Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and

Qing ChinaQing China

Chapter 26Chapter 26

Ottoman to Turk: How Nationalism Destroys Ottoman to Turk: How Nationalism Destroys EmpiresEmpires

After the last attempt After the last attempt to take Vienna and the to take Vienna and the lands of the Habsburgs, lands of the Habsburgs, the Ottoman Empire the Ottoman Empire began a slow decline began a slow decline and retreat in eastern and retreat in eastern Europe.Europe.

Wars with Russia, and Wars with Russia, and independence independence movements in Greece movements in Greece and Serbia led to the and Serbia led to the Ottoman Empire being Ottoman Empire being called the “sick man of called the “sick man of Europe.”Europe.”

Can the Ottomans reform themselves?Can the Ottomans reform themselves?

Over the centuries, the Over the centuries, the imperial system led to imperial system led to corruption, lack of corruption, lack of modernization, and modernization, and simmering nationalism.simmering nationalism.

Selim III r. 1789-1807 Selim III r. 1789-1807 attempted to reform the attempted to reform the imperial bureaucracy and imperial bureaucracy and military – but factionalism military – but factionalism kept the reforms from kept the reforms from happening.happening.

The Janissaries revolted in The Janissaries revolted in 1807 and he was killed.1807 and he was killed.

Mahmud II – 1826 – Mahmud II – 1826 – Mahmed II had secretly Mahmed II had secretly used European advisors used European advisors to created a small but to created a small but elite force. The elite force. The Janissaries revolted in Janissaries revolted in 1826 – only to find 1826 – only to find themselves victims of themselves victims of the elite guard of the the elite guard of the sultan. The Janissaries, sultan. The Janissaries, their families, and their their families, and their religious advisors were religious advisors were slaughtered. slaughtered.

TanzimatTanzimat

Freed from the Janissaries, Freed from the Janissaries, Mahmud instituted reforms Mahmud instituted reforms – especially after cowing – especially after cowing the AYAN – provincial the AYAN – provincial nobles.nobles.

Mahmud rejected the call of Mahmud rejected the call of the Ulama to strengthen the Ulama to strengthen the empire through a return the empire through a return to the past. Mahmud called to the past. Mahmud called for modernization and for modernization and westernization.westernization.

A period if reforms known A period if reforms known as the TANZIMAT were as the TANZIMAT were instituted from 1839-1876instituted from 1839-1876

TanzimatTanzimat

University training westernized and expandedUniversity training westernized and expanded European sciences and mathematics taughtEuropean sciences and mathematics taught Postal and telegraph systems createdPostal and telegraph systems created RailwaysRailways NewspapersNewspapers Legal reformsLegal reforms 1876 constitution – European based1876 constitution – European based ***minority religious groups prospered******minority religious groups prospered*** ***artisans were hurt by the influx of European goods******artisans were hurt by the influx of European goods*** ***reform for women had been debated – seclusion, veiling, ***reform for women had been debated – seclusion, veiling,

polygamy – but nothing was acted upon until after the polygamy – but nothing was acted upon until after the sultans***sultans***

Can One Reform and Modernized and Maintain a Can One Reform and Modernized and Maintain a Sultan?Sultan?

New modern Ottoman elites New modern Ottoman elites clashed with the Ulama and clashed with the Ulama and ayan.ayan.

Old vs. newOld vs. new ABDUL HAMID – sultan – ABDUL HAMID – sultan –

attempted to re-impose attempted to re-impose autocratic rule in the face of autocratic rule in the face of the growing demand among the growing demand among the elites for continued the elites for continued reform.reform.

He nullified the constitution He nullified the constitution and revoked civil liberties.and revoked civil liberties.

BUT – Abdul Hamid BUT – Abdul Hamid continued the modernization continued the modernization of the military and a railway of the military and a railway “Berlin to Baghdad.”“Berlin to Baghdad.”

