CIVILIZATIONS CIVILIZATIONS IN CRISIS, IN CRISIS,

CONFLICT AND CONFLICT AND CHANGECHANGE

EURASIA EURASIA CIVILIZATIONS CIVILIZATIONS

IN CRISIS: CHINAIN CRISIS: CHINA• The Problem for the Middle Eastern empires and Qing ChinaThe Problem for the Middle Eastern empires and Qing China

– Internal Political Decline and inability to reformInternal Political Decline and inability to reform– Western Intrusion economically, socially and politicallyWestern Intrusion economically, socially and politically

• 17501750– Manchu or Qing China Manchu or Qing China

• Came to power in 1644 Came to power in 1644 • Manchu were last nomadic invaders to overrun a sedentary stateManchu were last nomadic invaders to overrun a sedentary state• Took name of Qing Took name of Qing • It appeared that China would recover fully under the Manchus It appeared that China would recover fully under the Manchus • Western merchants contained at the ports of Macao and Canton. Western merchants contained at the ports of Macao and Canton.

• 18501850– Manchu or Qing ChinaManchu or Qing China

• European military intervention exposed Qing dynasty as weak European military intervention exposed Qing dynasty as weak • Vulnerable to external assaultVulnerable to external assault• Internal disruptions swept away the imperial system of China,Internal disruptions swept away the imperial system of China,• Little available to take its placeLittle available to take its place• Foreign forces competed for dominance in the wreckage of ChinaForeign forces competed for dominance in the wreckage of China

EURASIA EURASIA CIVILIZATIONS CIVILIZATIONS

IN CRISIS: MIDDLE IN CRISIS: MIDDLE EASTEAST• The Problem for the Middle Eastern empires and Qing ChinaThe Problem for the Middle Eastern empires and Qing China

– Internal Political Decline and inability to reformInternal Political Decline and inability to reform– Western Intrusion economically, socially and politicallyWestern Intrusion economically, socially and politically

• 17501750– The Muslim States in 1750The Muslim States in 1750

• Ottoman Empire seemed on verge of collapse in the 18th centuryOttoman Empire seemed on verge of collapse in the 18th century– Internal independence movementsInternal independence movements– European encroachmentsEuropean encroachments– Political disarray at Constantinople Political disarray at Constantinople

• India, Persia weakening and increasingly under pressure from WestIndia, Persia weakening and increasingly under pressure from West• Egypt was part of Ottoman with similar internal, external problemsEgypt was part of Ottoman with similar internal, external problems

• 18501850– Persia changed dynasties but made little progressPersia changed dynasties but made little progress– The Ottoman Empire recovered from is 18th-century malaise. The Ottoman Empire recovered from is 18th-century malaise.

• Much of the Middle East was lostMuch of the Middle East was lost• Turkish reformers overthrew the sultanate Turkish reformers overthrew the sultanate • Quickly reformulated a new governmentQuickly reformulated a new government• Egypt had attempted to break away, reform only to be defeatedEgypt had attempted to break away, reform only to be defeated

OTTOMAN OTTOMAN PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

• The Ottoman Empire depended on capable sultansThe Ottoman Empire depended on capable sultans– The quality of rulers declinedThe quality of rulers declined– Internal disintegration was rapidInternal disintegration was rapid– Factional struggles within the palace commonFactional struggles within the palace common– Corruption of provincial officials paralyzed government. Corruption of provincial officials paralyzed government.

