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Carbon Footprint of Biodiesel from ElCimarrón,ColombiaDraftReport
Preparedfor:PrestigeColombiaSASPreparedby:Quantis
SimonGmünder,ProjectManager
LauraRubio,LifeCycleAnalyst
RainerZah,ScientificSupport
March14,2017
LAUSANNE – PARIS – BERLIN – ZURICH - BOGOTA - BOSTON | www.quantis-intl.com
Quantis CarbonFootprintofBiodieselfromPrestige
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Quantis is a leading life cycle assessment (LCA) consulting firm specialized in supportingcompaniestomeasure,understandandmanagetheenvironmentalimpactsoftheirproducts,services and operations. Quantis is a global company with offices in the United States,Switzerland,Germany,ColombiaandFranceandemployscloseto60people,amongstwhichseveralareinternationallyrenownedexpertsintheLCAfield.
Quantis offers cutting-edge services in environmental footprinting (multiple indicatorsincluding carbon and water), eco design, sustainable supply chains and environmentalcommunication.Quantis also provides innovative LCA software,Quantis SUITE 2.0,whichenablesorganizationstoevaluate,analyzeandmanagetheirenvironmental footprintwithease. Fuelled by its close ties with the scientific community and its strategic researchcollaborations,Quantishasastrongtrackrecordinapplyingitsknowledgeandexpertisetoaccompany clients in transforming LCA results into decisions and action plans. Moreinformationcanbefoundatwww.quantis-intl.com.
This report has been prepared by the Latin American office of Quantis. Please direct allquestionsregardingthisreporttoSimonGmünderfromQuantisLatinAmerica.
QuantisLatinAmerica
SimonGmünder
Bogotá,Colombia
Tel:+573148182273
www.quantis-intl.com
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PROJECTINFORMATIONProjecttitle CarbonFootprintofBiodieselfromElCimarrón,Colombia
Contractingorganization
PrestigeColombiaSAS
Liabilitystatement Informationcontainedinthisreporthasbeencompiledfromand/orcomputedfromsourcesbelievedtobecredible.Applicationof thedataisstrictlyatthediscretionandtheresponsibilityofthereader.Quantisisnotliableforanylossordamagearisingfromtheuseoftheinformationinthisdocument.
Version Draftreport
Projectteam Simon Gmünder, Project Manager ([email protected])
RainerZah,ScientificSupport([email protected])
Sebastien Humbert, internal review ([email protected])
Clientcontacts HenrikWiig,AdvisorResGrowAS,[email protected]
Predro Gonfrier, Director Prestige Colombia SAS,[email protected]
Externalreviewer(s)
-
TABLEOFCONTENT
1 Introduction............................................................................12
1.1 Backgroundandproblemstatement.............................................................................12
1.2 Goalofthisstudy..........................................................................................................12
2 CarbonFootprintMethodology...............................................13
2.1 Overviewaboutcarbonfootprintstandardsforbiofuels...............................................13
2.2 CarbonfootprintaccordingtoRED................................................................................14
2.3 Scopeofthestudy.........................................................................................................15
2.3.1 Generaldescriptionoftheproductsystems................................................................15
2.3.2 Functionalunit..............................................................................................................15
2.3.3 Systemboundaries.......................................................................................................16
2.4 Datacollectionandmodelling.......................................................................................17
2.4.1 Datatypesandsources................................................................................................17
2.4.2 Allocationmethod........................................................................................................18
2.4.3 Biogeniccarbonemissions...........................................................................................18
2.4.4 Landusechange...........................................................................................................18
2.5 Greenhousegases.........................................................................................................19
2.6 Sensitivityanalyses.......................................................................................................20
2.7 Limitationsofthestudy.................................................................................................20
3 Palmoilsupplychain...............................................................22
3.1 Overviewabouttheassedvaluechains.........................................................................22
3.2 Landprovision(el).........................................................................................................22
3.2.1 Previouslandusecategories........................................................................................22
3.2.2 Biomasscarbonstockchange.......................................................................................23
3.2.3 Soilcarbonstockchange..............................................................................................24
3.2.4 Annualizedcarbonemissionsofbiofuels.....................................................................25
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3.3 Palmoilplantations(eec)...............................................................................................26
3.3.1 Farmingsystem............................................................................................................26
3.3.2 Productivity..................................................................................................................27
3.3.3 Systemcharacterization...............................................................................................27
3.3.4 Mineralandorganicfertilizer.......................................................................................28
3.3.5 Pesticides......................................................................................................................29
3.3.6 Energyconsumption.....................................................................................................29
3.3.7 Emissionstoair.............................................................................................................29
3.3.8 Overviewaboutlifecycleinventory.............................................................................31
3.4 Palmoilextraction(ep).................................................................................................31
3.4.1 Systemdescription.......................................................................................................31
3.4.2 Productsandcoproducts..............................................................................................32
3.4.3 Materialandenergydemand.......................................................................................32
3.4.4 Combustionemissions..................................................................................................33
3.4.5 TransportationofFFBtooilmill...................................................................................34
3.4.6 Composting..................................................................................................................34
3.4.7 OrganicRankingCycleengine......................................................................................35
3.4.8 Inventoryoverviewandallocation...............................................................................35
3.5 Biodieselproduction(ep)...............................................................................................35
3.6 Distributiontothefillingstation(etd)............................................................................36
3.6.1 ExportthroughVenezuela............................................................................................36
3.6.2 ExportviaCartagena....................................................................................................37
3.6.3 TransportinEuropetofillingstation............................................................................38
3.7 Useofbiodieselincar(eu)............................................................................................39
3.8 Fossilreference(ef).......................................................................................................39
4 ResultsandDiscussion............................................................39
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4.1 GHGbalanceofbiodiesel...............................................................................................39
4.1.1 Landprovisionandoilpalmcultivation........................................................................39
4.1.2 Palmoilmillandbiodieselplant...................................................................................41
4.1.3 Transporttofillingstationanduseincar.....................................................................41
4.2 Comparisonwithfossilfuel...........................................................................................42
4.3 Comparisonwithotherstudies......................................................................................44
4.4 TheEUREDdirectivefor2030–changeofmethodology...............................................45
4.5 Limitations....................................................................................................................46
5 Conclusionsandrecommendations.........................................47
5.1 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................47
5.2 Recommendationandnextsteps..................................................................................47
6 Reference................................................................................48
7 Annex.....................................................................................50
7.1 AnnexI–CarbonFootprintofCPOsoldinEurope.........................................................50
7.2 AnnexII–CarbonFootprintofMargarinesoldinVenezuela.........................................50
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ListoffiguresFigure1:LocationofPrestigeColombiaSASoilpalmplantation.Theareacurrentlyundercultivation
(yellow),thelandtitle(green)andthepotentialexpansion(blue).....................................................15
Figure2:Overviewonthebiodieselvaluechain.Thenumbers indicatethechaptersdescribingthe
inventoryofthecorrespondingprocess..............................................................................................22
Figure3:Predominantlandusetypesinthestudyarea(left)andthegoogleimagefrom2016ofthe
currentlyestablishedplantation(right,googlemaps).........................................................................22
Figure4:Biomasscarbonstockofreferencelanduse(grassland)andoilpalmplantationsintC/ha.a)
thechangesofthecarbonstocksovertime(a)andtheaveragecarbonstock(b)ofgrasslandandoil
palmplantations..................................................................................................................................24
Figure5:CarbonstockoftheOrinocobasin(tC/ha).Source(WWF,2014).........................................25
Figure6:ExpectedyielddistributionbyageofoilpalmatElCimarrón(intFFB/ha)..........................27
Figure7:Schematicoverviewaboutoilpalminventory......................................................................28
Figure8:Schematicoverviewaboutthecomposting(source:Composystem)..................................34
Figure9:GlobalwarmingpotentialofoilpalmcultivationmeasuredinkgCO2eqperha..................40
Figure10:GlobalwarmingpotentialofoilpalmcultivationmeasuredinkgCO2eqperha.Negative
valuesarecarbonsequestration..........................................................................................................40
Figure11:CarbonFootprintofdifferenttransportationroutesfromthebiodieselplanttothefilling
stationinEurope(ingCO2eq/MJfuel)..............................................................................................42
Figure12:GHGemissionssavingsofbiodiesel comparedtofossil fuels(in%), leftfigure.Biodiesel
baselinescenarioCO2equivalentemissionsbysource,noticelandusechangeisnegativeasthereis
morecarboninpalmsthanformersavannah(gCO2eq/MJ),rightfigure.........................................43
Figure13:GHGemissionssavingsofbiodieselscenarioscomparedtofossilfuels(in%)...................43
Figure 14: The area under cultivation (in ha) at the top and the associatedGHG savings (in%) of
biodieselcomparedtofossilfuelatthebottom,baselinescenario....................................................44
Figure15:PotentialGHGsavingsfrombiodieselproductioninlosllanos(WWF,2014).....................45
Figure16:GHGemissionssavingsofbiodieselscenarioscomparedtofossilfuels(in%)...................46
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ListofTablesTable1:LivingbiomassanddeadorganicmatterofdifferentlandusesystemsinColombia,intC/ha.
..............................................................................................................................................................23
Table2:MainparametersofLUCcalculationforthedefaultscenarioaccordingtoEUREDandforthe
sensitivityanalysis................................................................................................................................26
Table3:Fertilizeramounts(kgofnutrientperhectare)......................................................................29
Table4:FieldemissiondatausedtomodeltheNH3,N2O,NOx,NO3andCO2emissionrelatedtooil
palmplantations..................................................................................................................................30
Table 5: Life cycle inventory data for oil palm plantation (per hectare). ¶The values estimated by
Prestige(green),fromliterature(blue)fromdifferentcountries(CO:Colombia,IN:India,TH:Thailand,
IDN:Indonesia,BR:Brasil)andthevaluesusedinthestudy(orange)arelisted.................................31
Table6:Materialandenergyinputper100tonofFFB.ThevaluesestimatedbyPrestige(green),from
literature(blue)fromdifferentcountries(CO:Colombia,IN:India,TH:Thailand,IDN:Indonesia)and
thevaluesusedinthestudy(orange)arelisted.Otheroilmilloutputssuchaseffluentsandvapour
arenotlisted........................................................................................................................................32
Table 7: Airborne emissions from the combustion of 1MJ fiber, 1MJ shell and per 100 ton FFB
(Jungbluth,Dinkeletal.2007)..............................................................................................................33
Table8:Compostingmaterialandenergyflow(per100tFFB)forthedefaultscenario(apartofthe
EFBsareused for electricity generation) and the scenariowhereelectricity is generatedbasedon
diesel....................................................................................................................................................35
Table9:Allocationfactorsforoilmillproductsinpercent..................................................................35
Table10:AllocationfactorforPMEandglycerine...............................................................................36
Table11:DistributionfromVenezuelatothefillingstationduringrainyseason................................36
Table12:DistributionfromVenezuelatothefillingstationduringdryseason...................................37
Table13:DistributionfromCartagenatothefillingstationduringrainyseason................................38
Table14:DistributionfromCartagenatothefillingstationduringdryseason...................................38
Table15:GHGemissionsbiodieselproductionanduseingCO2equivalentsperMJoffuelcombusted.
Negativevaluesarecarbonsequestration...........................................................................................39
Table16:GlobalwarmingpotentialofthepalmoilmillmeasuredingCO2eqMJfuel.Valuesinyellow
indicate0to10%,orange10%to50%,red>50%contribution...........................................................41
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Table17:CarbonFootprintofCPO(gCO2eq/kgCPO)shippedtoEurope........................................50
Table18:CarbonFootprintofMargarine(kgCO2eq/kgmargarine),includingpackaging................50
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AbbreviationsandAcronymAGB AboveGroundBiomass
AF AllocationFactor
BGB BelowGroundBiomass
CO2 CarbonDioxide
CF CharacterizationFactor
CUE ConsortiumCNPML,UPBandEMPA
CPO CrudePalmOil
m3 Cubicmeter
DOM DeadOrganicMatter
EFB EnmptyFruitBunch
EF EnvironmentalFactor
eq Equivalents
FFA FreeFattyAcids
FFB FreshFruitBunch
GWP GlobalWarmingPotential
GHG Greenhousegas
IPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
kg Kilogram=1,000grams(g)=2.2pounds(lbs)
KgCO2eq Kilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalents
kWh Kilowatt-hour=3,600,000joules(j)
LCA LifeCycleAssessment
LCIA LifeCycleImpactAssessment
LCI LifeCycleInventory
L liter
MJ Megajoule=1,000,000joules,(948Btu)
CH4 Methane
POME PalmOilMillEffluent
SMAPs SectorialMitigationActionPlans
U UnitProcess
UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
y Year
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EXECUTIVESUMMARY
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
CarbonFootprin
tofbiodiesel
(gCO
2eq/M
Jfuel)
Useincar
Transportofbiodiesel
Biodiesel plant
OilMill
Transporttooilmill
Oilpalmcultivation
Landusechange
Total
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
CarbonFootprin
tofbiodiesel
(gCO
2eq/M
Jfuel)
Useincar
Transportofbiodiesel
Biodiesel plant
OilMill
Transporttooilmill
Oilpalmcultivation
Landusechange
Total
BiodieselfromelCimarrón isprojectedtofulfiltheEUREDGHGcriteriabyshowing134%lessGHGemissionascomparedtofossildiesel.
Carbon Footprint ofBiodieselfrom elCimarrón |Colombia
ASSESSthecarbonfootprintofthefuturelarge-scalebiodieselproduction ofPrestigeColombiainVichada
EVALUATEthecompliancewiththeGHGcriteriaoftheRenewableEnergyDirective(RED)
DESIGNthecultivationandprocessingfacilitiesinacarbonfriendlyway.
Objective Results
0%
Fossildiesel
100%
Biodiesel
MethodologyTheGHGcalculationfollowstheEURED
FOSSIL VS.BIODIESEL
134%
GHGSAV
INGS
Context• PrestigeColombiaSASisaColombianpalmoilproducer inVichada |Colombia• Oilpalmcultivation:Currently650ha| Expansionplanto60.000ha• Biodieselproduction (future):State-of-theartoilextraction,biodieselproduction
andtreatmentofby-products&exportofpalmoilorbiodieseltoEurope
ofpalmbasedbiodiesel
ZOOMONBIODIESEL
Economyofscaleallows
optimaluseandtreatmentofby-products.Avoidedmethaneemissionduetoproper treatmentofPOMEandEFB.
Ifoilpalmplantationsare
establishedonlowcarbon land(e.g.savannasinlos Llanos)thecarbonstockincreases(negativevaluesforlandusechange).
GHGemissions
-34%
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1 Introduction
1.1 Backgroundandproblemstatement
Prestige Colombia SAS (hereafter Prestige) is a Colombian palm oil producer in Vichada,Colombia. Currently 625 hectares (ha) are under cultivation and the first harvest isapproaching. Theoilwill be extracted in a smallmill inVichada,which is currently underconstruction,andthecrudepalmoil isintendedtobesoldinColombia.PrestigeColombiaSAShas13000haoflandrightsandarelookingtofurtherexpandthecultivationareaundertheZIDRESlaw(upto60.000ha).
PrestigeColombiaSASisevaluatingthefeasibilityofexportingpalmoilorbiodieseltoEurope.To receive government support or count towards national renewable energy targets thebiofuelshavetocomplywiththeEUsustainabilitycriteria.Therenewableenergydirective(RED) criteria for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions states that “from 1 January 2018greenhousegasemissionsavingsshallbeatleast60%1forbiofuelsandbioliquidsproducedin installations inwhich production started on or after 1 January 2017” (EU-Commission,2008)Article17paragraph2.
AccordingtotheEU,thedefaultgreenhouseemissionsavingsofpalmoilbiodieseldonotfulfil the sustainability criteria of 60% GHG reduction compared to fossil fuels. Severalprevious studies however underlined the substantial GHG saving potential of Colombianbiodieselfrompalmoil(Castanheira&Freire,2016;CUE,2012)andthusthedefaultvaluesprovidedbytheEU,whicharemainlybasedondatafromSouth-EastAsia,donotreflecttheconditionsofbiodieselproductioninColombia.
1.2 Goalofthisstudy
Themaingoaloftheproposedprojectistoassessthecarbonfootprintofthefuturelarge-scalebiodieselproductionofPrestigeColombiainVichadaandtoevaluatethecompliancewiththeGHGcriteriaoftheRED.
Theprospective studywill bebasedon realistic assumptions from similar production andprocessingsystems.
Further,thecarbonfootprinthotspotswillbehighlightedandmeasurestoreducethecarbonfootprintareproposed.Theresultsof thestudywillbeusedtodesignthecultivationandprocessingfacilitiesinacarbonfriendlyway.
Theproject report is intended toprovide results in a clear andusefulmanner to supportcommunicationofthecarbonfootprinttointernalandexternalaudiences(clients,providers,policymakers,shareholders,etc.).Whendisclosingtheresultsithastobeclearlystatedthat
1On30November2016, theCommissionpublishedaproposal fora revisedRenewableEnergyDirective toensurethatthe2030targetsaremet.Theproposedchangesincludese.g.thattheGHGsavingsofleast70%forbiofuelsandbioliquidsproducedininstallationsstartingoperationafter1January2021.(EU-Commission,2008)Article17paragraph2.
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thecarbon footprintstudy isprospective, since thesystem isyet tobebuild,andhas thecharacterofascreeningstudywithrelativelyhighuncertainties.
2 CarbonFootprintMethodology
2.1 Overviewaboutcarbonfootprintstandardsforbiofuels
Carbon footprinting is an internationally recognized approach that evaluates the carbonimpactsassociatedwithproductsandservicesthroughouttheirlifecycle,beginningwithrawmaterialextractionandincludingallaspectsoftransportation,production,use,andend-of-lifetreatment.Amongotheruses,carbonfootprintingcanidentifyopportunitiestoimprovetheenvironmentalperformanceofproductsatvariouspointsinthelifecycle,informdecision-making,andsupportmarketing,communication,andeducationalefforts.Itisimportanttonote that, rather than direct measurements of real impacts, the impacts described areestimates of relative, potential impacts with limitations that are clearly indicated andacceptedbytheguidelines.
Differentprinciples,standardsandnormsexistabouthowtoassessthecarbonfootprintofaproductorservice:
• Generic:Asetofinternationalandnationalguidelinesandprinciplesabouthowtoassessthe
carbonfootprintofproductsandservicesareavailable.Amongthemostwidelyusedarethe
ISO14067(ISO,2013),GHGprotocol(Penny,Fisher,&Collins,2012)andPAS2050(BSI,2011).
They slightlydiffer in thegoal& scope,modelingprinciples, levelofdetail andwhether the
standardiscertifiable.
• Biofuelspecific:Overthelastdecadeasetofbiofuelspecificstandardshasemerged.Theyare
mainly linked to policies (e.g. Renewable energy directive RED, Swiss tax exemption) or
voluntary schemes (e.g. Roundtable of Sustainable biofuels, RSB) whichmight also be crop
specific(e.g.RoundtableofSustainablePalmOil,RSPO)(EU-Commission,2008;Leuenberger&
Huber-Hotz,2006;RSB,2008;RSPO,2005).
Allofthecarbonfootprintapproachesarebasedonthelifecycleperspective,asdefinedinISO 14040/44 (ISO, 2006a, 2006b). Themost significant differences includewhether theyallowcomparisonwithproducts fulfilling thesamefunction (e.g.biofuelsand fossil fuels),howtheyallocateby-productsandhowthelandusechangeisconsidered.
InthisstudytheREDmethodwasused.TheREDmethodisalsorecognizedbyRSB,isintegralpartofISCCandpartiallycompliantwithRSPOcertification.
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2.2 CarbonfootprintaccordingtoRED
REDspecifiesthatGHGfromtheproductionanduseofbiofuelsshallbecalculated
as:
E=eec+el+ep+etd+eu–esca–eccs–eccr–eee,
whereE: totalemissionsfromtheuseofthefuel;
eec: emissionsfromtheextractionorcultivationofrawmaterials;
el: annualisedemissionsfromcarbonstockchangescausedbyland-usechange(seechapter2.4.4ofthisreport);
ep: emissionsfromprocessing;
etd: emissionsfromtransportanddistribution;
eu: emissionsfromthefuelinuse;
esca: emissionsavingfromsoilcarbonaccumulationviaimprovedagriculturalmanagement;
eccs: emissionsavingfromcarboncaptureandgeologicalstorage;
eccr: emissionsavingfromcarboncaptureandreplacement;and
eee: emissionsavingfromexcesselectricityfromcogeneration.
Withinthisstudytheemissionsavings(esca,eccs,eccrandeee)arenotconsideredasrelevant,since:
• Thesoilcarbonaccumulationviaagriculturalmanagementisconsideredintheel.Nobonus
forEscaisattributed,sincetheoilpalmplantationsarenoestablishedonseverelydegraded
noronheavilycontaminatedland(REDAnnexV,C.8).
• Nocarboniscapturedandgeologicalystored(eccs)orusedtoreplacefossilderivedCO2used
incommercialproductsandservices(eccr).Thesavingsofreplacingfossildieselisconsidered
(seebelow).
• Noexcesselectricityisproducedbythebiofuelsystem,sincealltheelectricitygeneratedis
consumedforpalmoilcultivationandprocessing.Consequentlyeeeissettozero.
Theemissionsavingsarecalculatedas:SAVING=(EF–EB)/EF,where
EB: totalemissionsfromthebiofuelorbioliquid;and
EF: totalemissionsfromthefossilfuelcomparator.
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2.3 Scopeofthestudy
2.3.1 Generaldescriptionoftheproductsystems
TheoilpalmcultivationandprocessingplantarelocatedclosetoNuevaAntioquia,Primaveramunicipality, Vichada department, Colombia. Themap below illustrates the current areaundercultivation,the13.000haandtheplannedexpansionof80.000ha(ofwhich60.000haareusedforoilpalmplantation).
Figure1:LocationofPrestigeColombiaSASoilpalmplantation.Theareacurrentlyundercultivation(yellow),thelandtitle(green)andthepotentialexpansion(blue).
Oil palm plantationswere established in 2011 and 2012 (yellow area, 625ha) and the oilextractionplantwhichiscurrentlyunderconstructionisplannedtobeoperationalinApril2017.
WithinthisstudywethecarbonfootprintoflargescalebiodieselproductioninPrimavera,NuevaAntioquia.Theanalysedsystemconsistsofanoilpalmcultivationareaof60.000haonthe total land area of 80.000ha2, 5 oil extraction mills and a state of the art biodieselproduction plant. The residues from oil extraction are used to generate electricity andcompost.ThebiodieselwillbetransportedtoEuropeintwopotentialrouts(viaVenezuelaandCartagena).
2.3.2 Functionalunit
Product carbon footprints rely on a “functional unit” as a reference for evaluating thecomponents within a single system or amongmultiple systems on a common basis. It isthereforecriticalthatthisparameterisclearlydefinedandmeasurable.Tofulfilthefunctionalunit, different quantities and types ofmaterials are required for eachproduct. These areknownasreferenceflows.Thereferenceflowforcomparingbiodieselwithfossildieselusedinthisstudyis1MJoffuelcombustedinastandardpassengercarandtheGHGemissionsfromfuelsareexpressedintermsofgramsofCO2equivalentperMJoffuel,gCO2eq/MJ.
2Theareamightbedividedintodifferentsections(notjustoneplot)andcombinedwithothercropandanimalproduction.
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ThisimpliesthatwewillmeasuretheGHGemissionsfromthelifebiodieselcycletransformedtoCO2equivalentsandthencomparedtotheemissionsfromfossilfuelsforthesameamountofenergy.TheMJreferstothelowerheatingvalueofthefuel.
2.3.3 Systemboundaries
Thesystemboundariesidentifythelifecyclestages,processes,andflowsconsideredintheLCA and should include all activities relevant for attaining the above-mentioned studyobjectives.
In this study the GHG emissions from cradle-to-grave are quantified, starting with thefeedstockproductionup to the combustionof thebiodiesel. In the following section, thegenerallifecyclestagesaredescribed,whilethedetaileddescriptionofeachstageisprovidedinchapter3.
