Civilizations in Crisis: The Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, Islamic Ottoman Empire, Islamic

Heartland and Qing ChinaHeartland and Qing ChinaC26C26

EQ: Why are these empires in crisis? How EQ: Why are these empires in crisis? How does European interference impact each does European interference impact each

empire?empire?

IntroductionIntroduction

The parts of Asia still resistant to European intrusion The parts of Asia still resistant to European intrusion after 1750 suffered political decline and reactions to after 1750 suffered political decline and reactions to internal challenges (including Western Imperialism and internal challenges (including Western Imperialism and lack of industrial capability)lack of industrial capability)Qing China actually had growth and prosperity early on Qing China actually had growth and prosperity early on in this period and was able to repel European in this period and was able to repel European intrusions…it would not be until the late 19intrusions…it would not be until the late 19thth C that China C that China would collapse from withinwould collapse from withinHowever, the Ottoman Empire was in full reverse mode However, the Ottoman Empire was in full reverse mode as neighboring states picked apart their borders while as neighboring states picked apart their borders while some parts of their kingdoms sought independence…some parts of their kingdoms sought independence…Ottoman rulers had little response for these issues, Ottoman rulers had little response for these issues, though some Western reforms held off total collapse in though some Western reforms held off total collapse in the 19the 19thth C C

The Ottoman RetreatThe Ottoman Retreat

By the early 1700s, the Ottomans were in complete By the early 1700s, the Ottomans were in complete retreat…weak rulers and succession struggles opened retreat…weak rulers and succession struggles opened the doors for power struggles regional governors (who the doors for power struggles regional governors (who colluded with each other to drain treasury funds), colluded with each other to drain treasury funds), religious leaders, and Janissary commandersreligious leaders, and Janissary commandersThe Ottomans were dying economically as they The Ottomans were dying economically as they attempted to install fledgling industry…competition attempted to install fledgling industry…competition from advanced western industry ruined local industryfrom advanced western industry ruined local industryIn the areas of territorial loss, Austria-Hungary and In the areas of territorial loss, Austria-Hungary and Russia had succeeded in capturing territory in the Russia had succeeded in capturing territory in the North, while Christians in the Balkans regions rebelled North, while Christians in the Balkans regions rebelled against the empire to form independent states against the empire to form independent states (Greece in 1830 and Serbia in 1867)(Greece in 1830 and Serbia in 1867)

Reforms/RevivalsReforms/RevivalsFirst, the Ottoman Empire survived as long as it did First, the Ottoman Empire survived as long as it did because other European empires feared the because other European empires feared the territorial gains by Austria-Hungary and Russia…territorial gains by Austria-Hungary and Russia…Britain propped up the Ottoman Empire in the 19Britain propped up the Ottoman Empire in the 19thth C C by inserting a naval presence in the eastern by inserting a naval presence in the eastern Mediterranean and Black SeaMediterranean and Black SeaInternal reforms was key as well…Selim III made Internal reforms was key as well…Selim III made modest reforms in the bureaucracy and military modest reforms in the bureaucracy and military (including a new army and navy) but angered many (including a new army and navy) but angered many officials and the Janissaries who rebelled and killed officials and the Janissaries who rebelled and killed himhim20 years later, Mahmud II was much more 20 years later, Mahmud II was much more successful…with the help of European advisers, he successful…with the help of European advisers, he built a small professional army that finally drove the built a small professional army that finally drove the Janissaries out (The Auspicious Incident)…he then Janissaries out (The Auspicious Incident)…he then established a Western style bureaucracy with a established a Western style bureaucracy with a westernized army and European advisors were westernized army and European advisors were imported into the empire to supervise these imported into the empire to supervise these changeschangesFrom 1839 to 1876 the Tanzimat reforms introduced From 1839 to 1876 the Tanzimat reforms introduced westernization into all aspects of the Ottoman westernization into all aspects of the Ottoman Empire (education, transportation, technology, Empire (education, transportation, technology, media and finally a constitution)…the reforms did media and finally a constitution)…the reforms did little to help the economy, as local artisan industries little to help the economy, as local artisan industries suffered from European competition…and women suffered from European competition…and women gained very little from westernizationgained very little from westernization