• Economic DeclineEconomic Decline– Competition with European imports hurtCompetition with European imports hurt– Destroyed the market for Ottoman productsDestroyed the market for Ottoman products– Urban artisans rebelled. Urban artisans rebelled. – Ottomans increasingly dependent on European goodsOttomans increasingly dependent on European goods

• External PressureExternal Pressure– Was severe – European armies modern, powerfulWas severe – European armies modern, powerful– Habsburg Empire and Russia seized territoryHabsburg Empire and Russia seized territory– Independence movements in the Balkans aroseIndependence movements in the Balkans arose– Distant provinces ignored, threw off Ottoman ruleDistant provinces ignored, threw off Ottoman rule

REFORM AND REFORM AND SURVIVALSURVIVAL

Britain as saviorBritain as savior Britain, France intervene in Crimean WarBritain, France intervene in Crimean War Prevented Russian access; saved the Ottoman Empire from collapsePrevented Russian access; saved the Ottoman Empire from collapse

Reforming SultansReforming Sultans Sultan Selim III Sultan Selim III

Tried to enact military and administrative changes Tried to enact military and administrative changes Angered the Janissaries, who overthrew him in 1807. Angered the Janissaries, who overthrew him in 1807.

Sultan Mahmud IISultan Mahmud II Janissary conservatism led Sultan to destroy corps in 1826. Janissary conservatism led Sultan to destroy corps in 1826. Created a diplomatic corps, westernized remaining military forces Created a diplomatic corps, westernized remaining military forces

Tanzimat reforms from 1839 to 1876Tanzimat reforms from 1839 to 1876 Westernization was introduced to other facets of Ottoman societyWesternization was introduced to other facets of Ottoman society University education was reorganizedUniversity education was reorganized Postal, telegraph systems introduced; newspapers were establishedPostal, telegraph systems introduced; newspapers were established Legal reforms were mandatedLegal reforms were mandated

New constitution along Western lines appeared in 1876 New constitution along Western lines appeared in 1876 Considered the culmination of the reforms. Considered the culmination of the reforms.

Artisans suffered from the opening of the empire to Western tradeArtisans suffered from the opening of the empire to Western trade Women gained little from the reformsWomen gained little from the reforms

THE CHANGING THE CHANGING OTTOMAN MAPOTTOMAN MAP

REPRESSIOREPRESSION N

AND AND REVOLTREVOLT• Reaction Reaction

– The reforms produced a Western-educated eliteThe reforms produced a Western-educated elite– Many came to view the sultanate itself as archaicMany came to view the sultanate itself as archaic– Increasing Turks see Sultan as anti-modernIncreasing Turks see Sultan as anti-modern– Sultan Abdul Hamid reacted by nullifying the new constitutionSultan Abdul Hamid reacted by nullifying the new constitution– Imprisoned many of the Western-oriented eliteImprisoned many of the Western-oriented elite

• Young TurksYoung Turks– Resistance to Abdul Hamid's reactionism led to his overthrow in 1908Resistance to Abdul Hamid's reactionism led to his overthrow in 1908– Young Turks Young Turks

• A group of military officers seized the governmentA group of military officers seized the government• Leader was Mustapha Kemal, Enver PashaLeader was Mustapha Kemal, Enver Pasha• Restored the constitution and promised additional reformsRestored the constitution and promised additional reforms• The sultan was reduced to a powerless religious figureheadThe sultan was reduced to a powerless religious figurehead• The officers proved no more successful than the sultans The officers proved no more successful than the sultans

– At first, emphasized an Ottoman nationalityAt first, emphasized an Ottoman nationality– Increasingly emphasized a Turkish nationality over all othersIncreasingly emphasized a Turkish nationality over all others– Arab portions of empire became increasingly resistant to Turkish ruleArab portions of empire became increasingly resistant to Turkish rule

• Turkey In World War ITurkey In World War I– Turkey participated in World War I on the side of the GermansTurkey participated in World War I on the side of the Germans– Initiated the final dissolution of the Ottoman EmpireInitiated the final dissolution of the Ottoman Empire– Allies supported Arabs, Greeks, Armenians and partitionAllies supported Arabs, Greeks, Armenians and partition

HOW EUROPE HOW EUROPE VIEWED THE VIEWED THE

OTTOMAN EMPIREOTTOMAN EMPIRE

Butcher, 1st Class

Change of Clothes

MEHMET ALI MEHMET ALI OF EGYPTOF EGYPT

• Mehmet (Muhammad) Ali in EgyptMehmet (Muhammad) Ali in Egypt• Albanian Ottoman governor of EgyptAlbanian Ottoman governor of Egypt• Enabled him to ignore the Ottoman sultan and function independentlyEnabled him to ignore the Ottoman sultan and function independently

