox`n`s`hi bijht bt dìdjr tjkpbrbturj bhn eork ljhzjhj or `ts njr vbt`vjs.

AD1 ‑ (AD

<)

> ‑ AD

1

WDìdA577

1<1< O BmOAr

+ >D

<

AD1 ‑ (AD

<)

: ‑ AD

1

WDìdA577

1<1< O BmOAr

AD1(AD

<)

5AD

1

WDìdA577

1<1< O BmOAr

+

1><1

1

ADAD)AD(AD|

AD

WDìdA577

1<1< O BmOAr

1<1<1

1

ADADAD)AD(AD|

AD

WDìdA577

1<1< O BmOAr

1.1.5 Wyromys`s / Arbaf`hi

AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1 AD

1AD

1+ AD

1AD ; AD

< + AD

< ; AD

<+ AD

> + D

<

Dìdjr bmfbhjs brj djbtjn `h blsjhaj oe b`r so tdjsj aokpouhns lrjbf nowh `hto skbmmjr bmfbhjs wdàd brjljttjr eujm. K`xturj oe pronuats aohtb`hs bmm mowjr bmfbhjs, bmfjhjs & dynroijhs.

1.1.9. Aoklustòh 3

AhD

<h+< +

<

2h1O

< aoklustòh

hAO< + (h + 2) D

<O (D

aoklustòh ; -vj)

jxotdjrkà rjbat oh

AxD

y +

>

yx O

< aoklustòh

xAO< +

<

yD

<O

A:D

2< + 4O

< aoklustòh :AO

<+ 5D

<O



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" <<

ADJK@Q^\P

Djbt oe aoklustòh 3 Bkouht oe djbt m`ljrbtjn wdjh 2 komj oe dynroabrloh `s aokpmjtjmy lurht `hto AO<

&D

<O.

D oe aoklustòh `s b kjbsurjkjht oe stbl`m`ty oe bmfbhj 3

Aoklustòh `s usjn bs b kjbsurkjht oe stbl`m`ty.Korj lrbhadjn bmfbhjs brj korj stblmj bhn dbvj mowjr djbt oe aoklustòh.

j.i. AD1 ‑

@

<AD ‑ AD< ‑ AD1

@@

D|

ADAAD

|AD

11

1

Daokl.

3 @ 8 @@

Qtbl`m`ty 3 @@ 8 @

Wo`hts to rjkjkljr eor D oe aoklustòh

Dokomoijs 3 Dìdjr dokomoijs dbvj dìdjr djbt oe aoklust oh.AD

>= A

<D

5= A

1D

4

@sokjrs 3 Lrbhadjn `sokjr dbs mowjr djbt oe aoklustòh.Korj lrbhadjn bmfbhj dbs korj ho. oe pr`kbry

A ‑ D lohns. (tdjrjeorj `t dbs korj lohn jhjriy).

8 8

Ayamo-bmfbhjs 3 Korj strb`hjn r`hi dbs dìdjr djbt oe aoklustòh pjr ‑ AD< ‑ uh`t.

8 8 8 (Daokl.

pjr —AD<‐ uh t)

1.1.4 Oatbhj Hukljr 3 @t `s b sabmj oe eujm jeeà`jhay wdjh tdj eujm lurhs nur`hi aoklustòh, korj lrbhadjnbmfbhjs dbvj mowjr fhoaf`hi (arbaf`hi souhn). so brj ljttjr eujms. Oh aokkjra`bm sabmj `so-oatbhj dbsljjh bmottjn b rbt`hi `.j. oatbhj ho. oe @sooatbhj `s 277 & h-djptbhj `s - —7‐

@e tdj oatbhj ho. oe b eujm `s 47, `t kjbhs tdbt tdj jeeà`jhay oe tdj eujm `s jqu`vbmjht to tdj jeeà`jhay oe k`xturjoe 47% `soatbhj bhn <7% h-djptbhj.