Repression and RevoltRepression and RevoltThe state was strengthened by these The state was strengthened by these reforms…but the dynasty felt threatened by reforms…but the dynasty felt threatened by change…the reformers felt it was time for the change…the reformers felt it was time for the sultan to be replaced as rulersultan to be replaced as rulerSultan Abdul Hamid responded to this threat Sultan Abdul Hamid responded to this threat upon his power by shifting to despotic upon his power by shifting to despotic absolutism (dictator)…he abolished the new absolutism (dictator)…he abolished the new constitution and restricted personal freedoms, constitution and restricted personal freedoms, though he continued educational, military and though he continued educational, military and technological reformstechnological reformsA group known as the Young Turks (a.k.a. A group known as the Young Turks (a.k.a. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress) Ottoman Society for Union and Progress) were exiled and began plans to rebel against were exiled and began plans to rebel against the sultan…in 1908 they succeed in his the sultan…in 1908 they succeed in his removal, the constitution and civil liberties removal, the constitution and civil liberties were restored…a puppet sultan installed…but were restored…a puppet sultan installed…but as the fringes of the empire became as the fringes of the empire became independent or absorbed by European independent or absorbed by European imperialists, the Ottoman Empire slowly imperialists, the Ottoman Empire slowly died…they tried to enter WWI in the hope of died…they tried to enter WWI in the hope of getting territory back but failed.getting territory back but failed.

Crisis in Other Arab LandsCrisis in Other Arab LandsThose territories which had broken away Those territories which had broken away from the Ottoman Empire over time faced the from the Ottoman Empire over time faced the problem of European intrusionproblem of European intrusionEgypt, 1798…Napoleon had successfully Egypt, 1798…Napoleon had successfully defeated the Ottoman Mamluk vassals and defeated the Ottoman Mamluk vassals and took the Nile valley…Britain soon removed took the Nile valley…Britain soon removed French presence and installed an Albanian French presence and installed an Albanian Ottoman named Muhammad Ali (NO he Ottoman named Muhammad Ali (NO he didn’t “float like a butterfly and sting like a didn’t “float like a butterfly and sting like a bee”) in 1811…he used European influence bee”) in 1811…he used European influence to reform local government and the local to reform local government and the local military, essentially freeing Egypt from further military, essentially freeing Egypt from further Ottoman control…Ali also attempted with Ottoman control…Ali also attempted with limited success to reform Egypt’s economy limited success to reform Egypt’s economy (though Britain attempted to maintain a (though Britain attempted to maintain a stranglehold on that aspect)stranglehold on that aspect)To maintain security, Ali allied with landlords To maintain security, Ali allied with landlords down the Nile into Sudan to control the down the Nile into Sudan to control the peasants, but failed as they resisted his peasants, but failed as they resisted his reform attempts and the peasants became reform attempts and the peasants became even more impoverished…Egypt became even more impoverished…Egypt became open for intrusions by Europeans as a result open for intrusions by Europeans as a result of the disarrayof the disarray

European Intrusion and European Intrusion and Resistance in EgyptResistance in Egypt

Ali’s successors abandoned his reforms Ali’s successors abandoned his reforms allowing the landlords to profit at the expense allowing the landlords to profit at the expense of the peasantry…Egypt became a single crop of the peasantry…Egypt became a single crop producer (cotton) and all revenues were spent producer (cotton) and all revenues were spent on extravagant (Abbasid) style events and on extravagant (Abbasid) style events and military campaigns to the south in Sudan…the military campaigns to the south in Sudan…the government was in debt to Europeansgovernment was in debt to EuropeansForeign investment built the Suez Canal, Foreign investment built the Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869 (and later taken which was completed in 1869 (and later taken control of from Egypt as a “repayment” for control of from Egypt as a “repayment” for debt)debt)Muslim intellectuals and political activists Muslim intellectuals and political activists looked for ways to protect Egypt from weak looked for ways to protect Egypt from weak rule…al-Azhar U. became a meeting ground rule…al-Azhar U. became a meeting ground for these people…they called for JIHADS for these people…they called for JIHADS against foreign infidels…other thinkers against foreign infidels…other thinkers stressed the need for western education and stressed the need for western education and technology and blending it with traditional technology and blending it with traditional Muslim rational thinking and Quranic teachingsMuslim rational thinking and Quranic teachingsIn 1882, Ahmad Orabi led a revolt against the In 1882, Ahmad Orabi led a revolt against the khedive (ruler) but failed as Britain intervened khedive (ruler) but failed as Britain intervened to protect the status quo…Britain then made to protect the status quo…Britain then made Egypt a protectorate and set up puppet Egypt a protectorate and set up puppet khedives controlled by British consuls khedives controlled by British consuls Khedive Tewfik

