understanding taxonomy academic biology. the 6 kingdoms organisms are placed into kingdoms based on...
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Understanding TaxonomyAcademic Biology
The 6 Kingdoms
Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on their type of cells, their ability to make food and the number of cells in their bodies
Prokaryotesorganisms whose cells lack a
nucleus Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.
Ecological Importance of Prokaryotes
• Decomposition• Nitrogen fixation• Mutualistic relationships• Parasitic relationships• Commercial uses
Treponema pallidum, a spiral-shaped bacteria which causes Syphilis in humans
Eukaryotes
organisms with cells that contain nuclei. Their chemical instructions are in the nucleus.
Introduction to Phylogenetic Kingdoms
• Monera (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria)
Prokaryotes.• Protistia – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi,
plants, or animals• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except
yeasts)• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, non-
motile, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, motile, heterotrophic, no cell wall
Kingdoms and Domains
Bacteria
Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae Fungi Animali
a
MoneraProtis
taPlanta
e Fungi Animalia
The three-domain system
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
Eubacteria
Archaea
Monera
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
Kingdom Monera
Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis and dental caries)
Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil for years)
The Kingdom Monera Eubacteria• Common name: Bacteria• Unicellular prokaryotes• Have cell wall• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli,
spirilla
Eubacteria a. Can be found in yogurt
b. Unicellular bacteriac. Autotrophic or heterotrophicd. Most are helpful, some cause things
like strep throat
Bacteria which causes strep throat
Archaebacteriameans “ancient bacteria”
a. Unicellular bacteriab. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc. Live in places without O2
(ocean floor, salty water, hot springs, and your intestines!)
d. Prokaryotes
Entamoeba histolytica
The Kingdom Protista Slime molds
b. Autotrophic or heterotrophicc. Most unicellulard. Some multicellular,
sea weede. EukaryotesA classification problem
• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups
Euglena is both autotrophicand heterotrophic
Ecological Importance• Important foundation in food
chain.• Produce a lot of Oxygen• Decomposition• Symbiotic relationships
– Mutualistic– Parasitic
• Medicinal and Industrial Uses
PuffballDrops of rain trigger the release of spores
The Kingdom FungiMushrooms, molds and mildew
b. Most are Multicellular eukaryotes
c. Yeast is unicellular eukaryotesd. Most found on land, a few in
fresh watere. Heterotrophs—feed on
decaying organismsPholiota spp Degrades wood very quickly
Ecological Importance• Decomposers• Symbiotic
– Parasitic• On plants• On animals
– Mutualistic• Lichens• Mycorrhizae
Epidermophyton floccosum, fungi causing athlete’s foot
The Kingdom Plantae Dandelions, mosses, tomatoes
b. Multicellular eukaryotesc. Autotrophsd. Some produce flowers some
do not.e. Can be small or grow tall like
a sequoia tree
Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota
Major Groups of Plants• Three traditional groupings:
– Bryophytes—nonvascular plants
– Tracheophytes — vascular, – Seed plants
• Gymnosperms• Angiosperms
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgos are often very long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500 years old.
Importance of Plants to Humans
• Food source – Wheat, grains, fruits, vegetables
• Medicine – Aspirin, cancer treatments, stimulants
• Industry – Agriculture, wood products, cotton
Sugarcane
The Kingdom Animalia
Dogs, fleas, rabbits, Human, turtles mosquitoes…
• Multicellular eukaryotes.• Heterotrophs Baby
Chicks
Invertebrates and Vertebrates
• Invertebrates– 97% of the Animal Kingdom– Absence of backbone– Includes sponges, cnidarians,
mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms
• Vertebrates– