causes of the civil war
DESCRIPTION
Events Leading up to the Civil WarTRANSCRIPT
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Causes that led to the Civil War (1820-1861)
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Causes of the Civil War
• Missouri Compromise, The Compromise of 1850, and Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Wilmot Proviso• Uncle Tom’s Cabin/John Brown’s Raid
• Dred Scott v. Sandford• Differences between North and South• Election of 1860• Secession of Southern states
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New Territories
• California and Texas• Debate over whether or not new states
would allow slavery.• Missouri Compromise(1820)- Proposed
by Henry Clay to keep the number of free states and slave states equal.
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New Territories
• As a result an imaginary line was drawn across the southern border of Missouri at latitude 36 30 N. and it only applied to the Louisiana Purchase.
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New Territories
• Wilmot Proviso- Proposed by David Wilmot to ban slavery in the West.
• The House passed it in 1846, but shortly afterwards the Senate defeated it.
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Tempers Flair
• California applied for admission to the Union in 1850 to be a free state.
• The issue was so heated that Senator Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri had a gun pulled on him by Senator Henry Foote of Mississippi while in the Senate.
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Admission of California as a State
• In 1849, the number of free states equaled the number of slave states at 15/15.
• Tempers flaired with the admission of California because the balance between free and slave states would be off set.
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Clay vs. Calhoun
Henry Clay• “the Great Compromiser”• Pleads for an agreement
between the North and South
• Fear of a nation that will break apart
• His plan “The Compromise of 1850”
John Calhoun• Senator of South Carolina• Refused a compromise• Demands that fugitive or
runaway slaves be returned to their owners
• Last reported words 1850: “The Poor South! God knows what will become of her now!”
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Compromise of 1850
• Composed of FIVE parts:• Allowed California to enter Union as free
state.• Formed territories of New Mexico and
Utah and decision of slavery based on popular sovereignty
• Ended slave trade in Washington, D.C.• Created a strict slave law• Settled a border dispute between Texas
and New Mexico
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Fugitive Slave Act: an act that outraged
• All citizens required to report runaway slaves
• Caught helping fugitive slaves would result in a $1000 fine and jail
• Judges given rewards for sending runaway slaves back to south
• Antislavery advocates in north outraged• Forced them to be apart of the slavery
system
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Author: Harriet Beecher Stowe
• Antislavery Bestseller • Published in 1852• Showed the evils of
slavery and Fugitive Slave Act
• Popular in North and hated in the South
• Southern complaint: did not give a true picture of slave life
• Made more northerners see slavery as immoral
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Kansas
• Many Americans hoped that the Compromise of 1850 would end the debate over slavery in the West.
• However, shortly after the Compromise of 1850 proslavery and antislavery forces struggled to attain Kansas.
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Election Day in Kansas
• One observer described election day in Kansas as being terrifying.
• The observer described the citizens from Missouri as being angry and armed while looking for a fight. (pg. 468)
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Abraham Lincoln
• After hearing about the events that took place in Kansas, Abraham Lincoln predicted that bloodshed would occur.
• At this time, he was a young lawyer from Illinois.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Proposed by Stephen Douglas.
• Established territories of Kansas and Nebraska.
• Gave settlers popular sovereignty to decide on slavery issue.
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Northern Outrage
• Many northerners were unhappy with the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it repealed the Missouri Compromise.
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Tensions build in Kansas
•Proslavery and antislavery settlers moved into the Kansas territory.•Many farmers from neighboring states moved to the territory in hopes of gaining cheap land.
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Two Governments in Kansas
• Proslavery:• Elections in 1855,
established a proslavery legislature.
• New laws were passed that made helping slaves escape punishable by death
• Antislavery:• Refused to abide by
laws of the proslavery government.
• Established their own governor and legislature.
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Bleeding Kansas
• Proslavery raid on the town of Lawrence.(Antislavery stronghold)
• John Brown, an abolitionist, struck back by murdering five proslavery settlers.
• These events led to even more violence and by 1856, more than 200 people had been killed.
•
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Violence in the Senate…Again!!!
• Abolitionist leader Charles Sumner of Massachusetts criticized Andrew Butler of South Carolina for proslavery views.
• Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, responded a few days later by marching into the Senate chamber and beating Sumner with a cane.
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Dred Scott
• Slave that was from Missouri and had lived in Wisconsin and Illinois. (two free states)
• After Scott returned to Missouri his owner died.
• Issue led to the Supreme Court case known as Dred Scott v. Sandford.
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Dred Scott • Scott’s lawyers argued that he had lived in
a free territory, so he was a free man.• Court ruled that Scott could not file a
lawsuit because he was not a citizen.• Court decision also stated that slaves
were considered to be property. • The Supreme Court also ruled that
Congress could not outlaw slavery, which made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
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The Republican Party
• Formed to give a voice against slavery. • Supporters of the new party fed up with
Whigs and Democrats. • Main goal was to keep slavery out of
western territories.
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Lincoln v. Douglas for Senate in 1858
Lincoln’s views• Slavery was morally
wrong.• Wanted to prevent the
spread of slavery.
• Douglas won the election by a slim margin.
Douglas’s views• Western territories should
decide slavery issue by popular sovereignty.
• Personally disliked slavery.
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John Brown’s Raid
• Abolitionist that led a raid to the town of Harper’s Ferry, Virginia.
• Planned to raid a federal arsenal and lead African Americans in a revolt.
• After gaining control of the arsenal Brown’s plans failed because Robert E. Lee’s men killed ten raiders and captured Brown.
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Election of 1860
• Democratic party slit in two:• Southern democrats -supported slavery in
the territories. Represented by John Breckinridge.
• Northern democrats- refused to support slavery in the territories. Represented by Stephen Douglas.
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Election of 1860
• Constitutional Union party- established to try and heal the split between the North and South. Represented by John Bell of Tennessee.
• Republican party- Represented by Abraham Lincoln.
• Abraham Lincoln won the northern states which sealed the election.
• However, Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot in 10 southern states.
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Southern Reaction
• Abraham Lincoln’s election left the South feeling like they had no representation in the federal government.
• As a result South Carolina seceded on December 20, 1860 and Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas followed by 1861.
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The Confederacy
• Southerners felt they could secede because Declaration said people could abolish government.
• Confederate States of America was formed and Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was the first president.
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The Civil War Begins
• Lincoln stated that there would be no war unless South started it.
• As a result, Confederate forces began taking over forts in the South.
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Fort Sumter
• Located in South Carolina• Important to the Confederacy because it
guarded Charleston Harbor• Confederate forces demanded the fort to
surrender, but the commander refused to.• As a result, Confederate forces fired on the fort
until it surrendered.• This event marked the start of the Civil War.