Causes of World War I -

M

A

N

I

A

ilitarism – policy of building up strong military forces to prepare for war

lliances - agreements between nations to aid and protect one another

ationalism – pride in or devotion to one’s country

mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically

ssassination – murder of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

MANIA

1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures

France 10%Britain 13%Russia 39%

Germany 73%

Causes of WWI - Militarism

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 191494 130 154 268 289 398

Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,

Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s (British pounds).in millions of £s (British pounds).

The

“Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914.

AssassinationAustrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia.

Gavrilo Princip after his assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The Point of No Return:

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.

Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.

Russia pledged their support for Serbia and began mobilization – the readying of troops for war. Mobilization is considered an act of war.

The Point of No Return:

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Germany declares war on Russia.

France pledges their support for Russia.

Germany declares war on France.

Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.

Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

How did the US respond to the breakout of war in Europe?

The US responded to the start of a war in Europe by declaring its neutrality.

What did the US really mean by “neutral?”

What prevented the US from remaining neutral? What caused the US to enter the war in 1917?

With your partner, generate a list of reasons the US entered the “Great War” in 1917.

The “preparedness” movement

• Business leaders who had strong commercial ties to Great Britain urged the US to get ready for war.

• Their “watchword” was preparedness.

President Wilson asked Congress for funds to build up the armed forces & established a council of National Defense to increase cooperation between the military and private industry.

“The Peace” Movement

Consisted of Progressives, Socialists, and Populists. Women were particularly active. On August 29, 1914, suffragists, dressed in black and carrying a banner of a dove, marched down New York City’s Fifth Avenue. Jeannette Rankin, the first female elected to Congress, voted against US involvement in the war. Jane Addams was another supporter of neutrality.

They argued that if the US was going to “prepare” for war,” Congress should tax the makers of arms and increase income taxes to pay for the increase in the army and navy. This would be unpopular with the American people, resulting in the US staying neutral.

However, Congress still increased taxes!

“The World must be made safe for democracy.” (Woodrow Wilson)

Discuss with your Partner:What do you think President Wilson meant by this statement? Was it a valid reason for US involvement in WWI? Why or why not?

MOBILIZATION

• For an entire year after the US entry into the war (1917), its main contributions to the Allies were large supplies of food, guns, ships, airplanes, & other goods.

• FACTORIES – Bernard Baruch headed the War Industries Board – convert products & methods to wartime needs

• FOOD SUPPLY – Herbert Hoover, Food Administrator – voluntary action – “meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, “Gospel of the Clean Plate”

Mobilization continued

Women & Minorities began to take the place of men who entered the armed forces.“Great Migration” – African Americans had begun to move North prior to the war, but large numbers of African Americans migrated North during the war to find jobs.

Preparing for War

1. What was the Selective Service Act?2. What was the AEF?3. Why did the War Department initiate the

convoy system?4. When the US entered the war, what was

the strategy or tactic that General John J. Pershing to lead his men?

5. What was the role of African Americans in the war?

Financing the War

1. What were the 2 main ways the war was paid for?

Managing the Economy

1. How did the role of government change because of the war?

2. How did the government manage the economy?

Enforcing Loyalty

1. What were some of the ways the government enforced loyalty?

2. Why was it necessary for the government to take such actions?

Changing People’s Lives

• How did the war change the lives of Americans on the home front?

Review: Causes of WWIWRITE THE QUESTIONS AND THEIR ANSWERS.

1.What was the “spark” that started WWI?2.What was the “underlying” cause of WWI?3.Who was the leader of Germany during WWI?4.How did the US react to the outbreak of war in Europe?5.What slogan helped Wilson get reelected in 1916?

1. How did trench warfare lead to a stalemate?

• Neither side was able to push the other out of the “trenches” causing the war to drag out 4 long years, with neither side winning or losing.

PREVIEW QUESTIONS 23-2

2. Why did the US enter the war?

• Unrestricted submarine warfare!

The Western Front• Schlieffen Plan • Germany’s plan to

open up a 2-front war, fighting both France & Russia

• Plan failed! The Germans were stopped at the First Battle of the Marne.

• The Western Front turned into a stalemate.

• Tactics of Trench Warfare

• Goal: break through the enemy’s trenches

• Used artillery, bayonets, machine guns, tanks, poison gases

• Meant you had to cross “No Man’s Land”

• War of attrition• “Live & Let Live”

system

WWI was the first modern war.

