TAXONOMY &

KINGDOMS

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Important Vocabulary

1. Taxonomy: science of classification

2. Binomial nomenclature: two name naming system

3. Prokaryotic: cells without nucleus

4. Eukaryotic: cells with a nucleus

5. Autotroph: organism capable capturing energy from sunlight or chemicals & produces its own food

6. Heterotroph: organism that obtains its energy from food it consumes

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Vocabulary• Unicellular – organism

is made of only one cell

• Multicellular – many celled organism

• Invertebrate – 90% of all animals lack a backbone- ex’s sponges, worms, mollusks, arthropods (insects), echinoderms (star fish)

• Vertebrates – includes all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

1. Why Classify?

a. To study the diversity of life

b. Taxonomy: science of classification

2. Why organisms are given scientific names--

a. Common names are misleading

Slide # 3 Finding Order in Diversity

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jellyfish silverfish star fish

None of these animals are fish!

Some organisms have several common names

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This cat is commonly known as:

•Florida panther

•Mountain lion

•Puma

•Cougar

Scientific name: Felis concolor

Scientific name means “coat of one color”

Why Scientists Assign Scientific Names to Organisms

1. Aristotle: 1st to classify

a. Divided organisms into 2 groups --

Plant or animal

b. Divided animals into 2 groups--

Blooded or bloodless

c. Grouped organisms together that were not related

2. Aristotle’s system remained unchanged for 2,000 years!

Slide # 5 Aristotle: The First to Classify

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Aristotle

Aristotle grouped jellyfish & clown fish together because they lived in the water. However, these organisms are not closely related.

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Linnaeus: The Father of Modern Taxonomy

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Carolus Linnaeus

1. 1732: Carolus Linnaeus developed system of classification – binomial nomenclature

a. Two name naming system

b. Gave organisms 2 names Genus and species Genus: noun species: adjective Genus capitalized species not capitalized Both names are italicized or underlined EX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man

2. Each organism is given a scientific name – even newly discovered species

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Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

SpeciesGo to Section:

Linnaeus’s System is Hierarchical

Most Inclusive

Least Inclusive

1. Which of the following contains all of the others?

a. Family c. Class

b. Species d. Order

2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:

a. Family c. Order

b. Genus d. Species

Classification Scheme

Domain—all organismsKingdom PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies—one type of organism

Classification Scheme

Domain—all organismsKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies—one type of organism

BROAD, MOST INCLUSIVE

SPECIFIC, LEAST INCLUSIVE

DOMAIN

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIES

Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda

Red fox Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

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Hierarchical Ordering of Classification

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As we move from the kingdom level to the species level, more and more members are excluded – species is least inclusive!

Classification SchemeKingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass ComesOrder OverFamily ForGenus GoodSpecies spaghetti

HumansKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HomidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapien

BonoboKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily PongidaeGenus PanSpecies paniscus

House CatKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily FelidaeGenus FelisSpecies domesticus

LionKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily FelidaeGenus Panthera (Felis)Species leo

HouseflyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectOrder DipteraFamily MuscidaeGenus MuscaSpecies domestica

Eubacteria

Eubacteria

Streptococcus

(coccus-round shaped) Salmonella

Spirillum-spiral shaped Strep throatStaph Infection

Escherichia coli

(bacillus-rod shaped)

Eubacteria- True Bacteria• Unicellular- lacks internal

organelles• Prokaryotic- small cells• Autotroph & Heterotroph• True Bacteria• Decomposers- in soil and water &

Pathogens - (ex. food poisoning)• In Domain Bacteria• Ex. Staphylococcus,

streptococcus, tuberculosis, pertussis, diptheria

• Bacterial Cell Shapes --A bacteria is one of three shapes: rod-shaped (bacillus), round-shaped (coccus), and spiral-shaped (spirillum).

• Bacterial Toxins-- Bacteria can cause disease by releasing toxins, which damage their host.

• Biowarfare-- Biowarfare is the deliberate exposure of people to biological toxins or pathogens such as bacteria or viruses.

• Fighting Bacteria --Bacterial disease can be fought with soap, chemicals, and antibiotics.

• Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria-- Mutations that allow resistance to antibiotics are strongly favored in bacterial populations being treated with an antibiotic.

