Chapter 11 – Civil WarSection 1 – The Opposing Sides

North SouthStrong Naval tradition Strong military traditionEconomic advantages Many experienced officersLarger population Fewer people working to

support war effortIndustry Only one factory to build cannon

Capable of producing its own food

More railroad Hard to distribute goodsFinancial advantage Poor financial situation

Advantages/Disadvantages

Politics and GovernmentNorth:• War Democrats vs. Copperheads (opposed war, supported

negotiation)• Conscription (draft) – opposed by democratsSouth:• Weak, new

government• High taxes

“Modern War”new weaponry: bayonets, cone shaped bullets

Southern strategy: defensive war of attrition• attrition: wearing down of one side by exhaustion (physically) or of resources

Northern strategy: Anaconda Plan – blockade ports, gunboats down Mississippi, to slowly strangle the South and convince them to surrender

Assignment:

Define: Legal Tender Act, War Democrats, Copperheads, conscription, attrition

Answer:p. 356 #5 and #6

Section 2 – The Early StagesFirst Battle of Bull Run• Confederate forces

gathered near Manassas attacked by Union troops

• Confederates retreat to a position held by “Stonewall” Jackson

• Union soldiers retreat• battle is a victory for the

Confederacy

Naval War• Union navy blockades Southern ports• Confederates employ blockade runners – small fast boats to smuggle

goods past Union ships• New Orleans is captured by boats under command of Daniel Farragut

in April 1862

War in the WestUnder command of US Grant, Union troops attempted to seize control of two rivers in TN – the Cumberland and the Tennessee.

• Battle of Shiloh – one of the single deadliest of the war: 20,000 men killed in one day

War in the EastTurning point: The Battle of Antietam – Union General George McClellan chased Confederate General Robt. E. Lee into Maryland• at Antietam, so many casualties

caused Lee to retreat into Virginia• this victory caused Lincoln to decide

to end slavery in the South

The Emancipation Proclamation• declared all enslaved persons in rebelling states FREE after January

1, 1863• changed the war from one over retaining the union to one to end

slavery

http://youtu.be/y82uZ7oX2tEAntietam and the Emancipation Proclamation 6:39

Questions:*Why was Antietam so significant?*Why was the victory so critical for Lincoln?*Where did Lincoln write the Emancipation Proclamation?*What does Lincoln ask of his Cabinet regarding the Proclamation?

*What is significant about the text of the Proclamation? What does it proclaim?

Section 3 – Life During the War

North SouthGrowing industry due to war food shortagesWomen filled labor shortages in factories

Low morale

African Americans/emancipated slaves joined the army

Supply shortages for troops

Troops sometimes had little food: hardtack

**There’s a huge contrast in North and south economies. Why?

Military Life• food rations sparse (both sides – South

especially)• battlefield medicine – rampant infections,

gangrene - amputations• women • served as nurses; US Sanitary

Commission• Clara Barton – founded the Red Cross

Clara Barton

Section 4 – The Turning PointVicksburg (Mississippi) finally falls• under siege for 40 days by

troops commanded by US Grant

The Gettysburg Address (Nov 1863)• Lincoln dedicates part of the

battlefield at Gettysburg as a cemetery

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQnDAh66H98

Gettysburg Address – Video 13:45

Section 5 – The War EndsGrant vs. Lee• Union victories in the South• William Tecumseh Sherman marches through Georgia, burning

a wide swath all the way to Atlanta and through it to the sea“March to the sea”

How would this demoralize the South?

Election of 1864 – Lincoln is reelected and determined to end slavery

13th Amendment – passes narrowly; replaces Emancipation Proclamation

*Why did the 13th Amendment need to be passed before the end of the war?

The South surrenders• Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrenders to General US Grant at Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865

Lincoln is assassinated• April 14, 1865 – at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth

After the war, after the assassination – no one knew exactly how to handle putting the United States back together – so we enter a tumultuous time called – Reconstruction

Review Questions1. How was American society transformed by the Civil War?2. What was the Union’s Anaconda plan?3. Why was passing the 13th Amendment before the end of the War

critical?4. How was winning Vicksburg an important strategy for the Union?5. What do you think the biggest challenge will be for the United States in

Reconstruction?

Chapter 12 – Reconstructionreconstruction: rebuilding after the war

Lincoln’s Plan – moderate/reconcile with the South, not punishamnesty – pardon to all Southerners who swore an oath of loyalty to the Union and slavery decisions made by Congress

(carpetbaggers – moved into the south to help or exploit)

Lincoln is assassinated before he can fully put his plan into action(April 14, 1865)

Andrew Johnson (VP) takes office after Lincoln’s assassination

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan – differed from Lincoln’s

Johnson’s Plan: Southern Confederation officers did not qualify for amnesty and had request official federal pardons individually

To be restored, States had to:• revoke its ordinance of secession• ratify the 13th Amendment

No other conditions applied.

Why might this anger Congressmen (and Republicans)?

after Southern states are readmitted they do a couple shady things –- pass black codes which limit free African American rights- elect former Confederate officers/political leaders to Congress

This UPSETS the Republicans in Congress (so much that they propose and push through their OWN Reconstruction Plan!)

Radical Republican Reconstruction: • opposed Johnson’s plan as too lenient• divide the South into 5 military districts

which Fed. Union troops supervise• (especially voter registration!)

• states must create new constitutions which Congress must approve

• states must ratify 14th Amendment (along with Johnson’s requirements)

Johnson attempts to stop Radical Republicans, but instead is impeached!

Republicans push through 15th Amendment

Enormous amount of tension North v. South-(KKK, continuation of black codes, etc.)

Development of the New South-develop strong industry - cotton mills - tobacco processing-avoid giant prewar plantations

African Americans became sharecroppers and tenant farmerssharecroppers – didn’t pay rent of farmland in cash, but in a portion of raised cropstenant farmers – cash rented farmland

Ultimately, Reconstruction is mostly a failure• individual parts succeeded (Amendments)• was not organized• trapped African Americans in poverty circumstances• freedom was not exactly ‘free’