classification and the 6 kingdoms. i. taxonomy a. branch of biology that specializes in classifying...
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Classification and the 6 kingdoms
I. Taxonomy
A. Branch of biology that specializes in classifying organisms into a series of groups called TAXONOMY.
B. Classification System
2. KINGDOM : (A group of related Phyla)a. Largest classification taxonb. Has the MOST organisms
3. PHYLUM : (A group of related classes)Called division when referring to
plants4. CLASS : (A group of related orders)
5. ORDER : (A group of related families)6. FAMILY : (A group of related genera)7. GENUS : (A group of related species)8. SPECIES :
a. Smallest taxonb. Has the LEAST # OF organisms
c. Members of a species to be able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
C. If an organism is in the same phylum then they are in the same KINGDOM . What if they were in the same family, what else would they be in that is the same? DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER
D. Naming Organisms1. Scientific names are made by using the GENUS and SPECIES.
a. The genus is always written first and is capatilized.
b. The species is always written second and is lowercase
c. Both the genus and species are italicized
2. Binomial nomenclature:a. Uses TWO names (genus and species) to identify the
organism. b. Carlous Linneaus gave us binomial nomenclature.c. Acer rubrum (Acer=genus) (rubrum=species)
3. Trinomial nomenclature:
a. used when organisms are divided into subspecies or varieties
b. The first two names are still the GENUS and SPECIES but the third name is the subspecies or variety
c. Example: Haliaeetus leucocephalus washingtoniensis; (Haliaeetus=genus) (leucocephalus=species) (washingtoniensis=subspecies)
4. Scientific names tell you if two organisms are closely related.
a. If the scientific names are Acer rubrum and Rana rubrum, are these two organisms closely related? NO
b. If the scientific names are Acer rubrum and Acer saccharum, are these two organisms closely related? YES
c. If you find an unknown organism, the best way to tell if the unknown organism is related to the known organism is to look at DNA comparisons
d. Scientists also use diachotomous keys to determine what species an unknown organism is.
i. It is a series of QUESTIONS that leads you to the organism’s name
ii. you always start back at question one
II. VirusesA. Do not belong to a kingdom because they are
not considered to be LIVING organismsB. Examples of Viruses: flu, chicken pox, HIV,
cold sores, and some can cause cancerC. The biggest viruses are 1/100 the size of
prokaryotic cells (bacteria/without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles). Most bacteria are even smaller than half the size of a prokaryotic cell.
D. Considered to be non-living because they CAN”T :
1. Grow
2. Develop
3. Obtain energy
4. Reproduce on their OWN; bacteria must use a HOST cell to reproduce
E. Virus classification or names come from:
1. The TYPE OF CELLS they affect; ex: adenovirus affects the adenoids in the throat
2. The DISEASES they cause; Ex: poliovirus causes polio
3. Some of the viruses are similar and are therefore given a number as part of their name
4. BACTERIOPHAGES are viruses that affect bacteria
F. Virus Structure1. Contain an inner core of NUCLEIC ACIDS
a. Viruses either have DNA or RNA but NEVER both
2. CAPSID : protein coat that surrounds the nucleic acid; the way the proteins are arranged determines:a. The SHAPE of the virusb. The cells the virus can affectc. The WAY the virus infects the cells
3. ENVELOPE: Some, but not all, viruses have an envelope that acts like a plasma membrane
G. LYTIC Cycle (Virus Reproduction)
1. Viruses take over the genes of the host cell
2. They use the genes to make more viral genes and viral protein
3. This continues until the cell is so full of viruses it actually BURSTS intern killing the host cell and releasing more viruses into the body