• GoalsGoals• Introduce a European style stateIntroduce a European style state• Reorganize Egyptian society, modernize Egyptian economyReorganize Egyptian society, modernize Egyptian economy• Train a professional western-style bureaucracyTrain a professional western-style bureaucracy• Build a western style militaryBuild a western style military

• Muhammad Ali’s ReformsMuhammad Ali’s Reforms• Nationalized all land in Egypt, raised taxes throughout Egypt Nationalized all land in Egypt, raised taxes throughout Egypt • Declared trade a state monopoly: established a textile industryDeclared trade a state monopoly: established a textile industry• Introduced production of cotton as way to boost state wealth, influenceIntroduced production of cotton as way to boost state wealth, influence• Boosted wages for workers, farmers enormouslyBoosted wages for workers, farmers enormously• Introduced corvee system on peasants to obtain labor: very unpopularIntroduced corvee system on peasants to obtain labor: very unpopular• Built a preliminary industrial base to support his army and navyBuilt a preliminary industrial base to support his army and navy• Sent promising students to study in Europe and hired European advisorsSent promising students to study in Europe and hired European advisors

• Muhammad Ali’s Foreign Policy Muhammad Ali’s Foreign Policy • Modern army and navy threatened Ottomans and many European powersModern army and navy threatened Ottomans and many European powers• Muhammad Ali extended his control to Arab Syria, Holy Cities, SudanMuhammad Ali extended his control to Arab Syria, Holy Cities, Sudan• Ottomans asked him to put down Greek Rebellion in 1820sOttomans asked him to put down Greek Rebellion in 1820s• Egypt intervened, which prompted European navies to destroy his fleet, armyEgypt intervened, which prompted European navies to destroy his fleet, army• Later war with Ottomans over Syria prompted European intervention againLater war with Ottomans over Syria prompted European intervention again

• Later years saw his reforms collapseLater years saw his reforms collapse

IMAGES OF IMAGES OF MUHAMMAD ALI’S MUHAMMAD ALI’S

EGYPTEGYPT

EGYPTEGYPT• Muhammad Ali’s Khedive successors Muhammad Ali’s Khedive successors

• Muhammad Ali's successors continued his general plans with disastrous resultsMuhammad Ali's successors continued his general plans with disastrous results– Cotton production expanded at the expense of food products.Cotton production expanded at the expense of food products.– As a single export commodity, cotton vulnerable to price, demand swings in world marketAs a single export commodity, cotton vulnerable to price, demand swings in world market– Educational reforms were limited to the eliteEducational reforms were limited to the elite– The general population barely profited from the reforms. The general population barely profited from the reforms.

• By the middle of the 19th centuryBy the middle of the 19th century– Khedives were heavily in debt to European creditorsKhedives were heavily in debt to European creditors– Europeans were attracted to Egyptian cotton and the plan to construct the Suez CanalEuropeans were attracted to Egyptian cotton and the plan to construct the Suez Canal– Islamic intellectuals met in Egypt to discuss means of expelling the European threatIslamic intellectuals met in Egypt to discuss means of expelling the European threat

» Some argued for strict Islamic religious observanceSome argued for strict Islamic religious observance» Others for greater Westernization in science and technologyOthers for greater Westernization in science and technology» The two groups were unable to reconcile their different approaches. The two groups were unable to reconcile their different approaches.