Young TurksYoung Turks

1908 – Abdul Hamid removed from power in a 1908 – Abdul Hamid removed from power in a coup d’etatcoup d’etat

OTTOMAN SOCIETY FOR UNION AND PROGRESS – OTTOMAN SOCIETY FOR UNION AND PROGRESS – established in Paris in 1889 – Turkish intellectuals established in Paris in 1889 – Turkish intellectuals who pledged loyalty to the empire – but wanted who pledged loyalty to the empire – but wanted even greater reform.even greater reform.

1908 – the Young Turks had the sympathy of the 1908 – the Young Turks had the sympathy of the militarymilitary

A new sultan was installed as a symbol of unity – A new sultan was installed as a symbol of unity – MEHMED V – but the military and Young Turks MEHMED V – but the military and Young Turks vied for power. Divisions among the reformers vied for power. Divisions among the reformers and military kept true reform from happening – as and military kept true reform from happening – as the empire broke apart.the empire broke apart.

The Ottoman alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in The Ottoman alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in WWI finished the empire and sultanateWWI finished the empire and sultanate

EGYPTEGYPT

While the Arab peoples of the While the Arab peoples of the Ottoman Empire resented the rule Ottoman Empire resented the rule of the Turks, they also feared the of the Turks, they also feared the growing power of the Europeans – growing power of the Europeans – especially as the Europeans took especially as the Europeans took control of Muslim states in India, control of Muslim states in India, Indonesia, Algeria, etc.Indonesia, Algeria, etc.

Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt was Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt was met by the armies of the met by the armies of the MAMLUK. Mamluk meant “slave” MAMLUK. Mamluk meant “slave” and they were Egyptian vassals of and they were Egyptian vassals of the Ottoman Empire.the Ottoman Empire.

The Malmuk leader MURAD The Malmuk leader MURAD dismissed Napoleon and claimed dismissed Napoleon and claimed superiority over the Europeans.superiority over the Europeans.

The slaughter of the Mamluk The slaughter of the Mamluk forces shocked the Muslim world forces shocked the Muslim world and illustrated the technological and illustrated the technological backwardness of the Muslim backwardness of the Muslim armies.armies.

Battle of the PyramidsBattle of the Pyramids

Muhammad AliMuhammad Ali

After the retreat of the After the retreat of the French, MUHAMMAD ALI French, MUHAMMAD ALI established himself as established himself as leader of Egypt.leader of Egypt.

Born in present day Born in present day Greece, Muhammad Ali Greece, Muhammad Ali sought to create a sought to create a European style military European style military force.force.

He built a modern navy He built a modern navy and large army – even and large army – even invading Syria and invading Syria and threatening the Ottoman threatening the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

Reforms of Muhammad AliReforms of Muhammad Ali

Economics:Economics: Increase production of cotton, hemp, Increase production of cotton, hemp,

indigo, etc. – that were in demand in indigo, etc. – that were in demand in Europe because of the Industrial RevolutionEurope because of the Industrial Revolution

Infrastructure:Infrastructure:Harbors and irrigation systems Harbors and irrigation systems improvedimproved

Profits from such reform were put into Profits from such reform were put into the Egyptian militarythe Egyptian military

After Muhammad AliAfter Muhammad Ali

Muhammad Ali was Muhammad Ali was unable to use the unable to use the Egyptian forces to Egyptian forces to destroy the Ottoman destroy the Ottoman Empire.Empire.

Muhammad Ali’s Muhammad Ali’s descendants married descendants married Turkish families and Turkish families and established a line of established a line of rulers known as – rulers known as – KHEDIVES – who ruled KHEDIVES – who ruled until 1952.until 1952.

Egypt – the European Powers – the Suez CanalEgypt – the European Powers – the Suez Canal

The khedives of Egypt were able to The khedives of Egypt were able to collect revenue – despite the ayan – collect revenue – despite the ayan – but most of the money was spent on but most of the money was spent on luxuries – leaving the khedives in debt.luxuries – leaving the khedives in debt.

European financiers lent money to the European financiers lent money to the khedives and were granted influence khedives and were granted influence and economic power in exchange.and economic power in exchange.