JIHAD!!!JIHAD!!!Unfortunately, the British were drawn into Unfortunately, the British were drawn into Egypt’s conflict with Sudan…Egypt had only Egypt’s conflict with Sudan…Egypt had only gained direct control over fertile lands around the gained direct control over fertile lands around the Nile river in the region…Sudanic (savanna) Nile river in the region…Sudanic (savanna) nomads grew tired of Egyptian corruption and nomads grew tired of Egyptian corruption and exploitation of local peoplesexploitation of local peoplesThe Muslims of N. Sudan backed Muhammad The Muslims of N. Sudan backed Muhammad Achmad, a religious figure known as the Mahdi…Achmad, a religious figure known as the Mahdi…he called for JIHAD!!! against Egypt and Britain…he called for JIHAD!!! against Egypt and Britain…the Mahdists (followers) used guerrila tactics and the Mahdists (followers) used guerrila tactics and won control over Sudanwon control over SudanSoon after these early victories the Mahdi died, Soon after these early victories the Mahdi died, and was replaced by Khalifa Abdallahi…under his and was replaced by Khalifa Abdallahi…under his rule a strong central state was established with rule a strong central state was established with strict control by the Islamic right and continued strict control by the Islamic right and continued to threaten European positions in the region…to threaten European positions in the region…however, in 1896, the British under General however, in 1896, the British under General Frederick Kitchener defeated Abdallahi at the Frederick Kitchener defeated Abdallahi at the Battle of Omdurman (Battle of Omdurman (The Four Feathers)The Four Feathers)As a result Egypt and the Sudan fell under the As a result Egypt and the Sudan fell under the direct control of the British Empire, becoming direct control of the British Empire, becoming dependent on British products and demands for dependent on British products and demands for raw materials…Islam and its political movements raw materials…Islam and its political movements were weakened severelywere weakened severely

China’s Last Dynasty: The QingChina’s Last Dynasty: The QingBy 1644, the Manchu leader Nurhaci united By 1644, the Manchu leader Nurhaci united all the tribes of the north to drive out Ming all the tribes of the north to drive out Ming Chinese who were occupying lands north Chinese who were occupying lands north of the Great Wall in Manchuria…he of the Great Wall in Manchuria…he adopted the ways of the Ming, creating a adopted the ways of the Ming, creating a bureaucracy of elites who practiced bureaucracy of elites who practiced traditional court ceremonies…even some traditional court ceremonies…even some Chinese took positions in his bureaucracyChinese took positions in his bureaucracyThe Ming were weak and were removed The Ming were weak and were removed from the throne in 1644…within the next 20 from the throne in 1644…within the next 20 years, the Manchu seized power in China…years, the Manchu seized power in China…they ruled an empire that would become they ruled an empire that would become comparable to China’s present day borderscomparable to China’s present day bordersThe Manchu retained the Ming political The Manchu retained the Ming political system even pardoned rebels as a show of system even pardoned rebels as a show of good faith, but assumed a more direct role good faith, but assumed a more direct role over choosing officials, choosing to keep over choosing officials, choosing to keep some of the previous Ming officials but some of the previous Ming officials but eliminated their tax exemptions…the eliminated their tax exemptions…the examination system was also retained, yet examination system was also retained, yet very few Manchu actually pass to be in the very few Manchu actually pass to be in the bureaucracy…most members were NON-bureaucracy…most members were NON-Manchu and were generally paired with Manchu and were generally paired with Manchu officialsManchu officials