Oilpalmcultivation:Theoilpalmcultivationstartswiththelandprovisionandincludesalldirect and indirect emissions related to cultivation, as well as the harvesting andtransportationofthefreshfruitbunches(FFB)totheoilmill.Emissionsfromthecultivationof rawmaterials (eec) shall include emissions from the cultivationprocess itself; from thecollectionofrawmaterials;fromwasteandleakages;andfromtheproductionofchemicalsorproductsusedincultivation(includesvaluechainemissions).
Oil extraction and biodiesel production: Emissions from processing (ep) shall includeemissionsfromtheprocessingitself;fromwasteandleakages;andfromtheproductionofchemicalsorproductsusedinprocessing.TheCPOisextractedfromtheFFB.Thebyproductssuchaskerneloilandmealaresold.Thepalmoilmilleffluents(POME)andtheemptyfruitbunch(EFB)arecomposted.Therawmaterialsarerefinedandtrans-esterifiedtoproducebiodieselandglycerine.
Transport to filling station: Emissions from transport and distribution (etd) shall includeemissionsfromthetransportandstorageofrawandsemi-finishedmaterialsandfromthestorageanddistributionoffinishedmaterials.
Thebiodiesel isblendedwith fossildieselproducedand transported to the fillingstationsbeforeitiscombustedinthedieselenginesofvehicles.
2.3.3.1 Temporalandgeographicboundaries
Thisisaprospectivestudy,sincethesystemunderstudyisnotyetimplemented.Dataandassumptionsareintendedtoreflectcurrentequipment,processes,andmarketconditions.
2.3.3.2 Cut-offcriteria
All product components and production processes are included when the necessaryinformationisreadilyavailableorareasonableestimatecanbemade.InaccordancewiththeEUREDmethodologythefollowingflowsareexcludedfromthisstudy:
• Capitalgoods:Emissionsfromthemanufactureofmachineryandequipmentarenotbetaken
into account (RED guidelines). It should be noted that the capital equipment and
infrastructure available in theecoinventdatabase is included in thebackgrounddata. The
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inclusion leads to a slight overestimation which can be considered as insignificant, since
capitalgoodsofbackgroundprocessestypicallyshowlowcontributions.
• Humanenergyinputs(e.g.thefoodoftheemployees).
• Transportofconsumerstoandfromthepointofretailpurchase(e.g.transporttothefilling
station).
• Transportofemployeestoandfromtheirnormalplaceofwork.
Furtherprocessesandflowsthatarecut-offaredescribedintherespectivechapters.
2.4 Datacollectionandmodelling
2.4.1 Datatypesandsources
Asfaraspossibleconservativebutrealisticvaluesforthesystemunderarecollectedbasedonexpertinterviews,questionnairesorfromrelevantliterature.
Oilpalmplantations:Primarydatafromthe625haundercultivationwascollected.ThedatacollectionwasbasedonaquestionnairefilledoutbypersonalfromPrestige.Theprimarydatawas compared to literaturevalueanda conservative value foreach flowwas considered.Secondarydatawasusedforthebackgroundprocessesandthecarbonstockvaluesofthedifferentlanduses.
Palmoilextraction:Estimateddatafromtheoilmillwhichiscurrentlyunderconstructioniscollected based on a questionnaire filled out by personnel from Prestige. The data wascomparedtoliteraturevalueandaconservativevalueforeachflowwasconsidered.
Biodieselproduction:DefaultvaluesfromEUREDwereused.
Biodiesel transport and distribution:We analysed four different transportation routes,considering the specific transportation distances and transportation means. The energyconsumptionfromthefueldepotandfillingstationarebasedonEUREDdefaultvalues.
Biodieseluse:TheEUREDdefaultvalues(zero)areused.
Fossildiesel:TheEUREDdefaultvaluesareused.
Backgrounddataarenotspecificallyrelatedtotheproductsystemandareusuallyderivedfrom generic inventory databases. Typical examples are transport datasets and datasetsrelatedtomaterialproductionandelectricitygeneration.Suchbackgrounddata isderivedfrom literature and from the Ecoinvent v 3.2 database3. Ecoinvent is internationallyrecognizedbymanyexpertsinthefieldasoneofthemostcompleteLCIdatabasesavailable,fromaquantitative(numberofincludedprocesses)andaqualitative(qualityofthevalidationprocesses,datacompleteness,etc.)perspective.
3http://www.ecoinvent.org/
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ForfuelsandelectricitytheColombianspecificemissionfactorsofFecoc42016wereusedforthefuelcombustion(AMELLARRIETA,CHEJNEJANNA,LOPEZLÓPEZ,FORERO,&HERRERA,2016)andcompletedwithEcoinventbackgroundprocessesforthefuelproduction.
The data sources and assumptions are documented in the respective chapters. InventorymodellingandcarbonfootprintcalculationsareperformedinSimapro7.35.
2.4.2 Allocationmethod
WeapplytheenergyallocationasdefinedintheEURED:“Whereafuelproductionprocessproduces,incombination,thefuelforwhichemissionsarebeingcalculatedandoneormoreotherproducts(co-products),greenhousegasemissionsshallbedividedbetweenthefuelorits intermediate product and the co-products in proportion to their energy content(determinedbylowerheatingvalueinthecaseofco-productsotherthanelectricity).
Wastes,agriculturalcropresidues,includingstraw,bagasse,husks,cobsandnutshells,andresidues fromprocessing, includingcrudeglycerine (glycerine that isnot refined), shallbeconsideredtohavezerolife-cyclegreenhousegasemissionsuptotheprocessofcollectionofthosematerials.”EURED,AnnexV,chapterC.17.
2.4.3 Biogeniccarbonemissions
CarbondioxideiscapturedbytheFFBandaretypicallyreleasedinthesameyearduringthecombustionofthefuel.FollowingtheREDguidelines,weexcludetheCO2uptakebyFFBandtheCO2emissionsfromthefuelinuse(eu).
This assumption is based on the concept of “carbon neutrality”, where the atmosphericcarbonfixationandend-of-lifecarbonemissionsoccurinsuchashortperiodoftimethattheycanberegardedasoffsettingeachother.
2.4.4 Landusechange
The carbon emissions fromdirect land use change are calculated according to the Tier 1approachproposedbyIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC,2006).Thecarbonchangeiscalculatedasthedifferenceofthecarboninabovegroundbiomass(AGB),belowgroundbiomass(BGB),deadorganicmatter(DOM)andsoilorganiccarbon(SOC)beforeandafteroilpalmplantation.Thereferencelanduseissetto20086andadiscountingperiodoflandusechangeissetto20years(annualizedemissions).
4LacalculadoradeFactoresdeEmisióndelosCombustiblesColombianos-FECOC-.tienecomoobjetofacilitarel cálculo de emisiones de CO2 generados por el aprovechamiento energético de los combustibles queactualmente hacen parte importante de la canasta energética Colombiana.http://www.upme.gov.co/calculadora_emisiones/aplicacion/calculadora.html#5http://www.pre-sustainability.com/62008isthecut-offyear,whichmeansthatLUCoccurredbefore2008arenotaccountedfor.Withinthisstudythereferenceyearof2008isnotrelevantsincetheplantationsareestablishedlater.
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Forthecalculationofthoseemissionsthefollowingruleshallbeapplied(REDAnnexV,C.7):
𝑒" = 𝐶𝑆'– 𝐶𝑆) ∗ 3.664 ∗120 ∗
1𝑃– 𝑒𝐵
whereel annualisedgreenhousegasemissionsfromcarbonstockchangeduetoland-usechange
(measuredasmassofCO2-equivalentperunitbiofuelenergy);
CSR thecarbonstockperunitareaassociatedwiththereferencelanduse(measuredasmassofcarbonperunitarea,includingbothsoilandvegetation).ThereferencelanduseshallbethelanduseinJanuary2008;
CSA thecarbonstockperunitareaassociatedwiththeactuallanduse(measuredasmassofcarbonperunitarea,includingbothsoilandvegetation).Incaseswherethecarbonstockaccumulatesovermorethanoneyear,thevalueattributedtoCSAshallbetheestimatedstockperunitareaafter20yearsorwhenthecropreachesmaturity,whichevertheearlier;
P theproductivityofthecrop(measuredasbiofuelorbioliquidenergy(MJ)perunitarea(ha)peryear);
eB bonusof29gCO2eq/MJbiofuelorbioliquidifbiomassisobtainedfromrestoreddegradedlandundertheconditionsprovidedforinpoint8ofREDAnnexVchapterC7.Notapplicableinthisstudy.
3.664 ThequotientobtainedbydividingthemolecularweightofCO2(44g/mol)bythemolecularweightofcarbon(12g/mol)isequalto3,664.
Indirect land use change (iLUC) effects are not considered in accordance with the REDguidelines,butpotentialiLUCarediscussedinchapter4.4.
2.5 Greenhousegases
Greenhousegases(GHGs)aresubstancesknowntocontributetoglobalwarmingandincludecarbon dioxide, methane, dinitrogen oxide and chlorofluorocarbons amongst othersubstances.TheGHGsareweightedbasedonanidentifiedglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)expressedingramsofcarbondioxide(CO2)equivalents.
ThefractionofaninitialCO2pulsethatremainsintheatmosphereattimetisbasedonthedecayfunctionoftheBern2.5CCcarboncyclemodel.Sincethedecayandradiativeefficiencyof other GHG differs from CO2, the characterization factors are dependent on the timehorizon.TheGWPofotherGHGiscommonlycalculatedovertimehorizonof20,100and500years.Withinthisstudytheassessmentperiodofmodellingtheemissionsandtheimpactissetat100years.ThistimehorizoniswidelyacceptedandrecommendedbyEURED,PAS2050,RSPOandtheILCDguidelines(BSI2011;EuropeanCommission2010).
ThegreenhousegasestakenintoaccountareCO2,N2O(CO2equivalenceof296)andCH4(CO2equivalence of 23). However, for the background database we use the full list of GHGsubstancesas implementedintheGWPindicator(IPCC2007) inSimaPro,whichleadstoaslightoverestimationoftheGHGemission.
7Thebonushallbeattributedifevidenceisprovidedthatthelandwasnotinuseforagricultureoranyotheractivity inJanuary2008;andthelandisheavilycontaminatedorseverelydegraded.Severelydegradedland’meanslandthat,forasignificantperiodoftime,haseitherbeensignificantlysalinatedorpresentedsignificantlyloworganicmattercontentandhasbeenseverelyeroded.
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Asmentionedinchapter2.4.3thebiogenicCO2andmonoxideemissionsareexcludedfromthestudy.However,theGWPfactorfornon-CO2emissionsoriginatingfrombiogeniccarbonsources (e.g. CO2 removed from the atmosphere and subsequently emitted as CH4) areconsideredandtheemissionfactoriscorrectedinorderintoaccounttheremovaloftheCO2
thatgaverisetothebiogeniccarbonsource.ForbiogenicmethanetheGWP100is23kgCO2-eqperkgbiogenicmethane(EURED).
Further,noweighting factor fordelayedemissions (e.g. timedelaybetweenvegetableoilproductionandcombustionofthebiodiesel) isnotconsidered inaccordancewithEURED(assumedthattheuptakeandtheemissionsaretakingplaceinthesameperiod).
2.6 Sensitivityanalyses
Theparameters,methodologicalchoicesandassumptionsusedwhenmodelingthesystemspresentacertaindegreeofuncertaintyandvariability.It is importanttoevaluatewhetherthe choice of parameters, methods, and assumptions significantly influences the study’sconclusionsandtowhatextentthefindingsaredependentuponcertainsetsofconditions.Sensitivity analyses are used to study the influence of the uncertainty and variability ofmodeling assumptions and data on the results and conclusions, thereby evaluating theirrobustnessandreliability.Sensitivityanalyseshelpintheinterpretationphasetounderstandthe uncertainty of results and identify limitations. The following sensitivity analyses areconductedinthisstudy:
• Landusechange:ontheamountoflandchanged&thecarbonstockvaluesused(includingorexcludingLUCasasensitivityresult)
• Electricity generation at oilmill:The biomass based electricity generation using craft engineoperatesonanorganicrankingcycleiscomparedtodieselelectricitygeneration.