4. Viruses can infect:
a. PLANTS
b. animals
c. bacteria
5. The only way a virus can infect a living cell is if a receptor site on the host cell MATCHES that of the virus.
a. Specific cells are only vulnerable to certain VIRUSES
b. Ex: Tobacco mosaic virus can only invade the leaves cells in a tobacco plant (The reasons dogs don’t catch your colds)
6. Antibiotic DO NOT kill VIRUSES because Anti means against and bio means life so against life…viruses are non-living, you can’t kill something that isn’t alive
There is a six-kingdom classification system:There is a six-kingdom classification system:
1. Kingdom Archeabacteria1. Kingdom Archeabacteria
2. Kingdom Eubacteria2. Kingdom Eubacteria
3. Kingdom Protista3. Kingdom Protista
4. Kingdom Fungi4. Kingdom Fungi
5. Kingdom Plantae5. Kingdom Plantae
6. Kingdom Animalia6. Kingdom Animalia
Kingdoms 1 and 2 used to be combined into Kingdoms 1 and 2 used to be combined into Kingdom MoneraKingdom Monera
III. Kingdom Monera (Bacteria/Prokaryotic III. Kingdom Monera (Bacteria/Prokaryotic Cells)Cells)
A. Now divided into Archeabacteria and A. Now divided into Archeabacteria and EubacteriaEubacteria
B. Reproduce by B. Reproduce by binary fissionbinary fission
C. All cells in kingdom monera are C. All cells in kingdom monera are prokaryotic prokaryotic meaning they are lacking a meaning they are lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and their DNA is found in the and their DNA is found in the cytoplasmcytoplasm
D.D. All prokaryotes contain a All prokaryotes contain a cell wallcell wall
E. Most widespread and numerous organisms E. Most widespread and numerous organisms on Earthon Earth
F. Kingdom ArchaebacteriaF. Kingdom Archaebacteria
1. Has a different composition to their cell 1. Has a different composition to their cell wall than Eubacteriawall than Eubacteria
2. Genes are more similar to 2. Genes are more similar to eukaryoteseukaryotes than to eubacteriathan to eubacteria
3. 3. oldest oldest living organismsliving organisms
4. Live in 4. Live in harsh harsh environments: Hot sulfur environments: Hot sulfur springs, deep sea vents on the ocean springs, deep sea vents on the ocean floor, Great Salt Lakes, and intestines of floor, Great Salt Lakes, and intestines of mammalsmammals
5. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic5. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic
6. Can tell all the archeabacteria are 6. Can tell all the archeabacteria are related by their related by their RNA RNA sequencingsequencing
G. Kingdom EubacteriaG. Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Have a different composition to their 1. Have a different composition to their cell wall than Archeabacteriacell wall than Archeabacteria
2. Classified according to their 2. Classified according to their shapeshape and and reaction to Gram stainingreaction to Gram staining
3. Eubacteria Metabolism3. Eubacteria Metabolism a. a. heterotrophicheterotrophic (must eat other (must eat other
organisms)organisms)
b. b. parasiticparasitic (Live off of other organisms) (Live off of other organisms)
c. c. decomposers decomposers (Eat dead and (Eat dead and decaying organisms)decaying organisms)
d. d. Autotrophic Autotrophic (make their own food) (make their own food)
i. Photosynthetic Autotrophs: Contain i. Photosynthetic Autotrophs: Contain chlorophyllchlorophyll; Use the sun’s energy to ; Use the sun’s energy to make food throughmake food through photosynthesis photosynthesis ex: ex: CynobacteriaCynobacteria
ii. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Break down ii. Chemosynthetic Autotrophs: Break down nitrogen and Sulfur to make organic nitrogen and Sulfur to make organic compounds (compounds (glucose glucose ))
G. Bacteria Pros and ConsG. Bacteria Pros and Cons