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

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Kingdom Eubacteria

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E. coli

Streptococcus

Classification of Living Things Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have

peptidoglycan Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or

heterotroph Examples Streptococcus,

Escherichia coli

Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria- Ancient Bacteria• Unicellular (single cell)- lacks internal

organelles• Believed to given rise to Eukaryotic

Cells• Prokaryotic- simple, small cells• Heterotrophic• Found in extreme environments• In Domain Archaea• Ex. Halophiles (salt loving),

thermophiles (heat loving), methanogens (methane gas producing)

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Kingdom Archaebacteria: Live in Extreme Habitats

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Bacillus infernus lives in deep sea vents in the ocean – obtains energy from Earth’s heat

Classification of Living Things Domain Archaea Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls do not

have peptidoglycan Number of Cells Unicellular Nutrition Autotroph or

heterotroph Examples Methanogens

Halophiles Thermophiles

Also called extremophiles

Protista

Protista

Amoeba

Paramecium

Diatoms

Protista• Unicellular- (some Multicellular)

• Eukaryotic- (More complex cells)

• Autotrophic & Heterotrophic• ***Source of food for larger

organisms***• Mostly found in water, move

via flagella, cilia or pseudopods• A few are Pathogenic/parasitic• Ex. Euglena, Algae-

(photosynthetic), Paramecium, Amoeba, Protozoan-(heterotrophic)

Slide # 11 Kingdom Protista: Very Diverse

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Paramecium

Green algae

Amoeba

Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protistia Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have

cellulose; some have chloroplasts

Number of Cells Most Unicellular; some multicellular

Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph

Examples Amoeba, Paramecium. Slime molds, giant kelp

Fungi

RING WORM

ATHLETE’S FOOT

Fungi

Multicellular – (except yeast--they are

unicellular)

Eukaryotic

ALL Heterotrophic

NOT PLANTS: NO CHOLORPHYLL!!!, (but have cell walls made of chitin)

Decomposers- secretes enzymes into food to decay it, and then absorb it for nutrients

Ex. Ringworms, Athletes Foot, Fungus, Mushrooms, Rust, Mildew, Mold

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Kingdom Fungi: Unusual Heterotrophs

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Mildew on Leaf

Mushroom

Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Fungi Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have

chitin Number of Cells Most multicellular;

some unicellular Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Mushrooms

Yeast mildew

PlantaeFERNS

CONE TREES

MOSS

FLOWERS

Plantae

• Multicellular• Eukaryotic- Complex cells• Autotrophic- use Sun for

making food!(Photosynthesis)• Have roots, stems, and leaf-

like structures, cell walls- (made of cellulose), chloroplast,

• Used for food sources, O2, nutrients, medicines, etc…

• Ex. Moss, Ferns, Trees- Conifers, oaks, etc…, Shrubs, Flowers, Fruits

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Kingdom Plantae: The Last to Evolve!

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Ferns : seedless vascular

Sunflowers: seeds in flowers

Douglas fir: seeds in cones

Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures Cell walls have

cellulose Number of Cells Multicellular; Nutrition Autotroph Examples Mosses, ferns,

flowering plants

Mosses growing on trees

Animalia

Animalia• Multicellular• Eukaryotic• Heterotrophic• Mouth & structure for

movement &/or capture of food, such as legs, tentacles, muscles, etc…

• Ex. Sponges, Worms, Jelly Fish, Star fish, molluscks, snails, oysters, squid, arthropods, Spiders, insescts, Rabbits, Humans, etc…

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Kingdom Animalia

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Sage grouse

Poison dart frog

Bumble bee

sponge

jellyfish

hydra

Classification of Living Things Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Cell Type Eukaryotic Cell Structures DO NOT have

cell walls Number of Cells Multicellular; Nutrition Heterotroph Examples Sponges, worms,

insects, fishes, mammals

Phylum Characteristics Examples

Porifera No tissues, filter water sponges

Cnidaria First with tissues, have stinging cells Corals, sea anemones, jellyfish

3 phyla of worms Bilateral symmetry, no legs Flatworms, roundworms, annelids (segmented worms)

Mollusca Soft bodies,No shell One shell Two shells

Squid and octopusSnailOysters, clams, mussels

Echinoderms Radial symmetry, water vascular system

Starfish, sea fans, sea cucumbers

Arthropods Exoskeleton, segmented appendages Insects, crustaceans, arachnids, millipedes and centipedes

And last but not least . . .

Chordates (vertebrates)

Backbone Fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds mammals

1st step: Classify / Group into 2 groups

2nd step: Classify / Group EACH group into 2 groups

3rd step: Classify / Group Each group that still has different

members into 2 groups