• Transportation routes: Two different export scenarios of the biodiesel (via Venezuela andCartagena)arecalculated.
2.7 Limitationsofthestudy
TheGHGstudyprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewabout thecarbonemissionsalongthebiodieselvaluechainandabouttheGHGsavingscomparedtofossildiesel.However,whileinterpretingtheresultsfollowinglimitationshavetobeconsidered:
Prospectivestudy:Thesystemsanalysedarenotyetestablished.Thestudyestimates therealisticGHGreductionpotential,butincasethesystemisestablisheddifferentthanassumedtheresultswillchange.ConsequentlytheGHGstudyneedstobeupdatedfrequentlyinordertoreflecttheactualpalmoilcultivation,processinganduse.
Inventorydata:Theassessmentofenvironmentalimpactsinthelifecycleusuallyrequiresalargesetofdataandmodelassumptions.Theseassumptionshavetobeconsideredwhileinterpretingtheresults.
Theuncertaintiesrelatedtotheinventorydatawerenotquantified.However,thesensitivityof results on different inventory assumptions was tackled by the evaluation of differentscenarios.
Duetolimitedaccesstoprimarydata,somesecondaryandtertiaryinventorydatasetshadtobeused.SomeoftheimplementedLCIdatarepresentEuropeanoperations,implyingthatthe
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studyheremaynotbe100%representativeofprocessesrelatedtoColombiaorgeographiclocationsofPrestigessupplychainandcustomers.However,adatabaseofequivalentquality,transparency,androbustnessisnotyetavailablefortheColombia.
Overallsustainability:Althoughthecarbonfootprintingmethodologyisadequatetoassessa key aspect of environmental sustainability, it is capturing neither other environmentalimpacts(e.g.acidification,eutrophication,toxicity,biodiversity,etc.)northesocio-economicimpactstheygenerate.Inordertoobtainacompleteviewofsustainability,theresultsoftheCFstudyshouldbeinterpretedtogetherwithotherassessments, i.e.twinstudydescribingsocio-economic and environmental conditions at El Cimarron commissioned by Prestige(Wiig,2017)
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3 Palmoilsupplychain
3.1 Overviewabouttheassedvaluechains
Inthefollowingchapterthebiodieselvaluechainisdescribedindetailandtheinventorydatageneratedisprovided.Figure2providesanoverviewaboutthestructureandaboutselectedkeyaspectsrelevantforconductingthebiodieselcarbonfootprintcalculation.
Figure2:Overviewonthebiodieselvaluechain.Thenumbersindicatethechaptersdescribingtheinventoryofthecorrespondingprocess.
3.2 Landprovision(el)
3.2.1 Previouslandusecategories
Therearetwodominantlandcoverinthestudysite,whicharesavannasandgalleryforestalong the surface water bodies. Oil palm plantations will only be established on naturalgrasslandoronlandunderuse(e.g.pastureoragriculturalland),leavingabufferareaofat50m8tothenextwaterbody,asindicatedinFigure3.
Figure3:Predominantlandusetypesinthestudyarea(left)andthegoogleimagefrom2016ofthecurrentlyestablishedplantation(right,googlemaps)
AccordingIPCC“grasslandsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeandintensityofmanagement,fromextensivelymanagedrangelandsandsavannahs–whereanimalstockingratesandfireregimes are the main management variables – to intensively managed (e.g., with8Forthenewplantationsabufferareaof150mwillbeimplemented.
Feedstock Oilextraction Biodiesel Distribution/Use
OilPalmplantation(FFB)
Biodieselproduction (PME)
Transporttofillingstation
Fossildieselproduction&combustion
Fossilreference
Landprovision Oilmill(CPO)
Combustion incar
3.2
3.4
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
Oil palm plantation
Natural grassland
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fertilization, irrigation, species changes) continuous pasture and hay land. Grasslandsgenerally have vegetation dominated by perennial grasses, and grazing is thepredominantlanduse.”(IPCC2006,Chapter6).
Withinthisstudyweassumeextensivelymanagedsavannahsasthepreviouslanduse,wheregrazingandfirearecommonperturbations.
3.2.2 Biomasscarbonstockchange
The direct carbon emissions caused by the direct land use change (LUC) are calculatedaccordingtotheTier1methodologybyIPCC.TheaboveandbelowgroundbiomassvaluesofthedifferentecosystemaretakenfromliteratureandarelistedinTable1.Thecarbonstockofoilpalmistheaveragecarbonstockaboutthewholecrop.
Table1:LivingbiomassanddeadorganicmatterofdifferentlandusesystemsinColombia,intC/ha.
Category Landuse Biomasscarbonstock(tC/ha) Source
Forest GalleryForest 180 FromIDEAM2011&WWF,2014
Scrubland Tropicalscrubland–SouthAmerica 53 Europeancommission,table15(EC,2010).
Annualcrop Annualcropland-rice 0 IPCC2006
Oilpalm Perennialcrop-OilPalm 60 Europeancommission,table12(EC,2010).
Grassland&savanna
Grassland–tropicalmoist 8.1 Europeancommission,table13(EC,2010).
Savanna 15.7521MgAGB/ha(Anaya,Chuvieco,&Palacios-Orueta,2009),0.48tC/tBM,ratioBGB/AGB=0.5(IPCC,2006)
Opengrassland 7.64 Etteretal.2010
Sandygrassland 4.46 Etteretal.2010
Inthisstudyweusethevalueof8.1tC/haforpreviouslanduse(grassland),asspecifiedin(EC,2010),tomodelthebiomasscarbonstockchange.ThedifferenceinaveragecarbonstockofgrasslandtooilpalmplantationsisillustratedinFigure4.
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Figure4:Biomasscarbonstockofreferencelanduse(grassland)andoilpalmplantationsintC/ha.a)thechangesofthecarbonstocksovertime(a)andtheaveragecarbonstock(b)ofgrasslandandoilpalmplantations.
Ithastobenotedthat“grassland”isnotaclearlydefinedtermandthatthecarbonstockofdifferentgrasslandtypescanvarysignificantly.Toanalysethesensitivityofthecarbonstockdataontheoverallresultsandconclusion,weusetheconservativevalueof15.75tC/ha.Asadditional sensitivity analysis we calculate the effect of converting scrubland and galleryforests.
3.2.3 Soilcarbonstockchange
ThesoilcarbonstockchangesaremodeledbasedontheTier1approachproposedbyIPCC(2006),asspecifiedby theCommissiondecisiononLUC (EC,2010).Theactual soil carbonstocks(SOCintC/ha)iscalculatedbasedonthesoilcarbonstockundernaturallandcover(SOCREF) and the influence of land use (FLU),management (FMG) and input (FI) factors. FLUconsiderstheytypeanddurationoflanduse,FMGconsidersthetillageforcroplandandthemanagement for grassland, while the FI considers the amount fertiliser and crop residuemanagement(seeIPCC2006formoredetails).TheSOCREFisdeterminedbythesoiltype(highactiveclaysoils),whichhaveacarbonstockof65tC/ha(EC,2010).
𝑆𝑂𝐶 = 𝑆𝑂𝐶'56 ∗ 𝐹89 ∗ 𝐹:; ∗ 𝐹<
Theinfluencefactorsoflanduse,managementandinputforpalmoil(FLU=1,FMG=1.15,FI=1),annualcrops(FLU=0.48,FMG=1.15,FI=1)andnaturalsystemsandextensivelyusedgrassland(FLU=1,FMG=1,FI=1)arebasedonIPCCTier1.
Bio
mass C
arbon S
tock (tC
/ha)
Time (years)Grasslandextensive use
Frequent burning
t0
Oil palm cultivation
t25
Average carbon stock
increase
Average carbon stock
Oil palms (60tC/ha)
Average carbon stock
grassland(8.1tC/ha)
a) Dynamic biomass carbon stock (simplified) | from grassland to oil palm cultivationB
iom
ass C
arbon S
tock (tC
/ha)
Time (years)Grasslandextensive use
Frequent burning
t0
Oil palm cultivation
t25
Average carbon stock
increase
Average carbon stock
Oil palms (60tC/ha)
Average carbon stock
grassland(8.1tC/ha)
b) Average biomass carbon stock (modeled) | from grassland to oil palm cultivation
Palm - mature
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3.2.4 Annualizedcarbonemissionsofbiofuels
Thepreviouslanduse(grassland–tropicalmoist)stores8.1tC/hainbiomassand65tC/haisstoredinsoil,whichsumsto73.1tC/ha,whichisintherangeofthevaluesprovidedinFigure5(WWF,2014).
Figure5:CarbonstockoftheOrinocobasin(tC/ha).Source(WWF,2014)
Thecarbonstockofoilpalmplantationissignificantlyhigherwith60tC/hastoredinbiomassand74.8tC/hastoredinsoil(totalof134.8tC/ha).
TheGHGemissionsrelatedtolandusechangearecalculatedasthesumofCvegchangeandSOCchange(61.65tC/ha)andisannualizedover20years9(accordingtoIPCC2006)andusingtheCO2toCconversionratioof44/12.ConsequentlytheLUCemissionsare–11.3tCO2eq/ha.Thenegativevalueindicatesanetcarboncapture.
9Thecarbonemissionsoflandusechangeareequallydistributedover20years.E.g.iftheaveragecarbonstockincreasesby60tC/hatheannualcarbonstockincreaseis3tC/ha/yr.
Study site
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Table2:MainparametersofLUCcalculationforthedefaultscenarioaccordingtoEUREDandforthesensitivityanalysis.
Parameter Unit Defaults(grassland)
Grassland(highercarbonstock)
Scrubland
Galleryforest
Landexpansionsince2008
Grassland–tropicalmoist % 100% 100% 0% 0%
Scrubland % 0% 0% 100% 0%
NaturalForest % 0% 0% 0% 100%
Totalexpansion % 100% 100% 100% 100%
Biomasscarbonstock
Cveg0(previouslanduse) tonC/ha 8.1 15.8 53.0 180.0
Cvegact(oilpalm) tonC/ha 60.0 60.0 60.0 60.0
Cvegchange tonC/ha -51.9 -44.3 -7.0 120.0
Soiltype
HighactivityClaysoil % 100% 100% 100% 100%
SoilOrganicCarboncontent
SOCref=SOC0(previouslanduse) tonC/ha 65.0 65.0 65.0 65.0
SOCact(oilpalm) tonC/ha 74.8 74.8 74.8 74.8
SOCchange tonC/ha -9.8 -9.8 -9.8 -9.8
GHGemissionsfromLUC tCO2/ha/yr -11.3 -9.9 -3.1 20.2
3.3 Palmoilplantations(eec)
3.3.1 Farmingsystem
Cultivatingoilpalmnotonlyrequirestherightclimateandsoil.Obtainingmaximumyieldsateachproductionstagealsodependsonthequalityofseedsused,arigorousselectionprocessofseedlingsinthenursery,goodsoilpreparationbeforeplanting,thecorrectsettingupofcoverageplantsandtherightuseoffertilizers(Fedepalma2009).
Thelifecycleofanoilpalmusuallystartsinanursery,whereseedlingsdevelopinpolybagsforabout10 to20months.Beforeplanting thesiteshouldbe leveledandallvegetation toaradius of 1m around the pit (deeper than 1m) should be cleared. Commercial oil palmplantationsaretypicallyestablishedasmonoculturalfieldsusingasymmetricspacingof9mx9m.
Theoilpalmtypicallystartsyielding inthesecondorthirdyearafterplantation.Theyieldincreasescontinuouslyandstartsstabilizingafterseventotenyears.Overalltheproductivity
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and growth of oil palms is determined by optimal water and nutrient availability,temperaturesandthepresenceofpestsanddiseases.
Oilpalmproductioncanlastmorethan50years(Fedepalma2006).Butafter25years,theoilpalmisdifficulttoharvestbecauseofitsheight(thelifespanof25yearsisusedwithinthisstudy).Aftertheplanthasreachedthemaximalheight,eitherGlyphosateisinjectedintothepalmsothatitdiesorthetreeiscutandclearedout.Thereplantingisdoneontheclearedfieldorbetweenthedeadpalms.