• Building the Suez CanalBuilding the Suez Canal• Ferdinand de LessupsFerdinand de Lessups

• French engineer convinced Khedive to build canal linking Mediterranean, Red SeasFrench engineer convinced Khedive to build canal linking Mediterranean, Red Seas• Modern technology made it possibleModern technology made it possible• Opened 1869 to much acclaimOpened 1869 to much acclaim

• Khedives squandered wealth from canal, increasingly in debt to westernersKhedives squandered wealth from canal, increasingly in debt to westerners• French and British investorsFrench and British investors

– Held the majority of shares in the Suez CanalHeld the majority of shares in the Suez Canal– Urged their governments to intervene directly in EgyptUrged their governments to intervene directly in Egypt– An Egyptian army rebellion under Ahmad Orabi An Egyptian army rebellion under Ahmad Orabi – British send military units to Egypt in 1882British send military units to Egypt in 1882– Thereafter the administration of Egypt was in the hands of British consuls. Thereafter the administration of Egypt was in the hands of British consuls.

THE SUEZ THE SUEZ CANALCANAL

THE THE SUDANSUDAN

• Egypt and the SudanEgypt and the Sudan• Egyptian forces long engaged in attempts to extend control down the Nile River Egyptian forces long engaged in attempts to extend control down the Nile River • The khedives enjoyed little successThe khedives enjoyed little success• Their control was limited to towns such as KhartoumTheir control was limited to towns such as Khartoum• Attempts in the 1870s to eliminate the slave trade added to discontent Attempts in the 1870s to eliminate the slave trade added to discontent

• Resistance and RevoltResistance and Revolt• Resistance to Egyptian and British influence was focused by Muhammad AchmadResistance to Egyptian and British influence was focused by Muhammad Achmad• He was head of a Sufi brotherhood in the SudanHe was head of a Sufi brotherhood in the Sudan• Took title of Mahdi, claimed descent from Muhammad, declared a jihadTook title of Mahdi, claimed descent from Muhammad, declared a jihad• He offered to purge Islam of foreign influences and restore purityHe offered to purge Islam of foreign influences and restore purity• Military forces of the Mahdi enjoyed military success against Egyptians Military forces of the Mahdi enjoyed military success against Egyptians • His role as leader of the Sudan insurgence was taken by Khalifa AbdallahiHis role as leader of the Sudan insurgence was taken by Khalifa Abdallahi

• British RespondBritish Respond• British expeditionary force defeated the Mahdist army in 1898British expeditionary force defeated the Mahdist army in 1898• The British thus extended their power along the NileThe British thus extended their power along the Nile• Much Islamic territory passed under control of Western forces during 19th century Much Islamic territory passed under control of Western forces during 19th century • Neither reformers and religious revolutionaries were able to slow the process Neither reformers and religious revolutionaries were able to slow the process • Could not halt it entirelyCould not halt it entirely

• Islamic civilization became increasingly anxious over its fate Islamic civilization became increasingly anxious over its fate

CHARGE OF THE CHARGE OF THE DERVISHES AT DERVISHES AT OMDURMANOMDURMAN

THE MANCHUSTHE MANCHUS

• Nurhaci Nurhaci – Able to unite the Manchu nomads Able to unite the Manchu nomads – Created eight banner armies Created eight banner armies – Introduced Chinese administrative reforms into governmentIntroduced Chinese administrative reforms into government– Called his dynasty QingCalled his dynasty Qing

• 16441644– Local Chinese official invited the Manchus within the Great WallLocal Chinese official invited the Manchus within the Great Wall– Nomads advanced, captured the Beijing in 1644Nomads advanced, captured the Beijing in 1644– The Manchus were able to establish a new dynastyThe Manchus were able to establish a new dynasty

• The QingThe Qing– The Qing incorporated much of former Ming including scholar-gentryThe Qing incorporated much of former Ming including scholar-gentry– Direct role appointment of local officialsDirect role appointment of local officials– Ethnic Chinese continued to be admitted into imperial governmentEthnic Chinese continued to be admitted into imperial government– Manchus, unlike Mongols, retained civil-service examination system.Manchus, unlike Mongols, retained civil-service examination system.