Qing Economy and SocietyQing Economy and Society

Keeping the theme of Ming preservation alive, the Manchu kept the Keeping the theme of Ming preservation alive, the Manchu kept the social hierarchy of their predecessors…long respected patriarchal social hierarchy of their predecessors…long respected patriarchal and family patterns were retained and education emphasized those and family patterns were retained and education emphasized those patterns…women remained subordinate and fixed in the household…patterns…women remained subordinate and fixed in the household…daughters became less wanted than sons and female infanticide daughters became less wanted than sons and female infanticide began during this era…lower class women (peasants) still worked the began during this era…lower class women (peasants) still worked the fieldsfieldsThe Manchu did their best to reduce rural tax burdens and improve The Manchu did their best to reduce rural tax burdens and improve the agricultural infrastructure, but rapid population growth limited the agricultural infrastructure, but rapid population growth limited those attempts…local landlords increased their land holdings and those attempts…local landlords increased their land holdings and widened the socio-economic gap between rich and poorwidened the socio-economic gap between rich and poorThe one sector the Manchu had the least control over was The one sector the Manchu had the least control over was commercialism and foreign trade…by the 18commercialism and foreign trade…by the 18 thth century, silver profits century, silver profits had grown over sales of tea, porcelains and silks to European had grown over sales of tea, porcelains and silks to European traders…a new merchant class (once shunned remember in Chinese traders…a new merchant class (once shunned remember in Chinese society) emerged from this exchange…the compradors set up trade society) emerged from this exchange…the compradors set up trade entrepot in southern China (Canton {Guangzhou}, Macao, Hong entrepot in southern China (Canton {Guangzhou}, Macao, Hong Kong) specializing in dealing with European trade providing the first Kong) specializing in dealing with European trade providing the first true Chinese link with the outside world since the 1430strue Chinese link with the outside world since the 1430s

Internal Decay in Manchu ChinaInternal Decay in Manchu ChinaBy the end of the 1700s, the Manchu were already By the end of the 1700s, the Manchu were already beginning the long road to decline…the exam system had beginning the long road to decline…the exam system had become riddled with cheating and nepotism (spoils)…the become riddled with cheating and nepotism (spoils)…the Chinese were back to using bureaucratic positions as Chinese were back to using bureaucratic positions as ways of gaining influence in politics for specific families…ways of gaining influence in politics for specific families…the military weakened from loss of revenues…dikes on the the military weakened from loss of revenues…dikes on the Yellow River were left in disrepair, causing great floods Yellow River were left in disrepair, causing great floods that killed manythat killed manyThroughout the empire, peasants were migrating Throughout the empire, peasants were migrating constantly to different areas to seek relief from the constantly to different areas to seek relief from the government’s failures…many fell victims to bandits on government’s failures…many fell victims to bandits on their journeystheir journeysIn the end, corrupt officials did little to address all issues, In the end, corrupt officials did little to address all issues, as population continued to rise, food became scarce.as population continued to rise, food became scarce.

The Opium WarsThe Opium WarsMeanwhile, the Manchu continued to regard Meanwhile, the Manchu continued to regard Europeans as barbarians, and a confrontation Europeans as barbarians, and a confrontation emerged over the importation of opium from emerged over the importation of opium from India into China…the British lacked silver to India into China…the British lacked silver to trade for goods, but they had opium, which trade for goods, but they had opium, which was a popular drug in parts of China…as a was a popular drug in parts of China…as a result of increased opium trade, silver result of increased opium trade, silver revenues declined and addictions explodedrevenues declined and addictions explodedThe Manchu government’s efforts to solve The Manchu government’s efforts to solve the issue failed until the 1830s when Lin Zexu the issue failed until the 1830s when Lin Zexu (a local official) blockaded Canton and (a local official) blockaded Canton and destroyed any opium shipments coming in…destroyed any opium shipments coming in…Britain demanded the Manchu government Britain demanded the Manchu government take action, proclaiming that Zexu’s actions take action, proclaiming that Zexu’s actions violated free trade…they threatened the violated free trade…they threatened the government with military force…all out war government with military force…all out war broke out in 1839 w/the Chinese being easily broke out in 1839 w/the Chinese being easily defeateddefeatedThe results were disastrous…China was The results were disastrous…China was forced to give concessions to Britain, forced to give concessions to Britain, including direct control of Hong Kong…other including direct control of Hong Kong…other ports were then forced open to other ports were then forced open to other Europeans who began to control them Europeans who began to control them directly…Opium continued to poison Chinese directly…Opium continued to poison Chinese society…Manchu officials were forced to society…Manchu officials were forced to accept foreign trade ministers at courtaccept foreign trade ministers at court