3.3.2 Productivity
Theoilpalmgivesthehighestyieldsperhectareofalloilcropsatpresent(CorleyandTinker2007).Theyieldofoilpalmsdependsupononvariousfactors(e.g.management,soilfertility,diseases,climate,etc.)andshowsatypicaldistributionovertheageoftheoilpalm(seeFigure6).
Figure6:ExpectedyielddistributionbyageofoilpalmatElCimarrón(intFFB/ha)
CurrentlytheredonotexistyieldfiguresforoilpalmcultivationinNuevaAntioquia,Vichada,duetotheabsenceofmatureoilpalmplantations.Forthisstudyweuseanaverageannualyieldof20tonsFFBperhectare,whichisinlinewiththeaverageliteraturevalueof20.2tonFFB/haasindicatedinTable5.
3.3.3 Systemcharacterization
Figure7showstheinputsusedforpalmoilcultivationandtheemissions.Thesingleflowsaredescribedinthefollowingchapters.
IMMATURE
YOUNG PRIME AGEING OLD
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Prod
uctiv
ity (t
FFB/
ha)
Average annual yield
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Oil palmcultivation
Water
Land transformation
Land occupation
CO2 uptake, biogenic
Energy uptake, biogenic
Organic fertilizer
Mineral fertilizer Pesticides Machine use
Transport
Emissions to air
Emissions to water
Emissions to soil
Fresh fruit bunch, at farm
Production and transport
Figure7:Schematicoverviewaboutoilpalminventory.
3.3.4 Mineralandorganicfertilizer
Theamountandtypeofsupplementaryfertilizerdependonthekindofplantsthataregrownandthesoilconditions.InTable3thenutrientsupplyofpalmoilplantationsareprovided.
TheamountofNPKfertilizercurrentlyapplied(markedingreeninTable3)doesnotrepresentthe average fertilizer amount, since the plantation are not yetmature. For this studywecalculatedthefertilizerapplicationbasedontheagronomicrecommendations:
Year0to7: 5.5kgoffertilizerperpalmandyear(148palms/ha)
Year8-25: 8kgoffertilizerperpalmandyear(148palms/ha)
Thefertilizercompositionis13/5/27andthustheaverageannualfertilizerapplicationrateis147kgN,57kgP2O5and306kgK2Operhectare.
Not all thenutrientswill be suppliedbymineral fertilizer.A share is also suppliedby thecompostproducedfromtheorganicoilmillresiduesandbyproducts.Perhaabout2tonsofcompostwill be applied (2.2/1.2/2.9NPK ratio and amoisture contentof 50%). Composttypically showsahighernutrientavailability forplantgrowthasmineral fertilizer.For thisstudyhowever,wehaveassumedarationof1:1,reducingthemineralfertilizerdemandto121kgN,44kgP2O5and275kgK2Operhectare.
Nitratefixingplantsareusedtoincreasethesoilfertility.
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Table3:Fertilizeramounts(kgofnutrientperhectare).
3.3.5 Pesticides
Variousagrochemicalsareappliedinordertocontrolfungus,herbs,insectsandpests.Theliteratureaveragewasusedtocalculatethecarbonfootprintrelatedtopesticideapplication.
3.3.6 Energyconsumption
The followingdescribes the transportof the inputmaterials (fertilizer)and themachineryusedforharvest.
Fertilizingandpesticides:Amain fertilizerofoilpalmplantation is thecompost,which istransported from the oil mill back to the plantation by truck. Themineral fertilizers andpesticidesarealsotransportedbytrucktothefieldborderanddistributedusinglabors.
Weeding:Usuallyplantsareallowedtospringupnaturallyand/orareplanted(e.g.nitrogenfixatingplants)betweentheoilpalms,butarecontrolledbyperiodicslashing,mowinggrazingorbytheuseofherbicidesespeciallyclosetothestemandrootingsystem(CorleyandTinker2007).
Harvesting: The fresh fruitbunchesareharvestedmanuallyusinga longharvesting knife.AftertheFFBiscutfromthetree,thefruitsaregroupedsothattheycanbeloadedmoreefficiently.
ForthisstudyweassumeatransportationdistancefortheFFBof10kmfromthefieldtotheextractionplant(maximumexpecteddistancetouseaconservativeassumption).Forothertransportsandmachinerythe2015dataforthedieselconsumption(43kg/ha)andgasolineconsumption(12kg/ha)areused.
3.3.7 Emissionstoair
The airborne emissions caused by fertilizing are listed in Table 57. The emissions arecalculatedaccordingtotheworldfoodlifecycledatabaseguidelines.
For ammonia emissions the emission factors from the EMEP-EEA air emission inventoryguidebookTier2approachareconsidered(EEA2013)todeterminetheshareofappliedNlost as NH3. For urea theNH3 emissions are 20% of the total nitrogen applied, for otherfertilizerstheemissionsaretypicallylower(1-9%).Theappliedcropresiduesinclude9tons
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ofprundedfrontsperhectareandyear(12kgNton-1drymatter)and60toffelledbiomassatreplanting(6kgNt-1biomass)everycroprotation(25yr).
Nitrogenoxidesstemmainlyfromthenitrificationprocess.TheIPCCemissionfactorof0.012kgNOxperkgNapplied isused.TheNOxemission iscalculatedafterthesubtractionofNemittedasNH3.
DinitrogenoxideisproducedfromnitrificationanddenitrificationandisapowerfulGHG.REDleavesitopenwhichkindofdatabaseforemissionfactorsshallbeusedandhowtheN2Oemissionsarecalculated.WithinthisstudyweapplytheTier1approachofIPCC(2006).Thenitrateemissionsusedtocalculatethe indirectN2OmissionsarebasedontheNO3-SQCBmodelandtheparametersusedarespecifiedin
Table4.
Table 4: Field emission data used to model the NH3, N2O, NOx, NO3 and CO2 emission related to oil palmplantations.
Parameter Unit Value
Nitrogenapplication(Input)
N-mineralfertilizer kgN/ha 121
N-cropresidue(EFB,prunes,trunk) kgN/ha 40
N-organicfertilizer(compost) kgN/ha 26
N2Oemissions
N2O kgN2O/ha 4.7
Noxemissions
NOx kgNox/ha 2.2
NH3emissions
NH3,tot kgNH3/ha 5.7
NO3emissions
Precipitation mm/yr 3'216
Irrigation mm/yr -
Precipitation+irrigation(P) mm/yr 3'216
Claycontent % 49
Rootingdepth mm/yr 1
Corg % 2
Bulkdensity tsoil/m3 1'300
Corg,EMPA tC/3000m3 59
SoilVolume m3 5'000
rc/n - 11
rNorg - 1
Norg kgN/ha 7'598
Nitrogenuptake kgN/ha 120
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NO3 kgNO3/ha 972
3.3.8 Overviewaboutlifecycleinventory
Anoverviewabouttheestimateddata,thedatafromliteratureandthedatausedforsmallandlargescaleplantationsisspecifiedinTable5Table5:Lifecycleinventorydataforoilpalmplantation(perhectare).¶ThevaluesestimatedbyPrestige(green),fromliterature(blue)fromdifferentcountries(CO:Colombia,IN:India,TH:Thailand,IDN:Indonesia,BR:Brasil)andthevaluesusedinthestudy(orange)arelisted.
3.4 Palmoilextraction(ep)
3.4.1 Systemdescription
Thepalmoilextractionprocessincludesfollowingprocessingsteps:
Loading:TheheavyFFBareunloadedfromthetrucksintowagonsofoilpalmFFB.
Sterilization:Sterilizationiscarriedoutwithsteamatrelativelylowpressuresforabout90minutes.
Treshing:Amechanicalprocessseparatestheoilyfruitfromthefruitbunch.Theemptyfruitbunchistransportedonconveyorbeltstothecompostfacility.
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Digestionandpressing:Digestionistheprocessofreleasingthepalmoilinthefruitthroughtheruptureorbreakingdownoftheoil-bearingcells.Thedigestercommonlyusedconsistsofasteam-heatedcylindricalvesselfittedwithacentralrotatingshaft.Throughtheactionoftherotatingbeaterarmsthefruitispounded.
Clarificationanddrying:Theoilisclarifiedthroughthegravityseparationmethodwhichisbasedondifferentdensities. The clarifiedoil is stored in tanks. Theoil is dried to reducemoisture,eitherbyheatinginatanksystemorbyatmosphericorvacuumdrying.
Effluent treatment: The oilywaterwhich is the by-product of the clarification process ispassedthroughcentrifugesinordertorecoveroil.Theremainingeffluentistreatedinawastewatertreatmentsystem,i.e.compostingatElCimarrón.
DefibrationandKernelmill:Themixturecomposedoffiberandnutsisseparated.Theshellofthenutsisbrokenandthekernelremoved.Thekernelpassesthesilodryingandtheoilispressed.Thekerneloilissoldandthekernelcakeisusedasfodder.Thefiberandtheshellarecollectedandusedasafuelintheboiler
3.4.2 Productsandcoproducts
InTable6thematerialandenergyinputper100tonFFBisprovided.
Table6:Materialandenergyinputper100tonofFFB.ThevaluesestimatedbyPrestige(green),fromliterature(blue)fromdifferentcountries(CO:Colombia,IN:India,TH:Thailand,IDN:Indonesia)andthevaluesusedinthestudy(orange)arelisted.Otheroilmilloutputssuchaseffluentsandvapourarenotlisted.
The average extraction rate of 21t CPO per 100 ton FFB is in linewith the average CPOextractionrateforEasternColombiaof20.9%.Theaveragemassbalanceofpalmkernelofabout4.5% is slightlyhigheras specified in (Fedepalma,2015)but loweras the literatureaverage.
3.4.3 Materialandenergydemand
Thetotalelectricitydemandforpalmoilextractionisassumedtobe2500kWhper100tonofFFB.Thisincludestheelectricitydemandforadministrationandcomposting.
Currentlytheelectricityisgeneratedbasedondiesel.Atalargescaleoperation,theuseofbiomassenergytocovertheelectricitydemand(thusreplacingthedieselaggregate)becomeseconomicallyviable.Therebyheatfrombiomass,EFBinourcase,isburnedinafurnaceand
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theheatistransferredtothecraftengineusingaheatexchanger.Thecraftengineoperatesonanorganicrankingcycle(ORC),whichissimilartoasteamengineprocess,butusesotherfluidsthanwater.Thesefluidshavelowerboilingpointsandotherpositiveabilitiesthatmakethemmoresuitableforlow-temperatureoperations.
The conversion of biomass energy to electricity has a typical electric efficiency of 10%10.Consequently theuseof 1kg EFBwith a lower heating valueof 18MJ generates 1.8MJofelectricity(or0.5kWh).
WeusetheORCtechnologyasdefaultandcomparethecarbonfootprintofdieselelectricitygenerationinasensitivityanalysis.
3.4.4 Combustionemissions
Theenergyconsumedtoextractthepalmoilisgenerallygeneratedbytheboilerandturbinesystem.Theby-productsoftheextraction,suchasfibersandshells,areusuallyusedasfuels.ThecompositionoftheinputenergycarriersislistedinTable65.
Table65:Propertiesofthefiberandtheshell(Source:Ecoinvent).
Parameter Unit Shell FiberLowerheatingvalue MJ/kg 12,57 8,98
Moisture % 6,16 28,76Carboncontent % 51,8 58,9H-content % 25,1 20,15S-content % 0,3 0,24N-content % 5,15 4,21O-content % 12,35 8,62Ashcontent % 4,96 5,55
Theprocessingof100tFFBresultsinabout10tonoffiberand7tonofshell,whichareusedintheboilertoproducesteam.
Theemissionsarecalculatedbasedonthe“Cogenunit6400kWth,woodburning“processfromEcoinvent.TheemissionsperMJfiberandshell,aswellasper100tonofFFBarelistedinTable7.
Table7:Airborneemissionsfromthecombustionof1MJfiber,1MJshellandper100tonFFB(Jungbluth,Dinkeletal.2007).