• Flame throwers• Cannon• Machine guns• Poison gas• Tanks• Airplanes• Balloons (blimps) - Hindenburg

The German Blimp (Zeppelin)• Blimps are a type of airship. They

have big bags sewn like a cigar that are filled with helium gas. A famous one was the Hindenburg, which caught fire, killing

36 people.36 people.

“If I should come out of this war alive, I will have more luck than brains.”

Imperialism: European

conquest of Africa

Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Causes of WWI - Alliances

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy

Great Britain

France

Russia

Causes of WWI - Assassination

World War IWorld War I

Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central Central PowersPowers::Great Britain

France

Russia

Italy

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Ottoman Empire

Propaganda

• Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

• Used to gain support for WWI

A WWI poster urges nations to come to the aid of Serbia.

•Should you always support a friend, no matter what he or she does?

•What might be the long-term consequences of refusing to help an ally?

Propaganda Posters

CHANGES IN ALLIANCES

ALLIES• Great Britain• France• RUSSIA WITHDREW

FROM THE WAR, 1917 (WHY? Russian Revolution)

• ITALY CHANGED ALLIANCES

CENTRAL POWERS• Austria-Hungary• Germany• ITALY CHANGED

ALLIANCES, 1915 (WHY? They believed their former partners had started a war for unjust reasons.)

The US enters the war

• Neutrality

• Great Britain

• Russia

• Germany

• At first – traded with both sides.

• set a naval blockade of Germany so US couldn’t trade with them

• Russian Revolution 1917 – Russia exited the war

• the sinking of the Lusitania• began unrestricted submarine

warfare which brought the US into the war.

Key Terms 23-3 1. soviets

2. war communism

• Councils representing workers & soldiers who participated in politics or political parties

• A way the Communists could be in power by controlling banks, farms & industries

Background to the Russian Revolution (23-3)

Russia • Withdrew from WWI in 1917; WHY?- lacked experienced military leaders & technology- were unprepared for war- the Russian army was poorly trained & equipped & suffered terrible losses- Czar Nicholas II was overthrown

• Alexandra • Wife of Czar Nicholas II

• Relied on Rasputin who claimed to be a holy man, who was later assassinated

The Russian Revolution

DID YOU KNOW?Vladimir Lenin was born in 1870 to a middle-class family. He was educated and became a lawyer. In 1887, his older brother was executed by the czarist police for planning to assassinate the czar. This event turned Lenin into a revolutionary, and he dedicated his life to overthrowing the czar.

• Lenin How did he gain control of Russia? Started by being the leader of the

Bolshevik (political) party. The Bolsheviks, under Lenin,

overthrew the provisional government and the Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communists.

Lenin & the Communists used war communism & terror to gain control of Russia.

By 1921, the Communists had complete control of Russia which was now the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).

Key Terms23-4

1. armistice

2. reparation

3. mandate

• a ceasefire

• war payments

• another way of controlling or acquiring another country but not owning it

Preview Questionsp. 739

1. What were the key events in bringing about an end to the war?

• the US entering the war in 1917

• the Second Battle of the Marne – German forces were stopped

• an armistice was signed – November 11, 1918

2. What was the intended purpose of the League of Nations?

• to act as an international peacekeeping organization

How did WWI end?Notes 23-4

• November 11, 1918 an armistice was signed ending the war.

• Treaty of Versailles, based on President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, officially ended the war.

Wilson’s Peace Plan

• Known as the 14 Points• Wilson’s goal: a new world order based on

democracy & cooperation among nations• Included a League of Nations (world

peace keeping league) which the US would never join

Peace Negotiations

• The Paris Peace Conference was held; a meeting of the Big Three (US, Britain, France).

• Germany had to take blame for starting the war and pay reparations to the Allies.

What happened after the war?

• Germany’s leader, William II, was no longer wanted by the German people and left the country.

• Germany became a democratic republic.• New countries were formed: Austria,

Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, Finland.

Why did Germany accept the terms of the Treaty of Versailles even though it was

outraged by its terms?

• The Germans had no real choice. The people & military could only refuse by going back to war, which was not possible.

Key TermsChapter 23, Section 1

1. conscriptiona military draft

2. mobilizationReadying troops & supplies for war

Preview Questions• How did the

assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand lead to WWI?

• When Ferdinand & his wife were assassinated, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia began to mobilize which Germany took as an act of war and declared war on Russia. Germany then declared war on France and invaded Belgium which caused Great Britain to declare war on Germany.

• How did the system of alliances help cause the war?

• It was like a chain reaction. It started with an assassination of 2 people but ended with many countries involved.