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" <1

ADJK@Q^\P

K@QAJMMBHJOZQ QOMUJN W\OLMJKQ

2. Ydàd oe tdj eommow`hi eorkumb rjprjsjhts Irìhbrn rjbijht ?(B)D

<HKiT (L) DA AKiT (A) \

<Ki (N) Ki(OD)Lr

Bhs. LQom. Irìhbrn rjbijht `s rjprjsjhtjn ly \KiT.

<. Ydàd oe tdj eommow`hi `s hot b Irìhbrn rjbijht ?

(B) (AD1)<ADKiAm (L) AD1AOOKi@ (A)A5D22KiLr (N) A<D:KiAmBhs. L

Irìhbrn rjbijht `s rjprjsjhtjn ly \KiT. Ydjrj \ ; Abrloh.

1. Ydbt `s tdj kot`vj oe bnn`hi òn`hj `h skbmm bkouht nur hi prjpbrbtòh oe kjtdymkbihjsùk òn`nj ?(B) @t bats bs b abtbmyst (L) @t aohvjrts jtdjr hto bmfym on`nj(A) @t njarjbsjs tdj vòmjhaj oe tdj rjbatòh (N) @t bats bs bh jmjatropd`m a

Bhs. BQom. @t bats bs b abtbmyst

>. ^dj rjbatòh oe bh bmfym dbm`nj bhn kbihjsùk `s h`t`bmmy vjry smow, lut mbtjr ljaokjs vjry ebst, ljabusj(B) ^dj rjbatòh s butoabtbmyt a (L) ^dj Irìhbrnrjbijht eorkjn `sjtdjr-somulmj

(A) ^dj rjbatòh `s jhnotdjrkà (N) ^dj rjbatòh `s jxotdjrkàBhs. N

\‑T+Ki \‑KiT D ; ‑vj

:. B Irìhbrn rjbijht `s eorkjn oh rjbat`hi kbihjsùk w td(B) Bmfym dbm`nj h tdj prjsjhaj oe nry jtdjr (L) Bmfym dbm`nj `h tdj prjsjhaj oe pdjhom(A) Bmfym dbm`nj `h tdj prjsjhaj oe bmaodom(N) Bmfym dbm nj `h tdj prjsjhaj oe bmaodomà jtdjr

Bhs. BQom. \‑T+Ki \‑KiT (Irìhbrn \jbijht)

5. Sjrjw`t hoee's kjtdon `s usjn eor (B) tdj jst`kbt oh oe rjbat`vj dynroijh btok (L) tdj jst`kbt oh oe bmfoxy iroup(A) tdj prjpbrbtòh oe b dìdjr jtdjr (N) tdj prjpbrbtòh oe b Irìhbrn rjbijht

Bhs. B

Qom. S‑D + \‑KiT\ ‑D + KiTS^d`s s jst`kbtòh oe rjbat`vj dynroijh btok.

9. Wr`kbry bmaodom abhhot lj oltb`hjn ly tdj rjbatòh oe b Irìhbrn rjbijht w`td(B) ^dj s`kpmjst bmfbhbm (L) N`kjtdymjhj ox`nj(A) Jtdymjhj imyaom (N) Oxyijh

Bhs. A

Qom. \KiT + DADO \‑AD<OD\KiT + (AD

<)

<O \‑AD

< ‑AD

< ‑OD

\‑KiT + (AD<OD)

< \‑D + KiTOAD

<AD

<OD

\KiT+O< \OD

4. Wr`kbry, sjaohnbrybhn tjrt`brybmaodoms abh lj oltb`hjn ly dynromys`s oe tdj pronuats eorkjn oh rjbatòh oe b Irìhbrn rjbijht w td(B) @solutyrbmnjdynj (L) Lutbhohj (A) O xyijh (N) Ox`rbhj

Bhs. A

Qom. \‑KiT+ O< \OKiT

OD1 \OD

(2³, <³, 1³) (2³, <³, 1³)



"kbh`sdfukbrpdysàs.`h" <>

ADJK@Q^\P

0. Ydàd oe tdjeommow`hi `s eorkjn ohtdj rjbat oh oe ohj komj oe bajtym admor njw tdohj komj oe kjtdymkbihjsùkadmor`nj ?(B) <-Lutbhom (L) Bajtohj (A) @solutym bmaodom (N) t-Lutym bmaodom

Bhs. L

Qom.