• The Qing Sons of HeavenThe Qing Sons of Heaven• The first Qing rulers were models of ConfucianismThe first Qing rulers were models of Confucianism• Generous patrons of the artsGenerous patrons of the arts• Kangxi was both a patron and a scholarKangxi was both a patron and a scholar

MANCHU SOCIETYMANCHU SOCIETY

• Manchus preserved the Confucian social hierarchyManchus preserved the Confucian social hierarchy– Neo-Confucianism was the predominant philosophyNeo-Confucianism was the predominant philosophy– 5 Relationships emphasized in education, imperial edicts5 Relationships emphasized in education, imperial edicts– Family remained at the core of societyFamily remained at the core of society– Secret societies and innovation viewed with suspicionSecret societies and innovation viewed with suspicion

• GenderGender – Wives chosen from one social rank lower than husbandsWives chosen from one social rank lower than husbands– Women subject to patriarchal authority in homeWomen subject to patriarchal authority in home– They might gain some control over household activities They might gain some control over household activities – Female infanticide seems to have increasedFemale infanticide seems to have increased

• The PeasantsThe Peasants– Qing attempted to relieve distress among peasantryQing attempted to relieve distress among peasantry– Initially lowered taxes and labor demandsInitially lowered taxes and labor demands– 10% of imperial budget went to maintaining infrastructure10% of imperial budget went to maintaining infrastructure– Population pressures made their efforts virtually useless Population pressures made their efforts virtually useless – Value of labor fellValue of labor fell– Rural landlords gained stranglehold over rural economyRural landlords gained stranglehold over rural economy

• Commerce and the CityCommerce and the City– Commercial, urban expansion continued under the QingCommercial, urban expansion continued under the Qing– Profits from exports produced new group of merchantsProfits from exports produced new group of merchants– Called Called compradorscompradors, they specialized in silk exports, they specialized in silk exports– Also worked in Canton with foreigners as middlemenAlso worked in Canton with foreigners as middlemen

QING CHINA: QING CHINA: CANTON CANTON TRADETRADE

BREAKDOWN, BREAKDOWN, DISSINTEGRATIONDISSINTEGRATION

• By the late 18th centuryBy the late 18th century– Corruption riddled civil-serviceCorruption riddled civil-service

– Cheating common on the civil service examCheating common on the civil service exam– Rise of uneducated bureaucrats hurt governmentRise of uneducated bureaucrats hurt government– Posts became hereditary or available for purchasePosts became hereditary or available for purchase

– Wealthy families Wealthy families • Used bureaucracy as means of establishing local authority. Used bureaucracy as means of establishing local authority. • Revenues diverted from state to enrich bureaucratsRevenues diverted from state to enrich bureaucrats

• Spending on military, public works projects declinedSpending on military, public works projects declined– Decline in competency of the militaryDecline in competency of the military– Floods wiped out some of most productive farmlandFloods wiped out some of most productive farmland– Food shortages produced peasant migrationsFood shortages produced peasant migrations– Rise of banditry and homeless populationsRise of banditry and homeless populations

• Problems were of such scale that the normal cycle of Problems were of such scale that the normal cycle of dynastic decline and replacement was threatened. dynastic decline and replacement was threatened.

OPIUM WAROPIUM WAR

OPIUM WAR AND AFTEROPIUM WAR AND AFTER

The Westerners are Coming, the Westerners are Coming!The Westerners are Coming, the Westerners are Coming! A new type of barbarian, the Europeans, threatened ChinaA new type of barbarian, the Europeans, threatened China

British plan to export opium from India to China British plan to export opium from India to China Wanted to improve their balance of trade (stop loss of silver)Wanted to improve their balance of trade (stop loss of silver) Qing recognized threat to its economy and its society Qing recognized threat to its economy and its society

In the 1830sIn the 1830s Emperor appointed Lin Zexu to stamp out opium tradeEmperor appointed Lin Zexu to stamp out opium trade Lin blockaded Canton and confiscated European opium supplies. Lin blockaded Canton and confiscated European opium supplies. British merchants demanded their government intervene to protect profitsBritish merchants demanded their government intervene to protect profits