1. Helpful Bacteria1. Helpful Bacteria
a. Most bacteria is important and beneficiala. Most bacteria is important and beneficial
b. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: live in the roots of plants and help it to b. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: live in the roots of plants and help it to obtain obtain nutrients nutrients
c. Break down dead thingsc. Break down dead things
d. Put d. Put oxygenoxygen back in the soil by photosynthesis back in the soil by photosynthesis
e. e. FOODSFOODS: Pickles, Yogurt, Cheese: Pickles, Yogurt, Cheese
f. f. Antibiotics Antibiotics : neomycin and erythromycin kill other bacteria; : neomycin and erythromycin kill other bacteria; Remember antibiotics can NOT be used to kill viruses, because they Remember antibiotics can NOT be used to kill viruses, because they are non-living. They only kill bacterial infectionsare non-living. They only kill bacterial infections
g. g. Probiotics Probiotics live in the intestine and make vitamins, help with live in the intestine and make vitamins, help with absorption, enhance the immune systemabsorption, enhance the immune system
2. Harmful Bacteria
a. endospores: Cause botulism or tetanus
b. Lyme disease, strep throat
c. Biofilms cause cavities
IV. Kingdom ProtistaIV. Kingdom Protista
A. Called the “_A. Called the “_catch all catch all ” kingdom because it contains ” kingdom because it contains many organisms that don’t fit into the other kingdomsmany organisms that don’t fit into the other kingdoms
B. The most DIVERSE kingdomB. The most DIVERSE kingdom
C. ALL are C. ALL are eukaryotic eukaryotic (Contain a nucleus and membrane (Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles)bound organelles)
D. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, unicellular or D. Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic, unicellular or mulitcellular, large or microscopicmulitcellular, large or microscopic
E. Contain E. Contain contractile vacuole contractile vacuole that pumps excess water that pumps excess water out of the cell: important for protests that live in fresh out of the cell: important for protests that live in fresh water (hypotonic-water will move into the cell and the cell water (hypotonic-water will move into the cell and the cell will burst)will burst)
F. Animal-Like ProtistsF. Animal-Like Protists
1. Called 1. Called protozoansprotozoans
2. unicellular2. unicellular
3. Ex: 3. Ex: paramecium paramecium (use cilia to move) , (use cilia to move) , amoebaamoeba (shapeless and doesn’t have a cell wall; it moves (shapeless and doesn’t have a cell wall; it moves by pseudopods which stick out of the cytoplasm)by pseudopods which stick out of the cytoplasm)
4. Other Protozoans may move by cilia or flagella4. Other Protozoans may move by cilia or flagella
5. Many protozoans are parasites and cause 5. Many protozoans are parasites and cause disease like malariadisease like malaria
G. Plant-Like ProtistsG. Plant-Like Protists
1. Contain chlorophyll and are 1. Contain chlorophyll and are autotrophic autotrophic so so they carry out they carry out photosynthesis photosynthesis
2. Ex: 2. Ex: Algae Algae
a. they don’t have roots, stems, or leaves like a. they don’t have roots, stems, or leaves like plants so they are not a plantplants so they are not a plant
b. May contain red, brown, or golden pigmentsb. May contain red, brown, or golden pigments
c. Size ranges from unicellular to a mile longc. Size ranges from unicellular to a mile long
3. Ex: 3. Ex: Diatoms Diatoms
a. Made of a glass-like outer shella. Made of a glass-like outer shell
b. When the protist dies the glass shell sinks to b. When the protist dies the glass shell sinks to the bottom and collects. the bottom and collects.
