chapter 4 carbon and the molecular diversity of life 4.1 – _________ chemistry is the study of...
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Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
• 4.1 – _________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds• 4.2 – _________atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to
________other atoms• 4.3 A few ________ groups are key to the functioning of biological
molecules
Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
• 4.1 – Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds• 4.2 – Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four
other atoms• 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological
molecules
In _______ _______ accidently produced the organic compound _______ while trying to make ammonium cyanate by mixing 2 ions: NH4- (ammonium) and CNO+ (cyanate)
In 1828 Wohler accidently produced the organic compound urea while trying to make ammonium cyanate by mixing 2 ions: NH4- (ammonium) and CNO+ (cyanate)
In _________ , _________ _________ zapped a H, NH3, CH4, and H2O vapor and got some CH2O (_________ ), HCN (_________ cyanide),
O H:C:::N ::H:C :H
Some _________ acids, and some _________ chains
In 1953, Stanley Miller zapped a H, NH3, CH4, and H2O vapor and got some CH2O (formaldehyde), HCN (hydrogen cyanide),
O H:C:::N ::H:C :H
Some amino acids, and some hydrocarbon chains
________ ________ O=C=O
________ CH4
________ C2H6
________ or ________ C2H4
C
H
HH
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
Carbon dioxide O=C=O
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Ethelyne or Ethene C2H4
C
H
HH
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
HONC if you love chemistry valences1-Hydrogen _______
8-Oxygen _______ 16-Sulfur _______
7-Nitrogen _______ 15-Phosphorous _______
6-Carbon _______ 14-Silicon _______
HONC if you love chemistry valencesvalence = # of unpaired electrons in outer shell
1-Hydrogen 1
8-Oxygen 2 16-Sulfur 2
7-Nitrogen 3 15-Phosphorous 3
6-Carbon 4 14-Silicon 4
HONC if you love chemistry valencesvalence = # of unpaired electrons in outer shell
1-Hydrogen 1 – 9.5%
8-Oxygen 2 - 65% 16-Sulfur 2 – 0.3%
7-Nitrogen 3 - 3.3% 15-Phosphorous 3 – 1%
6-Carbon 4 - 18.5% 14-Silicon 4 – trace < 0.01%
__________ consist of only Hydrogen and Carbon
Hydrocarbons consist of only Hydrogen and Carbon
4 ways a carbon skeleton can vary
• _________
• _________
• _________ _________ _________
• _________ of _________
4 ways a carbon skeleton can vary
• Length
• Branching
• Double bond position
• Presence of rings
Fat molecule
______________chains joined at their heads with a few ______________
Fat molecule
Hydrocarbon chains joined at their heads with a few oxygens
Isomers
Same ___________ formula, different:
1. Structure – ___________ isomers2. Arrangement – ___________ isomers3. Handedness - ___________
Isomers
Same chemical formula, different:
1. Structure – structural isomers2. Arrangement – Cis-Trans isomers3. Handedness - Enantiomers
Fun isomer facts• There are ____variations of C8H18
• _____isomers are sisters (same side)_____ isomers trake trurns
• Enantiomers – a carbon with 4different atoms or moleculesattached – the carbon is calledan _______ carbon are ___& ___or S and R
Fun isomer facts
• There are 18 variations of C8H18
• Cis isomers are sisters (same side)Trans isomers trake trurns
• Enantiomers – a carbon with 4different atoms or moleculesattached – the carbon is calledan asymmetric carbon are Levo & Dextro or S and R
Steroids
____ fused rings
Steroids
4 fused rings
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. ________ Structure: ___________2. ________ Name: ______________3. ________ Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. Hydroxyl ---OH on a carbon, has a partial + charge2. ________ name: Alcohols3. ________ example: ethanol4. ________ functional properties:5. ________ * polar due to H partial +6. ________ * hydrophilic, H bonds to H2O7. ________
C
H
H
H
C
H
OH
H
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. ________ Name: ______________3. ________ Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups
1. hydroxyl structure: >C=O2. carbonyl name: ketones (interior), aldehydes (end)3. ________ example ketone: Acetone4. ________5. ________6. ________7. ________ example aldehyde: propanalFunctional properties:
Keytones and aldehydes may bestructural isomers2 major sugar groups are ketoses (with a ketone)and aldoses (with an aldehyde)
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
O
C
H
H
H
C
O
H
H
C
H
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. ________ Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ---COOH2. carbonyl Name: Carboxylic acids (organic acids)3. carboxyl Example: Acetic acid (in vinegar)4. ________ Functional properties:5. ________ * Acts as an acid, proton donor6. ________ * typically found in ionized form7. ________ in cells
H C
O
OH
H
C
H
C
O
O-
C
O
OH
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. ________ Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -NH2 2. Carbonyl name: amines3. carboxyl example: glycine4. amino functional properties:5. ________ * acts as a base as a 6. ________ proton acceptor7. ________ * becomes a positive ion after gaining a protonAmines with a carboxyl areamino acids (like glycine)
N
H
H
C
H
HHO
O
N
H
H
C
+N
H
H
H
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. amino Functional properties: _______________________5. ________6. ________7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -SH 2. Carbonyl name: thiols3. carboxyl4. amino5. sulfhydryl6. ________ example: cysteine7. ________functional properties: 2 sulfhydryls can covalently bond – making a strong proteincan break and reform in other shapes like straight to curly hair
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. amino Functional properties: _______________________5. sylfhydryl6. ________7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -OPO3
2- 2. Carbonyl name: organic phosphates3. carboxyl4. amino5. sulfhydryl example: Glycerol phosphate6. Phosphate7. ________functional properties:*Contributes neg. charge to bonded molecules*phosphate groups potentially react with water releasing energy like ATP
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl Structure: ___________2. carbonyl Name: ______________3. carboxyl Example: _______________4. amino Functional properties: _______________________5. sylfhydryl6. phosphate7. ________
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. hydroxyl structure: -CH3 2. Carbonyl name: methylated compounds3. carboxyl4. amino5. sulfhydryl example: 5-Methyl cytidine (or cytosine in the old book)
6. Phosphate7. methylfunctional properties:*in DNA – affects the expression of genes*arrangement of methyl groups in hormones affect shape and function
7 most biologically important Chemical Groups1. Hydroxl2. Carbonyl 3. Carboxyl4. Amino5. Sulfhydryl6. Phosphate7. Methyl
Important source of energy
• ATP ( _____________ _____________)
Important source of energy
• ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)
ATP reaction with ______ gives ______
one ________leaves becoming an ___ ___ ___ O3-2
often abbreviated and _______ is released
ATP reaction with water gives energyone phosphate leaves becoming an HOPO3
-2
often abbreviated and energy is released
End of Chapter 4