27. @njht ey tdj pronuat - TD

:A

5 ‑ A A ‑ A

5D

: Abtbmysts'M`hnmbr T

Qom.

22. @njhtèyT

Wn/D< T

Qom. T ;

2<. @njhtèy tdj pronuat x bhn y

+ N< \dAm)WWd( 11 T

+ N< \dAm)WWd( 11 P

Qom. T ; 6 P ;

(Kjso) (nm) \jajkà k`xturj

21. @njht ey pronuat ?

>M`BmD W

Qom. W ;

2>.

Ydjrj x bhn y ?

Qom. x ; A s < lutjhj , y ; trbhs < lutjhj



"kbh`sdfukbrpdys`as.`h" <:

ADJK@Q^\P

2:.

Yr`tj tdj pronuats.

Qom. (b) (l)

25.

Qom. @h bmm absjs pronuat `s

29. Brrbhij tdj eommow`hi bmfjhjs `h njarjbs`hi ornjr oe tdj`r stbl`m ty\

<A ; A\

<, AD

< ; AD

<, \

<A ; AD

<, \ ‑ AD ; AD ‑ \ (a`s, trbhs), \

<A ; AD\, \AD ; AD

<

Qom. \<A;A\

< 8 \

<A ; AD\ 8\

<A ; AD

< 8

trbhs

\ADAD\ 8

a`s

AD\\AD 8 \ ‑ AD ; AD< 8 AD

< ; AD

<

24. Ydbt `s tdj ornjr oe stbl`m`ty oe eommow`hi bmfjhj

@1

<1

AD|

ADADADAD ,

@@

1<<

1

ADADAAD|AD

,

@@@

1

11

AD|

ADADAAD

Bhs. @@@ 8 @@ 8 @

Qom. Qtbl m`ty oe bmfjhj Dypjraohcuibt`vj Qtruaturj.

20. A<D

:Am Jtdjr

Hb pronuats

Yr`tj bmm poss`lmj pronuat

Qom. AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ Am

kbcor ADADADAD 1<<1

AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ Am

<1 DAAD

aoupm`hi

AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

< ‑ AD

1

`ohn`sproport AD1 ‑ AD

1 + AD

< ; AD

<



ADJK@Q^\P

<7. Yurtz rjbatòh w mm hot lj olsjrvjn `h

(B) (L) (A)

1

1

AD|

Lr ADAD (N) hohj oe tdjsj

Bhs. L

Qom. Hb + D<

ibs

<2. AD1 ‑ Lr M`

B @AuL P A

è A `s AD1 ‑ AD

< ‑ (AD

<)

: ‑ AD

1, tdbh wdbt `s P.

Bhs. AD1 ‑ (AD

<)

5 ‑ Lr

Qom. AD1 ‑ Lr M`

AD1M` @Au

(AD1)

<AuM` T ‑AD ‑)AD( ‑AD <:<1 AD

1 ‑ AD

< ‑ (AD

<)

: ‑ AD

1

<<. B

/AbO

HbOD L

Ydbt brj B bhn L

Qom. B `s , L `s

<1. Jxpmb`h wdy tdj adb`h `h`t`bt`hi stjp `h tdjrkbm admor`hbtòh oe AD> `s

Am<

mA•

bhn hot AD>

1

•

DA + •

D

Qom. Ljabusj Jbat

oe Am< `s mjss tdbh J

bat oe AD

>

<>. Admor`hbtòh oe AD>

`hvomvjs eommow`hi stjps 3

(`) Am< mA<

•

(``) AD> + mA

• 1

•

DA + DAm

(```) 1

•

DA + mA•

AD1Am

Ydàd oe tdj eommow`hi `s rbtj njtjrk`h`hi ?(B) Qtjp (`) (L) Qtjp (``) (A) Qtjp (```) (N) Qtjp (``) bhn (```) lotd

Bhs. L

Qom. Eorkbtòh oe bmfym erjj rbnàbm s \ns stjp.

grignard reagent, reduction & alkane theory_e

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