At first desiring Egyptian cotton, the At first desiring Egyptian cotton, the Europeans turned their attention Europeans turned their attention toward building a canal that would link toward building a canal that would link the Mediterranean Sea and the Red the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea – Britain and India!!!Sea – Britain and India!!!

The canal led to massive European The canal led to massive European involvement and influence in Egypt.involvement and influence in Egypt.

JIHAD – some conservatives proposed JIHAD – some conservatives proposed a jihad to drive the Europeans outa jihad to drive the Europeans out

AL-AFGHANI and MUHAMMAD ABDUH AL-AFGHANI and MUHAMMAD ABDUH stressed the need of Egyptians to stressed the need of Egyptians to borrow western knowledgeborrow western knowledge

AHMAD ORABI – led a military uprising AHMAD ORABI – led a military uprising against the khedives and the against the khedives and the EuropeansEuropeans

The SudanThe Sudan

The Egyptians had long been The Egyptians had long been attempting control of the people attempting control of the people of the Sudan.of the Sudan.

As the British took nominal control As the British took nominal control of Egypt, they became involved in of Egypt, they became involved in the Egyptian push into the Sudan.the Egyptian push into the Sudan.

KHARTOUM – capital of Egyptian KHARTOUM – capital of Egyptian presence in Sudan.presence in Sudan.

MUHAMMAD ACHMAD – united MUHAMMAD ACHMAD – united Sudanese against Egyptian and Sudanese against Egyptian and British advances in Sudan.British advances in Sudan.

MAHDI – promised deliverersMAHDI – promised deliverers Jihad – against Egyptian heretics Jihad – against Egyptian heretics

and British infidelsand British infidels KHALIFA ABDALLAHI – led the KHALIFA ABDALLAHI – led the

Mahdi forces after the death of Mahdi forces after the death of Muhammad AchmadMuhammad Achmad

The Last Chinese DynastyThe Last Chinese Dynasty

As the Ming Dynasty began to As the Ming Dynasty began to crumble, the MANCHU in crumble, the MANCHU in northern China – Manchuria – northern China – Manchuria – organized as a threat to the organized as a threat to the dynasty.dynasty.

NURACI – combined the cavalry NURACI – combined the cavalry of the Manchu tribes into of the Manchu tribes into BANNER ARMIES.BANNER ARMIES.

The Manchu adopted Chinese The Manchu adopted Chinese culture and political/social culture and political/social organization.organization.

The Manchus began to assume The Manchus began to assume territory and control in northern territory and control in northern China – taking the name QINGChina – taking the name QING

The QING overthrew the last The QING overthrew the last Ming emperor – AND maintained Ming emperor – AND maintained the examination system, the examination system, bureaucracy and the Mandate of bureaucracy and the Mandate of Heaven.Heaven.

Rot from WithinRot from Within

By the early 19By the early 19thth century – the century – the ancient kingdom of China had grown ancient kingdom of China had grown weak – due in part to:weak – due in part to: Weak armyWeak army Banditry in countrysideBanditry in countryside Corrupt civil serviceCorrupt civil service Ill maintained infrastructureIll maintained infrastructure Vastly increasing populationVastly increasing population

The internal weakness of China and its The internal weakness of China and its government left the nation open to abuse government left the nation open to abuse by “foreign devils.”by “foreign devils.”

Chinese silks, porcelain and tea were Chinese silks, porcelain and tea were highly valued by the Europeans.highly valued by the Europeans.

For many years the TRADE BALANCE For many years the TRADE BALANCE between Europe and China was in China’s between Europe and China was in China’s favor – with large amounts of European favor – with large amounts of European gold and silver entering China.gold and silver entering China.

The Opium WarThe Opium War

The British merchants found that they could alter The British merchants found that they could alter the trade balance in Britain’s favor by selling the trade balance in Britain’s favor by selling opium to the Chinese.opium to the Chinese.

Suddenly, the Chinese were buying more than Suddenly, the Chinese were buying more than they were selling and gold and silver then left they were selling and gold and silver then left China for Europe.China for Europe.