Rebellions and Failed Rebellions and Failed ReformsReforms

As a reaction to European incursions and the failure of As a reaction to European incursions and the failure of the Manchu government to prevent them, several the Manchu government to prevent them, several rebellions broke outrebellions broke outThe Taiping Rebellion – Semi-Christian prophet Hong The Taiping Rebellion – Semi-Christian prophet Hong Xiuquan led his dissidents in protest of Manchu rule…Xiuquan led his dissidents in protest of Manchu rule…they offered social reforms, land redistribution, and the they offered social reforms, land redistribution, and the liberation of women to the people…the Taiping even liberation of women to the people…the Taiping even became rebellious against the greater Confucian became rebellious against the greater Confucian civilization in China (big mistake!)…because they civilization in China (big mistake!)…because they attacked the Confucian order and the scholar-gentry, they attacked the Confucian order and the scholar-gentry, they were defeated.were defeated.The Sino-Japanese War – Japan took the opportunity to The Sino-Japanese War – Japan took the opportunity to attack the Manchu in 1894-1895 in an attempt to gain their attack the Manchu in 1894-1895 in an attempt to gain their own imperial territory…the war caused China to lose own imperial territory…the war caused China to lose direct control over Korea and Taiwan AND the populace direct control over Korea and Taiwan AND the populace to begin to lose faith in the Manchu governmentto begin to lose faith in the Manchu governmentThe Boxer Rebellion – The last days of the Manchu The Boxer Rebellion – The last days of the Manchu dynasty saw the Empress Dowager Cixi in power…her dynasty saw the Empress Dowager Cixi in power…her political faction crushed all further attempts at reform in political faction crushed all further attempts at reform in Chinese society, attempting to stabilize direct imperial Chinese society, attempting to stabilize direct imperial control once again over China w/some foreign control once again over China w/some foreign intervention allowed to remain…unfortunately, members intervention allowed to remain…unfortunately, members of her own family supported the oncoming Boxer of her own family supported the oncoming Boxer Uprising which sought to “remove the foreign devils from Uprising which sought to “remove the foreign devils from China by force”…a faction known as the Order of China by force”…a faction known as the Order of Harmonious Righteous Fists (Boxers) used martial arts Harmonious Righteous Fists (Boxers) used martial arts and mysticism against Christian missionaries and the and mysticism against Christian missionaries and the Beijing government…eventually, a force of foreign Beijing government…eventually, a force of foreign nations (including Japan and the US) intervened and put nations (including Japan and the US) intervened and put down this rebelliondown this rebellion

The Fall of the QingThe Fall of the QingBy the end of the 1800s, the sons of the By the end of the 1800s, the sons of the scholar-gentry and the compradors became scholar-gentry and the compradors became involved in plts to overthrow the Manchu involved in plts to overthrow the Manchu and create new government modeled on and create new government modeled on Western ideologyWestern ideologyThe most prolific leader of this movement The most prolific leader of this movement was Sun Yat-sen…though western was Sun Yat-sen…though western educated, Sun and most of his adherents educated, Sun and most of his adherents had become hostile to increased European had become hostile to increased European intrusions into Chinese affairs…sporadic intrusions into Chinese affairs…sporadic rebellions failed…young rebels cut of their rebellions failed…young rebels cut of their queues (ponytails) in defiance of the queues (ponytails) in defiance of the Manchu order Manchu order In 1911, student demonstrations, mutinies In 1911, student demonstrations, mutinies and uprisings by regional warlords (yes, and uprisings by regional warlords (yes, those guys again) against Manchu provincial those guys again) against Manchu provincial rulers caused the abdication of Pu Yi, the rulers caused the abdication of Pu Yi, the boy emperor of China in 1912 (boy emperor of China in 1912 (The Last The Last Emperor)Emperor)

This week…This week…

Tuesday: Compare/Contrast exercise Tuesday: Compare/Contrast exercise (individual)(individual)

Wednesday: Change Analysis (groups)Wednesday: Change Analysis (groups)

Thursday: Conflict Analysis (individual)Thursday: Conflict Analysis (individual)

Friday: Test Chapter 26 and NOTES DUEFriday: Test Chapter 26 and NOTES DUE

Change AnalysisChange Analysis

In groups, do a quick Change Analysis of Qing In groups, do a quick Change Analysis of Qing China…China…

Beginning of Time Period = Pages 629-631Beginning of Time Period = Pages 629-631

End of Time Period = 631-637End of Time Period = 631-637

Some categories MAY NOT be well represented…BE Some categories MAY NOT be well represented…BE SURE to IDENTIFY any specific CONTINUTIES SURE to IDENTIFY any specific CONTINUTIES during your group’s analysisduring your group’s analysis

We will discuss together at around 2:15ishWe will discuss together at around 2:15ish