Emission Unit 1MJoffibers
1MJofshell
100tonofFFB
Carbondioxide,biogenic kg 2.4E-01 1.5E-01 39'597Carbonmonoxide,biogenic kg 9.1E-06 1.2E-05 1.1Methane,biogenic kg 5.6E-07 7.4E-07 0.1Dinitrogenmonoxide kg 3.0E-06 3.9E-06 0.4Nitrogenoxides kg 1.1E-04 1.5E-04 13.8
10http://www.vikingheatengines.com/products
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3.4.5 TransportationofFFBtooilmill
Theaveragetransportdistancefromthefarmtotheextractionplantis10km(conservativeassumption),usingtheecoinventdataset“transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO3”.
3.4.6 Composting
ThePOME(palmoilmilleffluent)isgeneratedduringtheoilextractionprocessintheoilmill.Thewastewater contains high amounts of organicmatter and is usually treated in openlagoons. However, at Prestige the POME is used for composting, where it’s mixed withchoppedEFB,fibersandshells.
Figure8:Schematicoverviewaboutthecomposting(source:Composystem).
ThecompostingtechnologyisusingaerationinordertoavoidCH4generationandirrigationinordertocontrolthetemperature.TheaerationandirrigationarecontrolledbasedonthemonitoredtemperatureandonCO2andCH4concentrations.Thecompostingprocessimpliestheaerobicdecayoforganicmaterial.Thisreactionresultsinreleaseofcarbondioxideandwatervaporandpracticallynomethaneasitwouldhappeninanaerobicdecay. EveryweekthecompostpilesareturnedusingtheTracTurn3.7truck.After12weeksthedegradation of the organic feedstock is sufficiently decomposed and reaches a suitablemoistureleveltobeusedasorganicfertilizerhelpingtoimprovesoilstructureandnutrientcontent.
Since the rainfall at the site location is over 2000mmper year, the plants are paved andcoveredinordertocontrolthecompostingprocess.
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Table8:Compostingmaterialandenergyflow(per100tFFB)forthedefaultscenario(apartoftheEFBsareusedforelectricitygeneration)andthescenariowhereelectricityisgeneratedbasedondiesel.
Flow Massbalance Unit
Defaultscenario
ORC
ScenarioDieselelectricitygenergation Comment
IN POME ton 80 80 Fromoilmill
IN EFB ton 15 20
fromoilmill,inthedefaultscenarioashareoftheEFBisusedtogenerateelectricity
IN Fiber ton 5 5 fromoilmill
IN Electricity kWh N/A N/AIncludedinoilmillelectricityconsumption
IN Diesel11 kg 65.2 81 Norhasmillahetal(2013)
OUT Compost ton 10.4 13 Usedasfertilizeronfield
OUT Methane ton 0 0Assumedtobe0,optimalaeration
Pertonofcompost6.3kgofdieselisconsumed(basedonNorhasmillahetal(2013)).ChiewandShimada(2013)suggestedthat2600kgoffreshEFBresultedin1000kgcompost.
3.4.7 OrganicRankingCycleengine
3.4.8 Inventoryoverviewandallocation
Energyallocationwasusedtoassigntheenvironmentalburdenofthepalmoilmill tothedifferentproducts.
Table9:Allocationfactorsforoilmillproductsinpercent.
Product Amount Unit Energycontent Allocationfactor
CPO 21.0 ton 37 MJ/kg 86%
PalmKernelOil 2.0 ton 17 MJ/kg 4%
PalmKernelMeal 2.5 ton 37 MJ/kg 10%
3.5 Biodieselproduction(ep)
We use the GHG emissions as specified in the EU RED guideline for refinement andtransesterification.1.048tonofCPOarerequiredandtoproduceonetonofPMEand105.6kgofglycerin.ThelowerheatingvalueofPMEis37.2MJ/kg.
TheallocationbetweenPMEandglycerinislistedinTable10.
11Thefossildieselusedcouldbereplacedbythebiodieselproduced.
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Table10:AllocationfactorforPMEandglycerine.
OutputAmount(t/tPME)
Energy content(MJ/kg)
Allocationfactor
PME 1 37.2 95.7%
Glycerine 0.11 16 4.3%
3.6 Distributiontothefillingstation(etd)
The aim is to export the biodiesel via Venezuela, using bargewhen the RioMeta carriessufficientwater(8months)andtousetheroaduntilPuertoCarreñobyOrinocoriverduringthedryseason(4months).Duetopoliticalrestrictions,thisrouteisnotoperationalatthemomentandthusweusetheexportationrouteviaCartagenawhichisalreadyestablishedasanalternative(sensitivityanalysis).
3.6.1 ExportthroughVenezuela
ThetransportationmodeandexportroutefromNuevaAntioquiaviaVenezuelatoEuropedependsontheseason:
Rainy season (8month): It is possible to transport biodiesel fromNuevaAntioquia to theAtlanticOcean, throughVenezuela, by fluvialmeans using theMeta12 andOrinoco River.Duringwinter,rivertransportationpredominates,butthereislackoflandtransportationtothedocks.Actually,theMetariverhasaconsiderableflowthatallowsitsnavigationduring8monthsoftheyear,fromApriltoDecember.However,thereareplanstodredgetheriverandturnitseaworthyduringallseasons.TheOrinocoriverisnavigableforboatstransitallovertheyear.OnceinPuertoOrdaz,biofuelscanbedirectedtoEuropebymaritimemeans.
Table11:DistributionfromVenezuelatothefillingstationduringrainyseason
From To Distance Vehicle(EIv3) Comment/Source
BiodieselplantNuevaAntioquiaport
30 Truck32tGoogle maps, distance from projectedbiodieselplanttoport
NuevaAntioquiaport
PuertoCarreño
250km Barge GoogleMaps
PuertoCarreño
PuertoOrdaz
(Venezuela)
840km Barge http://www.iirsa.org/admin_iirsa_web/Uploads/Documents/aic_19_navegabilidad_del_rio_meta.pdf
PuertoOrdaz
(Venezuela)
Oslo 8595km Tankship http://www.sea-distances.org/
Oslo Depot 150km Truck EURED
Depot FillingStation 150km Truck EURED
12http://www.asorinoquia.org/publicaciones/socializacion-estudio-de-navegabilidad-rio-meta
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Dry season (4months):During dry season theMeta river is not navigated, so terrestrialtransportshouldbeperformed.Nopavedroadexists,butadirtroadexistswhichcanbeusedbytrucksduringdrymonths(fromJanuarytoMarch).Nevertheless,studieshavebegunforconstructionamajorroutethatwilllinkthecenterofthecountrywiththeOrinoquíazone.ItwillconnectPuenteArimenaandPuertoGaitán(Meta),withPuertoCarreño(Vichada).Theproposal deadline is until the end of 2017, but it most likely takes longer to finalizeconstructions.
Transportation by fluvialmeans should be performed using theMeta andOrinoco River.Actually,theMetariverhasaconsiderableflowwhichallowstonavigateitduring8monthsoftheyear,fromApriltoDecember.However,thereareplanstodredgetheriverandmakeittravelableallovertheyear.TheOrinocoriverdoesnotpresentinconveniencesfortheboatstransitthroughouttheyear.
OncethebiofuelsreachPuertoOrdaz,itcanbesenttoEuropebyTransoceanicships.
Table12:DistributionfromVenezuelatothefillingstationduringdryseason
From To Distance Vehicle(EIv3) Comment/Source
NuevaAntioquia
PuertoCarreño
270km Truck32t https://co.rutadistancia.com/distancia-entre-puerto-carreno-a-nueva-antioquia
PuertoCarreño
PuertoOrdaz-Venezuela
840km Barge http://www.iirsa.org/admin_iirsa_web/Uploads/Documents/aic_19_navegabilidad_del_rio_meta.pdf
Venezuela Oslo 8595km Tankship http://www.sea-distances.org/
Oslo Depot 150km Truck EURED
Depot FillingStation
150km Truck EURED
3.6.2 ExportviaCartagena
ThetransportationmodeandexportroutefromNuevaAntioquiaviaCartagenatoEuropedependsontheseason:
Rainy season (8months): The other routewould be through theMeta River fromNuevaAntioquiatoPuertoGaitan.Actually,theMetariverhasaconsiderableflowthatallowstonavigateitduring8monthsoftheyear,fromApriltoDecember,along800kmfromPuertoLópeztoPuertoCarreño.OnceinPuertoLópez,thebiofuelcanbetransportedtoCartagenabytruck.
Finally,inCartagenaPortitcanbetransporttoEuropebymaritimemeans.
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Table13:DistributionfromCartagenatothefillingstationduringrainyseason
From To Distance Vehicle(EIv3) Comment/Source
NuevaAntioquia
PuertoGaitán
385km barge Googlemaps
PuertoGaitán
Cartagena 1374 Truck32t https://co.rutadistancia.com/distancia-entre-puerto-gaitan-a-cartagena-meta
Cartagena Oslo 9030km Tankship http://www.sea-distances.org/
Oslo Depot 150km Truck EURED
Depot FillingStation 150km Truck EURED
Dryseason(4months):BasicallytherearetwowaystotransportationroutestoCartagena.ThefirstoneconsistsoftransportthebiofuelfromNuevaAntioquiatoCartagenabytruck,themainproblemofthistransportationmeans isthevial infrastructureduringtherainingseason.FromNuevaAntioquiatoPuenteArimenaterrestrialtransportationisonlypossibleduringthedryseason.Noroadhasbeenbuilttoallowtransitthroughouttheyear.Thereisapathmarkedbythefootprintthatvehiclesleavewiththeirpassage.Itispassablebytrucksandcampersonlyduring4monthsoftheyearwhichcorrespondstothedryperiod.FromPuenteAremidatoCartagenatheroadinfrastructuredoesnotpresentlimitationsorgreaterproblemsthatavertvehiculartrafficduringthewholeyear.
Table14:DistributionfromCartagenatothefillingstationduringdryseason
From To Distance Vehicle(EIv3) Comment/Source
Biodieselplant
NuevaAntioquiaport
30 Truck32tGoogle maps, distance from projectedbiodieselplanttoport
NuevaAntioquia
PuertoLopez 382km
Truck32t https://co.rutadistancia.com/distancia-entre-puerto-carreno-a-puerto-lopez-meta
PuertoLopez
Cartagena 1266km Truck32t
http://co.toponavi.com/821-41169
Cartagena Oslo 9030km Tankship http://www.sea-distances.org/
Oslo Depot 150km Truck EURED
Depot FillingStation
150km Truck EURED
3.6.3 TransportinEuropetofillingstation
Thetransportofthebiodieselfromtheporttothedepotandfromthedepottothefillingstationisassumedtobe150kmeach.Theenergyuseofthedepotandthefillingstationisconsideredwith20kgCO2pertonofPME,basedonEURED.
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3.7 Useofbiodieselincar(eu)
TheemissionsoffuelcombustionaresettozeroaccordingtotheEURREDguidelines.
3.8 Fossilreference(ef)
According to theEURED, the fossil fuel comparatorEF shallbe the latestavailableactualaverageemissionsfromthefossilpartofpetrolanddieselconsumedintheCommunityasreportedunderDirective98/70/EC.Ifnosuchdataareavailable,thevalueusedshallbe83,8gCO2eq/MJ(valueusedforthisstudy).
It has to be noted that the proposed update of the fossil reference value will be of 94gCO2eq/J,whichwillsignificantlyincreasetheGHGsavings(EC,2016a)AnnexV,C.19.
4 ResultsandDiscussion
4.1 GHGbalanceofbiodiesel
EachMJ of biodiesel combusted is linked to -28.6 g of GHG emission. The negativeGHGemissions iscausedbythecarbonsequestrationduringplantgrowth,whilethemainGHGemissionislinkedtoemissionsfromtheoilmillandthebiodieselproduction.Inthefollowingtheimpactscausedineverylifecyclestagearedescribedinmoredetails.
Table15:GHGemissionsbiodieselproductionanduseingCO2equivalentsperMJoffuelcombusted.Negativevaluesarecarbonsequestration.