The opium began to destroy Chinese society and The opium began to destroy Chinese society and the Chinese moved to stop the importation of the Chinese moved to stop the importation of opium by the Europeans.opium by the Europeans.

LIN ZEXU – 1830s – given orders by the emperor LIN ZEXU – 1830s – given orders by the emperor to destroy the opium trade – he ordered opium to destroy the opium trade – he ordered opium destroyed, warehouses seized, etc. European destroyed, warehouses seized, etc. European merchants were outraged.merchants were outraged.

1839 – Great Britain went to war with 1839 – Great Britain went to war with China in order to allow British merchants China in order to allow British merchants to sell opium and other products in China.to sell opium and other products in China.

The war ended with Britain victorious and The war ended with Britain victorious and China in a weakened position.China in a weakened position.

Britain received the colony of Hong Kong Britain received the colony of Hong Kong Other foreign nations saw China’s Other foreign nations saw China’s

weakness and moved in to carve out weakness and moved in to carve out SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.

Opium DenOpium Den

Opium DenOpium Den

Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria 1819-19011819-1901 r. 1837-1901r. 1837-1901

Victoria – not as pretty as her Victoria – not as pretty as her painting!!!painting!!!

China’s Internal Weakness Led China’s Internal Weakness Led to Rebellionto Rebellion

Many Chinese were appalled by their nation’s Many Chinese were appalled by their nation’s weakness and sought to strengthen the weakness and sought to strengthen the nation by changing the government.nation by changing the government.

TAIPING REBELLION – Hong Xiuquan – a TAIPING REBELLION – Hong Xiuquan – a Chinese mystic who claimed to be a brother Chinese mystic who claimed to be a brother of Christ – led thousands of Chinese to rebel of Christ – led thousands of Chinese to rebel in the Taiping Rebellion calling for a new in the Taiping Rebellion calling for a new dynasty of “Heavenly Peace”dynasty of “Heavenly Peace”

The ruling QING DYNASTY responded by The ruling QING DYNASTY responded by brutally suppressing the rebellion – killing brutally suppressing the rebellion – killing millions of Chinesemillions of Chinese

Hong XiuquanHong Xiuquan

TONGZHI RESTORATION – self-strengthening TONGZHI RESTORATION – self-strengthening movementsmovements

The ruling elite tried to improve The ruling elite tried to improve China through a series of reforms China through a series of reforms called the Tongzhi Restorationcalled the Tongzhi Restoration Infrastructure – dikes and canalsInfrastructure – dikes and canals Lowering farm taxesLowering farm taxes Modernize militaryModernize military Translate western books on law and Translate western books on law and

technology into Chinesetechnology into Chinese

Reforms were met with hostility by Reforms were met with hostility by the corrupt civil service and the the corrupt civil service and the Empress Dowager CixiEmpress Dowager Cixi

Cixi “Old Buddha” – arch Cixi “Old Buddha” – arch conservative who feared all reform – conservative who feared all reform – thinking she and the royal family thinking she and the royal family would lose powerwould lose power

She controlled power from behind She controlled power from behind the scenesthe scenes

CixiCixi

The Boxer Rebellion – “I should The Boxer Rebellion – “I should have worn briefs”have worn briefs”

By 1900, China was unofficially administered by By 1900, China was unofficially administered by Europeans, Japanese and Americans who Europeans, Japanese and Americans who controlled the economy and trade.controlled the economy and trade.

The Society of Harmonious Fists “Boxers” began The Society of Harmonious Fists “Boxers” began an anti-foreigner movement that led to a an anti-foreigner movement that led to a nationwide attack on all foreigners in an attempt nationwide attack on all foreigners in an attempt to rid China of outside influences.to rid China of outside influences.

The Boxer Rebellion was put down by foreign The Boxer Rebellion was put down by foreign armies which only subjugated China even more.armies which only subjugated China even more.

By 1908 – Cixi was dead and China was “ruled” By 1908 – Cixi was dead and China was “ruled” by a three year old emperor.by a three year old emperor.