c. This collection is called diachotomous earth c. This collection is called diachotomous earth which is used in abrasives like toothpaste and which is used in abrasives like toothpaste and cleaners and in insecticidescleaners and in insecticides
4. Other examples: euglenoids, goden algae, 4. Other examples: euglenoids, goden algae, green algae, brown algae, and red algaegreen algae, brown algae, and red algae
H. Fungus-Like ProtistH. Fungus-Like Protist
1. Decompose 1. Decompose deaddead organisms organisms
2. Able to move for part of their 2. Able to move for part of their life cyclelife cycle
3. Ex: slime molds, downy 3. Ex: slime molds, downy mildews, and water moldsmildews, and water molds
V. Kingdom FungiV. Kingdom Fungi
A. Grow anywhere that has A. Grow anywhere that has moisture moisture
B. Mostly B. Mostly multicellular multicellular (yeast are the only (yeast are the only unicellular fungi)unicellular fungi)
C. Used to be classified as plants but they C. Used to be classified as plants but they don’t contain chlorophyll so they are not don’t contain chlorophyll so they are not producers…instead they are producers…instead they are consumers consumers meaning they have to eat, yes, fungi DO eat meaning they have to eat, yes, fungi DO eat They are They are heterotrophic heterotrophic
D. Fungi use D. Fungi use extracellular digestionextracellular digestion to eat to eat
1. 1. hyphae hyphae are threadlike structures sent out are threadlike structures sent out into the food sourceinto the food source
2. Hyphae release enzymes that break down 2. Hyphae release enzymes that break down food until it is small enough to cross the cell food until it is small enough to cross the cell walls into the hypahewalls into the hypahe
E. Cell wall made of E. Cell wall made of chitinchitin, a complex , a complex carbohydrate) (Remember plants have a cell carbohydrate) (Remember plants have a cell wall made of wall made of cellulose cellulose …a polysaccharide)…a polysaccharide)
F. Fungi HeterotrophsF. Fungi Heterotrophs
1. 1. decomposers decomposers : Break down dead and decaying : Break down dead and decaying matter matter
2. Saprophytes like mushrooms break down dead 2. Saprophytes like mushrooms break down dead organic matterorganic matter
3. Parasites like 3. Parasites like ringwormringworm and athlete’s foot and athlete’s foot
4. 4. lichenslichens: A mutualistic (both benefit)relationship : A mutualistic (both benefit)relationship between fungus and green algae; They are important between fungus and green algae; They are important because they break down rocks into soil so plants can because they break down rocks into soil so plants can grow and they put nutrients into the soil when they die grow and they put nutrients into the soil when they die and decomposeand decompose
G. Fungi ReproductionG. Fungi Reproduction
1. Asexual Reproduction1. Asexual Reproduction
a. Yeastsa. Yeasts
b. b. buddingbudding: organism grows from the parent : organism grows from the parent
and then breaks offand then breaks off
c. c. fissionfission: the yeast splits in half to form two : the yeast splits in half to form two
yeast cellsyeast cells
2. Sexually:2. Sexually:
a. Mushroomsa. Mushrooms
b. Spores called basidiospores are produced in the b. Spores called basidiospores are produced in the
capcap of the mushroom of the mushroom
c. Spores are produced by c. Spores are produced by meiosismeiosis so they are so they are haploid when two spores meet and germinate haploid when two spores meet and germinate to have a baby mushroomto have a baby mushroom
3. Both Sexually and Asexually3. Both Sexually and Asexually
a. Bread molds and most fungia. Bread molds and most fungi
b. Sporangium (a specialized hyphae) produce b. Sporangium (a specialized hyphae) produce asexualasexual spores spores
c. The sporangium release these spores which can c. The sporangium release these spores which can grown grown into more sporangiainto more sporangia
d. if conditions are d. if conditions are unfavorable unfavorable bread molds bread molds reproduce sexuallyreproduce sexually
i. two hyphae fuse together to forma i. two hyphae fuse together to forma zygosporezygospore
ii. the zygospores has a thick cell wall ii. the zygospores has a thick cell wall and and can remain dormant until can remain dormant until conditions become conditions become favorable for favorable for germinationgermination
H. Fungi Good or Bad?H. Fungi Good or Bad?
1. Benefits1. Benefits
a. Food: mushrooms, yeasts make bread (through a. Food: mushrooms, yeasts make bread (through alcoholic fermentation), cheesealcoholic fermentation), cheese
b. b. Medicine Medicine ( (Penicillium)Penicillium) Antibiotics to kill Antibiotics to kill bacteria…NOT bacteria…NOT VIRUSES VIRUSES
2. Harmful2. Harmful
a. Destroy timber and crops each yeara. Destroy timber and crops each year
b. Plant disease called rusts and smutsb. Plant disease called rusts and smuts
c. Some spores can be c. Some spores can be fatal fatal if inhaled if inhaled (black mold)(black mold)