ProcessCarbonFootprint(gCO2eq/MJ)
Share(%)
Landusechange -62.4 218%
Oilpalmcultivation 10.5 -37%
Transporttooilmill 0.2 -1%
OilMill 0.4 -1%
Biodieselplant 17.1 -60%
Transportofbiodiesel 5.5 -19%
Useincar 0.0 0%
Total -28.6 100%
4.1.1 Landprovisionandoilpalmcultivation
InFigure9theaverageglobalwarmingpotentialofoilpalmcultivationisindicated,ismainlyrelated to fertilizer production and N2O emissions due to fertilizer application anddecompositionofcropresidues.
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Figure9:GlobalwarmingpotentialofoilpalmcultivationmeasuredinkgCO2eqperha.
TheaverageGHGintensityofoilpalmcultivationexcludingLUCofthisstudyis10.5gCO2eqperMJoffuelcombustedand.Thevaluesareslightlylowerasthevaluesprovidedbyarecentstudyof13to17gofCO2eqperMJoffuelcombusted(Castanheira&Freire,2016)andtheREDdefaultvalueof14gCO2eqperMJoffuelcombusted(EU-Commission,2008).
Figure 10 shows the carbon footprint of oil palm cultivation including the carbon stockchangescausedbyoilpalmplantations.OverallmorecarbonissequesteredbyoilpalmtreescomparedtothelifecycleGHGemissionsrelatedtothecultivation.Thecarbonsequestrationislinkedtomovingfromlowcarbonstockarea(lowcarbonstockgrassland&savanna)tooilpalmplantationwithrelativelyhighercarbonstocks(seechapter3.2).
Figure10:GlobalwarmingpotentialofoilpalmcultivationmeasuredinkgCO2eqperha.Negativevaluesarecarbonsequestration.
ThedefaultscenarioisbasedonEUREDvaluesforgrassland(8tC/ha)andshowsignificantcarbonstocksequestration.Evenifmoreconservativevaluesforthecarbonstockofgrasslandareconsidered(16tC/ha)oreventheconversionofscrubland(53tC/ha)showsignificantnetbenefits. Only if gallery forests (180 tC/ha) are clear-cut significant amounts of carbon
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Oilpalmcultivation
CarbonFootprin
t(kgCO
2eq/h
a)
Fertilizerproduction
Pesticideproduction
Energyuse
Fieldemissions
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Default(Grassland)
Grassland(highercarbonstock)
Scrubland Galleryforests NoLUC
CarbonFootprin
t(kgCO2
eq/ha)
Landusechange
Fertilizerproduction
Pesticideproduction
Energyuse
Fieldemissions
Total
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emissionsareemitted(theoreticalscenariosincegalleryforestsareprotectedbylawandtheoilpalmsarecultivatedusinga100mbufferzone,seeFigure3).
Last,ithastobenotedthattheLUCbenefitsandimpactsareuniformlydistributedover20yearstimehorizon(annualisedemissions).Oncethe20yearsarepassed,noLUCcreditsaregiventotheoilpalmcultivation,sincethepastandcurrentlanduseareoilpalmplantations(no LUC change occurs). If grassland is converted in 2017 (default scenario) the carbonfootprintofoilpalmcultivationremainsconstant(-9617kgCO2eq/ha)untiltheyear2037andfromyear2038onwardsthecarbonfootprintis(1699kgCO2eq/ha,seeFigure9)sincetheLUCbenefitsarenotanymoreaccountedfor(noLUCscenarioinFigure10).
4.1.2 Palmoilmillandbiodieselplant
As indicated inTable16, themainGHGemissionsrelatedtooilextraction is linkedtotheenergyconsumption,whichiscurrentlyfossilbased.Inalargescaleset-upapartoftheEFBbiomasswillbeusedinanorganicrankingenginetoauto-generateelectricity.Consequently,theemissionsreducesignificantly.
Table16:GlobalwarmingpotentialofthepalmoilmillmeasuredingCO2eqMJfuel.Valuesinyellowindicate0to10%,orange10%to50%,red>50%contribution.
ProcessOilmill
SmallscaleOilmill
(incl.autogen.ofel.) gCO2eq/MJ % gCO2eq/MJ %Energyuse 2.9 95% 0.3 68%CHPemissions 0.2 5% 0.2 32%Composting 0.0 0% 0.0 0%Total 3.0 100% 0.5 100%
InColombia,thePOMEtreatmentinopenlagoonsunderanaerobicconditionstypicallyleadstoamuchhigherGHGintensityascomparedtotheoptimizedcompostsystemimplementedattheelCimarronsite.TheCUEstudyindicatedaGHGintensityof30gCO2eqperMJfuelcombustedand6gCO2eqperMJifmethaneiscaptured(CUE2012).(Castanheira&Freire,2016)indicatedthattheGHGintensityofpalmoilextractionforbiogasflared(2.3gCO2eqMJ−1)was about eight times lower than for biogas released into the atmosphere (19.0 gCO2eqMJ−1).REDspecifiesprocessingGHGemissionsof35g/MJand13gCO2eq/MJwithmethane capture (including both the oil mill and transesterification emissions) (EU-Commission,2008).
The crude oil refining and trans-esterification is responsible for 17.9g CO2eq per MJ, inaccordancewiththeEUREDdefaultvalues.
4.1.3 Transporttofillingstationanduseincar
TheimpactoftransportationanddistributionofthebiodieselshowsignificantGHGemissions,giventheremotelocationoftheproductionsite.
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Figure11:CarbonFootprintofdifferenttransportationroutesfromthebiodieselplanttothefillingstationinEurope(ingCO2eq/MJfuel).
The GHG intensity of transport and distribution ranges from 5.5 gCO2 per MJ of fuelcombustedfortheexportviaVenezuelato8.1gCO2perMJoffuelcombustedfortheexportviaCartagena.Therelativelyremote location leadstohigheremissionsoftransportasthedefaultvaluespublishedbyRED(5gCO2eqperMJ).
TheuseofbiodieselassumedtobezeroinaccordancewiththeEUREDguidelinesforGHGcalculation(“carbonneutrality”principle).
4.2 Comparisonwithfossilfuel
UsingbiodieselfromelCimarrónisprojectedtoshow134%lessGHGemissionascomparedtofossildiesel.Thisisbasedontheassumptionthattheoilpalmplantationsareestablishedon low carbon-stock grassland, that the by-products are used optimally (e.g. for autogenerationofelectricity)andthatthebiodieselisexportedthroughVenezuela.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
ExportviaVenezuela(default)
ExportviaCartagena
Carbonfootprint(gCO
2eq/MJ)
TruckinColombia
Barge
Transoceanicship
TruckinEU
Depot&Fillingstation
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Figure 12:GHGemissions savings of biodiesel compared to fossil fuels (in%), left figure. Biodiesel baselinescenarioCO2equivalentemissionsbysource,noticelandusechangeisnegativeasthereismorecarboninpalmsthanformersavannah(gCO2eq/MJ),rightfigure.
IfthebiodieselisexportedthroughColombia,theGHGreductionwouldstillreach131%asemissionsfromtankersisnegligiblecomparedtothevolumetransported.UsingfossildieseltogenerateelectricityusedforprocessingleadstoGHGreductionof132%.
As explained in chapter 4.1.1, the renewal of oil palm plantations are not considered aschangingthelandusechange(thusnoLUCbenefitsafter20yearscanbeattributed).Evenwithout accounting for land use benefits, palm biodiesel saves 60% of GHG emissions ascomparedtofossildieselifexportedviaVenezuela(43%ifexportedviaCartagena).
Figure13:GHGemissionssavingsofbiodieselscenarioscomparedtofossilfuels(in%).
InelCimarrónnotallthe60.000hawillbeestablishedatthesametime.Itcanbeassumedthateveryyeara5.000haplotwillbecultivatedoveraperiodof12years.Consequently,thecarbonsequestrationbenefitduring20yearswillgraduallydecreasefrom134%GHGsavingsto60%GHGsavingsinyear32(20yearsafterthelast5.000hawillbecultivated).
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
CarbonFootprin
tofbiodiesel
(gCO
2eq/M
Jfuel)
Useincar
Transportofbiodiesel
Biodiesel plant
OilMill
Transporttooilmill
Oilpalmcultivation
Landusechange
Total
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
CarbonFootprin
tofbiodiesel
(gCO
2eq/M
Jfuel)
Useincar
Transportofbiodiesel
Biodiesel plant
OilMill
Transporttooilmill
Oilpalmcultivation
Landusechange
Total0%
Fossildiesel
100%
Biodiesel
FOSSIL VS.BIODIESEL
134%
GHGSAV
INGS
ZOOMONBIODIESELGHGemissions
-34%
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
Baseline Grassland(highercarbon
stock)
Scrubland Galleryforests NoLUC(after20years)
Noel.autogeneration
ExportviaCartagenaGHGsavings(%)
DifferentlandusechangescenariosDefaultScenario
OilMill-Electricityfrom
diesel
ExportviaCartagena
RED criteria60% GHG savings
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Figure 14: The area under cultivation (in ha) at the top and the associatedGHG savings (in%) of biodieselcomparedtofossilfuelatthebottom,baselinescenario.
4.3 Comparisonwithotherstudies
TheREDdefaultvaluesforbiodieselfrompalmoilof68gand37gCO2eqperMJ(includingbiogascaptureandflaring)aresignificantlyhigherthanforthisstudy(-29gCO2eqperMJ,baselinescenario).ThemaindifferenceisthattheREDdefaultvaluesdonotconsiderLUC(neitheremissionsnorcapture).
AlsotheupdatedvaluefromtheJECconsortiumrangefrom31to62gCO2eq(alsoLUCisnotconsidered).
Thenationalstudyfrom2012aboutGHGemissionsofbiodiesel(B100)fromCPOandethanol(E100)fromsugarcaneindicatedrespectively83%and74%ofGHGsavingscomparedtofossilfuels(CUE,2012).ThemaindifferenceisthatinthecaseofelCimarronalloftheplantationsarenewlyestablishedandthusthetotalcultivationcomeswithLUCbenefits.InColombiaalsooilpalmplantationsolderthan20yearsexist,forwhichnoLUCisaccountedfor(lowercarbonsequestrationbenefits).
Castanheira&FreirecalculatedthattheGHGintensityofpalmbiodieselinColombiarangedfrom4gCO2eqMJ−1to25gCO2eqMJ−1,dependingonthefertilizationschemeandbiogasmanagementoption.ThistranslatesintoaGHGsavingof70%to95%ascomparedtofossilfuels(Castanheira&Freire,2016).
TheresultsarealsoinlinewiththeWWFstudy,whichindicatedGHGsavingsofmorethan60% formost areas of Vichada (WWF, 2014).Only if Gallery forests are cut the emissionreductiontargetscannotbemet(redareas,whichareforbiddenbylaw).
010000200003000040000500006000070000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Areaundercultivation
(ha)
years
0%
50%
100%
150%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
GHGsavings(%)
years
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Figure15:PotentialGHGsavingsfrombiodieselproductioninlosllanos(WWF,2014).
4.4 TheEUREDdirectivefor2030–changeofmethodology
TheEuropeanCommissionproposedachangeofthecurrentEUREDmethodology(EC,2016a,2016b). Themain differences in terms of GHG calculation are the higher value for fossilreference(94gCO2eq/MJinsteadof83.8gCO2eq/MJ),loweremissionfactorsformethane(23insteadof25CO2eq)anddinitrogenoxide(296insteadof298CO2eq),thehigherdefaultemissionsvalues for transportanddistribution (6.9 insteadof5gCO2/MJ)and that thethresholdofGHGsavingsincreasedto70%forbiofuelswhichareproducedininstallationsstartingoperationafter1January2021.
Theproposedchangesalsoincludetheconsiderationofindirectlandusechange(iLUC)emissions.TheiLUChastobeconsideredifthefeedstockisnotlistedinpartAoftheannex(EC,2016a)orifthefeedstockproductionhasledtodirectland-usechange,i.e.achangefromoneofthefollowingIPCClandcovercategories:forestland,grassland,wetlands,settlements,orotherland,tocroplandorperennialcropland.InthecaseofbiodieselfromelCimarrónnoiLUCwouldbeallocated,sincethepriorlanduseis“grassland”.However,evenifthedefaultiLUCfactorforoilcropsof55gCO2eqperMJ(EC,2016a,AnnexVIII,partA)isincludedtheGHGtargetsof70%reductionareme.