In 1839In 1839 British routed the Chinese junks in the first stages of the Opium War. British routed the Chinese junks in the first stages of the Opium War. British sent a military force ashore, the Qing emperor sued for peace. British sent a military force ashore, the Qing emperor sued for peace. British obtain Hong KongBritish obtain Hong Kong Forced China to open ports to trade , recognize extraterritoriality of Forced China to open ports to trade , recognize extraterritoriality of

foreignersforeigners By the 1890sBy the 1890s

90 Chinese ports open to European, Japanese, American merchants90 Chinese ports open to European, Japanese, American merchants Britain, France, Germany, Russia leased certain ports, hinterlandsBritain, France, Germany, Russia leased certain ports, hinterlands Trade passed increasingly into the hands of the non-ChineseTrade passed increasingly into the hands of the non-Chinese Qing court was forced to accept European diplomats.Qing court was forced to accept European diplomats.

PARTITIONING CHINAPARTITIONING CHINAAND THE BOXER AND THE BOXER

REBELLIONREBELLION

FAILED REFORMSFAILED REFORMS Defeat by the British helped to set off series of rebellions against the QingDefeat by the British helped to set off series of rebellions against the Qing

The Taiping Rebellion: 1850s and 1860sThe Taiping Rebellion: 1850s and 1860s A semi-Christian movement under a prophetic leader, who wantedA semi-Christian movement under a prophetic leader, who wanted Land redistribution and the liberation of womenLand redistribution and the liberation of women End to influence of the Confucian scholar-gentryEnd to influence of the Confucian scholar-gentry Provincial forces finally defeated rebellion; more than 50 million dead in civil warProvincial forces finally defeated rebellion; more than 50 million dead in civil war

Self-Strengthening MovementSelf-Strengthening Movement Provincial leaders began to carry out much needed reformsProvincial leaders began to carry out much needed reforms Built railways and factories, modernized militaryBuilt railways and factories, modernized military Resources moved from the central court to the provincesResources moved from the central court to the provinces

Qing ReactionQing Reaction Manchus continued to obstruct almost all programs of reformManchus continued to obstruct almost all programs of reform

Defeats by Europeans and Japanese continueDefeats by Europeans and Japanese continue French in Indo-China 1885 and British in the Arrow War 1860sFrench in Indo-China 1885 and British in the Arrow War 1860s Sino-Japanese War in 1895Sino-Japanese War in 1895

The Dowager Empress CixiThe Dowager Empress Cixi Cixi assumed regency for her son, grandson – refused all attempts at reformCixi assumed regency for her son, grandson – refused all attempts at reform Supported Boxer Rebellion as means of ousting foreign influence.Supported Boxer Rebellion as means of ousting foreign influence.

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion Society of Righteous and Harmonious FirstsSociety of Righteous and Harmonious Firsts Anti-modernization, anti-westernization forces in country sideAnti-modernization, anti-westernization forces in country side Attacked western built technology , missionaries, diplomats in BeijingAttacked western built technology , missionaries, diplomats in Beijing Europeans, US, Japanese intervene to rescue diplomatsEuropeans, US, Japanese intervene to rescue diplomats Forced China to accept Western control and intervention in their society, politicsForced China to accept Western control and intervention in their society, politics

TREATY PORTS AND TREATY PORTS AND REBELLIONS IN QING REBELLIONS IN QING

CHINACHINA

LATE QING LATE QING REBELLIONSREBELLIONS

FALL OF THE FALL OF THE QINGQING

ResistanceResistance Resistance to the Qing centered in secret societiesResistance to the Qing centered in secret societies

Sponsored local uprisings against the central governmentSponsored local uprisings against the central government Western-educated compradors and some scholar-gentry involvedWestern-educated compradors and some scholar-gentry involved

GoalsGoals Drew on Western ideas for a reformed governmentDrew on Western ideas for a reformed government Wanted to restore Chinese territorial integrity, expel foreigners from their Wanted to restore Chinese territorial integrity, expel foreigners from their

soilsoil Sun Yat SenSun Yat Sen

Western educated doctor became a leader of China after 1911 RevolutionWestern educated doctor became a leader of China after 1911 Revolution Sought to build a Chinese nation-state on a western modelSought to build a Chinese nation-state on a western model Favored wide-spread social reforms especially for peasants and workersFavored wide-spread social reforms especially for peasants and workers

