Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter Outline

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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I. Arabia Before the Prophet

II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam

III. Islamic Faith and Law

IV. The Expansion of Community and State

V. The Abbasid Era, Zenith of Classical Islamic Civilization

VI. Islamic Culture

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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I. Arabia Before the Prophet

Yemen - Saba’from eight century B.C.E. to third

C.E.Commercial networks

A. The Bedouintribal organization

shaykhrelated families’asabiyya = common interests,

collective honorethics

muru’a = manly virtue

B. Early Meccathe Hijaz (“barrier”)at meeting of caravan routesKa’ba (“cube”)

Black Stoneancient temple

Quraysh tribe

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632)

marries KhadijaFatima, daughter

A. Muhammad’s Message and Early Followers

Qur’anrecords revelations

Allah’Islam (“submission”)Early Followers:

Ali, Abu Bakr

B. The Hijrainvited to Yathrib

> Madinat al-Nabi (“City of the Prophet”)

umma =communityjihad = struggle

attempt to win convertsto Mecca

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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II. Muhammad, Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632)

C. The Death of Muhammad632, at MedinaSuccession?Abu Bakr

first caliph = successorTeachings of Muhammad

> hadith

Practice of Muhammad> sunna

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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III. Islamic Faith and Law

A. The Qur’anword of God revealed to Muhammad

B. The Tenets of Islamic Faithmonotheism28 prophets proceeded MuhammadThe Five Pillars

shahada - profession of faithsalat - prayer, summoned by

muezzinzakat - alms, usually 2.5%sawm - fasting during Ramadanhajj - pilgrimage to Mecca

C. Islamic LawSharia - established by Muhammadulama - (“those who know”)

interpreters, administrators of the sharia

dhimmis - non-Muslimspay jizya - head tax

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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IV. The Expansion of Community and State

A. Expansion under the First Four Caliphs

(632–661)Rashidun ("Righly Guided")

Abu Bakr (632–634)Umar (634–644)Uthman (644–656)Ali

Jihadmeaning?

651 - control Persian Empire

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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IV. The Expansion of Community and State

B. Defining the CommunityAuthority?

Assassination of Uthman> Sunna and ShiaShi-ites

only descendants of Prophet

through FatimaSunnis

consent of umma decides

C. Umayyad RuleMuawiya

governor of Syriarelative of Uthmantakes title of caliphcapital to Damascus

> Umayyad Dynastyuntil 750

Al-AndalusTariq ibn Ziyad

Husaynson of Alikilled by Umayyad> martyr

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization

(750–1258)

Abu al-Abbas (750–related to Muhammad's uncle,

Abbassupported by non-Arabs

Baghdadfounded as center

Shiftfrom Arab domination of Islamfrom tribal organizationgeographic

A. Trade, Industry and Agricultureno tariff barriers

B. The Spectacular Reign of Harun al-Rashid (786–809)

Charlemagneused against Umayyad

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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V. The Abbasid Era, Classical Islamic Civilization

C. Challenges to Abbasid Authority(Umayyads - al-Andalus, from 756Fatimids - Egypt)

Seljuk Turkstake Baghdad, 1055

Turco-MongolsChingiz Khan

EgyptFatimidsAyyubids

Salah al-Din, founder (1169–1252)Mamluks (“slaves”) (1250–1517)

military officersoverthrow Ayyubids

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

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VI. Islamic Culture

A. Advances in Medicine900–1100 - high point in learning

Abu-Bakr Muhammad al-Razi (d. 925)

On Smallpox and MeaslesIbn Sina (980–1037)

(Avicenna)Canon of Medicine

B. Progress in Other SciencesAl-Hasan ibn al-Haytham (d.1038)

work on opticsbenefited from Greek and Hindu

workEuclid, Ptolemy

Al-Khwarizmi (d. c. 844)Arithmetic

Arabic numeralsAlgebra

Omar Khayyám (d. c. 1123)

C. Islamic Literature and ScholarshipArabian Nights

Omar Khayyám's RubáiyátIbn Sina

Aristotle and IslamIbn Rushd (d. 1198)

(Averroës)Córdobacommentaries on Aristotle

Moses MaimonedesGuide to the PerplexedJudaism and Aristotle

Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406)"father of sociology"

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins

Chapter 7: Islam: From Its Origins to 1300

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An Islamic Map of the World

VI. Islamic Culture

D. The Sufistasawwuf = mysticism

(suf = woolen clothes of early

mystics)Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-1273)

E. Art and Architectureprohibitions against

representationAlhambra, 1248–1354