TheresultsusingthenewlyproposedEUREDmethodologyfor2030areindicatedinFigure16.
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Figure16:GHGemissionssavingsofbiodieselscenarioscomparedtofossilfuels(in%).
Figure16showsthatalsowiththeproposedupdateoftheEUREDDirectivetheGHGcriteriaof70%savingswillbemet.Onlyifgalleryforestiscutandafter20yearsofestablishingtheplantationstheGHGsavingsarebelow70%
4.5 Limitations
Prospective study: The oil palm plantations and biodiesel production plant are not yetestablished. Within this study realistic estimates were made and the sensitivity of keyparameters was evaluated in order to provide an indication about the expected carbonfootprintofelCimarrónbiodiesel.However,oncetheproductionsystemisimplementeditisrecommendedtoupdatethestudywithrealdata.
Directandindirectlandusechangeeffects:Thisstudyassumesthattheoilpalmplantationsareestablishedonnaturalandextensivelyusedgrassland.BesidesthedirectLUC(consideredinthisstudy)alsoindirectlandusechangemightoccurduetothereplacementofpastures.Further, it isalsopossible thatminorpartsof the60.000hacould triggeraconversionofagriculturalland.Inthepresentstudypotentialindirecteffectsofreplacinglandpasturesandagriculturallandarenotconsideredinthebaselinescenario.Itisassumedthattheindirecteffects are marginal, given the extensive use of the pastures and the huge potential ofintensifyingcurrentcattlefarming.InordertoestimatethecontributionofthepotentialiLUCeffectontheoverallresultsweincludedtheiLUCfactorproposedforoilcropsproposedbythe European commission, which represents a worst case scenario for the Colombianconditions.
Otherenvironmentalandsocio-economicindicators:AccordingtoISO14040/44acompletesetofenvironmentalindicatorneedstobeevaluatedforcomparativeassertion.Inthecaseof biofuels, several studies underlined the trade-off between GHG savings and increaseimpactssuchaseutrophication13duetofertilizerapplication,ecotoxicityduetopesticideuse,loss of biodiversity due to land transformation amongst others. The national study inColombia revealed significant impacts of biofuels if also other environmental aspects areconsidered(CUE,2012),whileotherstudiesshowbenefits(Gilroyetal.,2015).Further,also
13Eutrophication:theenrichmentofawaterbodywithnutrientswhichmayresultinanalgaegrowthandanoxygendepletion.
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
Baseline Grassland(highercarbon
stock)
Scrubland Galleryforests Baseline&ilUC NoLUC(after20years)
Noel.autogeneration
ExportviaCartagena
GHGsavings(%)
DifferentlandusechangescenariosDefaultScenario
OilMill-Electricityfrom
diesel
ExportviaCartagena
RED criteria70% GHG savings
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other indicators about the social and economic impacts shall be considered for informeddecisionmaking.Theimpactscanbepositive(e.g.createjobs)ornegative(e.g.landrightsofindigenous).
5 Conclusionsandrecommendations
5.1 Conclusion
• BiodieselfromelCimarrónisprojectedtofulfiltheEUREDGHGcriteriabyshowing134%lessGHGemissionascomparedto fossildiesel.This isbasedontheassumptionthat theoilpalmplantations are established on low carbon-stock grassland, that the by-products are usedoptimally (e.g. for auto generation of electricity) and that the biodiesel is exported throughVenezuela.
• TheGHGsavingpotential is sensitive to the landconversion.Only ifoilpalmplantationsareestablishedonlowcarbonland,whichismainlythecase in losLlanos,theGHGcriteriacanbemet.Ifgalleryforestarecut(forbiddenbylaw)thebiodieselproductionisnotcompliantwiththeEUREDGHGcriteria.
• Economyofscaleallowsoptimaluseandtreatmentofby-products. IntermsofGHGbalance,the treatmentof POMEandEFB is of special importancedue topotentialmethaneemissionsduringthetreatmentanddecomposition.
• CompliancewiththeproposedupdateoftheEUREDdirectivefor2030.BiodieselproductionofelCimarrónwillalsobecompliantwiththeproposedGHGcriteriaof70%savingsforinstallationsstartingoperationafter1January2021.
5.2 Recommendationandnextsteps
It is recommended todesign and implement the futurebiodiesel systemof el Cimarróntakingtheclimaterelevantfactorsintoaccount.Theseinclude
• Establishingoilpalmplantationsonlyon lowcarbonstock landandavoid indirect landuse
risks,bynotexpandingonagriculturallandandkeepingabufferzonearoundgalleryforests.
Further, indirect land use effects can be mitigated if Prestige continues to produce the
displacedcropsandcattle,butwithanincreasedefficiency.Intensificationleadstoahigher
productivityandthuslesslandisrequiredtoproducethesameamountofproducts.
• Efficient treatment of POME and EFB for composting, using a technology which avoids
methaneemissionsduetoaerationandturning.
• OptimizethetransportationofthebiofueltoEuropebyusingshortroutes(viaVenezuela)and
bargeasatransportationmeans
Itisrecommendedthatotherenvironmentalandsocio-economicimpactsandbenefitsareconsideredfordecisionmaking.Ofspecialimportancearesocialandenvironmentalaspectsrelatedtolanduse.
ItisrecommendedthattheperformanceofthebiodieselproductionsysteminelCimarrónis monitored and that the carbon footprint study is updated frequently and that thedevelopmentoftheEUREDdirectiveiscloselyfollowed.
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6 Reference
AMELLARRIETA,A.,CHEJNEJANNA,F.,LOPEZLÓPEZ,D.,FORERO,C.,&HERRERA,B.(2016).CONSULTORÍATÉCNICAPARAELFORTALECIMIENTOYMEJORADELABASEDEDATOSDEFACTORESDEEMISIÓNDELOSCOMBUSTIBLESCOLOMBIANOS-FECOC.
Anaya,J.A.,Chuvieco,E.,&Palacios-Orueta,A.(2009).AbovegroundbiomassassessmentinColombia:Aremotesensingapproach.ForestEcologyandManagement,257(4),1237–1246.https://doi.org/DOI:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.11.016
BSI.(2011).PAS2050:2011-Specificationfortheassessmentofthelifecyclegreenhousegasemissionsofgoodsandservices.
Castanheira, É. G., Acevedo, H., & Freire, F. (2014). Greenhouse gas intensity of palm oilproducedinColombiaaddressingalternativelandusechangeandfertilizationscenarios.Applied Energy, 114, 958–967.https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.09.010
Castanheira, É. G., & Freire, F. (2016). Environmental life cycle assessment of biodieselproduced with palm oil from Colombia. The International Journal of Life CycleAssessment,1–14.article.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1097-6
CUE. (2012).Evaluaciondelciclodevidade lacadenadeprouccióndebiocombustiblesenColombia.Medellin,Colombia.
Daigle, J.-Y., & Gautreau-Daigle, H. (2001). CANADIAN PEAT HARVESTING AND THEENVIRONMENT.
EC.(2010).CommissiondecisiononguidelinesforthecalculationoflandcarbonstocksforthepurposeofAnnexVtoDirective2009/28/EC.
EC. (2016a).Annexes to the Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and theCouncilonthepromotionoftheuseofenergyfromrenewablesources(recast).Brussels,Belgium.
EC.(2016b).ProposalforaDIRECTIVEOFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDOFTHECOUNCILon the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (recast). Brussels,Belgium.
EU-Commission.(2008).Directive2008/30/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilonthepromotionoftheuseofenergyfromrenewablesources.OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion,61.
Gilroy,J.J.,Prescott,G.W.,Cardenas,J.S.,Castañeda,P.G.delP.,Sánchez,A.,Rojas-Murcia,L.E.,…Edwards,D.P.(2015).MinimizingthebiodiversityimpactofNeotropicaloilpalmdevelopment. Global Change Biology, 21(4), 1531–1540.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12696
ISO. (2006a).14040 - Environmentalmanagement - Life cycle assessment - Principles andframework.Geneve,Switzerland:InternationalStandardOrganisation.
ISO.(2006b).14044-Environmentalmanagement-Lifecycleassessment-Requirementsandguidelines(misc,2nded.).Geneva,CH:InternationalOrganizationforStandardization.
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ISO.(2013).ISOTS/14067 :Greenhousegases--Carbonfootprintofproducts--Requirementsandguidelinesforquantificationandcommunication.
Leuenberger, M., & Huber-Hotz, A. (2006). Botschaft zur Änderung desMineralölsteuergesetzes(techreport).Bern.
NanaYaw,A.(2008).LIFECYLEASSESSMENTOFMARGARINEPRODUCTIONFROMPALMOILIN GHANA A Thesis submitted to the Department of Chemical Engineering , KwameNkrumahUniversityofScienceandtechnology.
Penny,T.,Fisher,K.,&Collins,M.(2012).GHGProtocolProductLifeCycleAccountingandReportingStandardSectorGuidance forPharmaceuticalandMedicalDeviceProductsPilot Testing Draft August 2012 GHG Protocol Product Life Cycle Accounting andReporting Standard Sector Guidance for Pharmace. London, UK: EnvironmentalResourcesManagementLimited.
RSB.(2008).RoundtableonSustainableBiofuels:GlobalPrinciplesandcriteriaforsustainablebiofuelsproduction.VersionZero(Report).Lausanne:EPFL.
RSPO.(2005).PrinciplesandCriteriaforSustainablePalmOilProduction.(R.T.onS.P.Oil,Ed.).
WWF. (2014). Identifying Highly Biodiverse Savannas based on the European UnionRenewableEnergyDirective(SuLuMap).
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7 Annex
7.1 AnnexI–CarbonFootprintofCPOsoldinEurope
TheCPOcanalsobesoldontheinternationalmarketinsteadofoilmightbeaninterestingbusinessopportunityforPrestigeColombiaifsoldontheinternationalmarket.
Table17:CarbonFootprintofCPO(gCO2eq/kgCPO)shippedtoEurope
Stage Amount Unit Source
Landtransformation -1841 gCO2/kgCPO Thisstudy
Cultivation 316 gCO2/kgCPO Thisstudy
OilExtraction 14 gCO2/kgCPO Thisstudy
TransporttoEurope 192 gCO2/kgCPO Thisstudy
Total -1319 gCO2/kgCPO
Thecarbonfootprintisdominatedbythecarbonsequestrationduringoilpalmcultivation,whilethemainemissionresultfromcultivationandtransportation.Thecarbonfootprintisinthe same range as published in other literature for CPO in Colombia (Daigle&Gautreau-Daigle, 2001)(Castanheira,Acevedo,&Freire,2014).Castanheiraet al. (2014)publishedarangefrom-0.4to–1.7kgCO2eqkg1palmoiliftheoilpalmiscultivatedonformersavannaland.
7.2 AnnexII–CarbonFootprintofMargarinesoldinVenezuela
Themargarine production frompalm stearin and palm kernel oilmight be an interestingbusinessopportunityforPrestigeColombiaifsoldontheVenezuelanmarket.
Margarineproductionprocessinvolvesthedeodorisation,bleachingandinter-esterificationofoil.ThecarbonfootprintdataformargarineproductionfromCPOistakenfromliterature(Nana Yaw, 2008). For each kg ofmargarine 1.0525 kg of CPO are used and the carbonfootprintisspecifiedinTable18.
Table18:CarbonFootprintofMargarine(kgCO2eq/kgmargarine),includingpackaging
Stage Amount Unit SourceLandtransformation -1938.0 gCO2/kgmargarine ThisstudyCultivation 332.8 gCO2/kgmargarine ThisstudyOilExtraction 14.6 gCO2/kgmargarine Thisstudy
Oilrefinement 4.1 gCO2/kgmargarine(NanaYaw,2008).
Margarineproduction 30.5 gCO2/kgmargarine
(NanaYaw,2008).
TransporttoVenezuela 103.2 gCO2/kgmargarine EstimateTotal -1452.7 gCO2/kgmargarine
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ThemargarineproductioncausesrelativelylowGHGemissionscomparedtotheoilpalmcultivationandthetransportationphase.