1911 Revolution1911 Revolution Widespread uprisings throughout China by the secret societies Widespread uprisings throughout China by the secret societies Could not be put down by provincial officialsCould not be put down by provincial officials Military often joined rebellion in open mutinyMilitary often joined rebellion in open mutiny

In 1912, the last Qing emperor, Puyi, a boy of 12, abdicatedIn 1912, the last Qing emperor, Puyi, a boy of 12, abdicated Prior to abdication Qing had abandoned Confucian examination system Prior to abdication Qing had abandoned Confucian examination system Abandonment of examinations signaled end of patterns in China Abandonment of examinations signaled end of patterns in China

IMAGINING THE 1911 IMAGINING THE 1911 REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

GLOBAL GLOBAL CONNECTIONSCONNECTIONS

• MuslimsMuslims– Long accustomed to the military threat posed by the West. Long accustomed to the military threat posed by the West. – Could justify some borrowing from West on basis of a shared Judeo-Could justify some borrowing from West on basis of a shared Judeo-

Christian , Greek heritage Christian , Greek heritage – More politically fragmented than Chinese but Muslims had time to More politically fragmented than Chinese but Muslims had time to

learn from early mistakes.learn from early mistakes.– Muslims could always fall back on religious faith as a last resort.Muslims could always fall back on religious faith as a last resort.

• ChinaChina– West's military dominance came as a rude surprise. West's military dominance came as a rude surprise. – China had remained intentionally culturally isolated from the West. China had remained intentionally culturally isolated from the West. – They regarded Western culture as barbaric. They regarded Western culture as barbaric. – Chinese equated survival of civilization with maintenance of the Qing Chinese equated survival of civilization with maintenance of the Qing – When the dynasty collapsed, Chinese civilization was destroyed. When the dynasty collapsed, Chinese civilization was destroyed. – Chinese had no great religious tradition to counter European belief in Chinese had no great religious tradition to counter European belief in

its inherent superiority. its inherent superiority. • Versus Other LandsVersus Other Lands

– China and the Ottoman Muslim lands differed from Africa China and the Ottoman Muslim lands differed from Africa • They were only partially colonizedThey were only partially colonized• Often able to maintain independence and seek own internal reformsOften able to maintain independence and seek own internal reforms

– Differed from Latin AmericaDiffered from Latin America• Which had deeper ties to the WestWhich had deeper ties to the West• Attempted economic modernization, westernizationAttempted economic modernization, westernization

– Differed from Russia and JapanDiffered from Russia and Japan• Which industrialized and which maintained independenceWhich industrialized and which maintained independence• Both also partially westernizedBoth also partially westernized

WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

TAIPING REBELLIONTAIPING REBELLION TANZIMAT REFORMSTANZIMAT REFORMS SUEZ CANALSUEZ CANAL OPIUM WARSOPIUM WARS SELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENTSELF-STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT BOXER REBELLIONBOXER REBELLION EXTRATERRITORIALITYEXTRATERRITORIALITY TREATY PORTSTREATY PORTS OPEN DOOR POLICYOPEN DOOR POLICY

WHO ARE THEY?WHO ARE THEY?

YOUNG TURKSYOUNG TURKS

MUHAMMAD ALI (MEHMET ALI)MUHAMMAD ALI (MEHMET ALI)

KHEDIVESKHEDIVES

AL AFGHANIAL AFGHANI

THE MADHITHE MADHI

NURHACINURHACI

MANCHUS/QINGMANCHUS/QING

COMPRADORSCOMPRADORS

COMMISSIONER LINCOMMISSIONER LIN

HONG XIUGUANHONG XIUGUAN

SUN YAT SENSUN YAT SEN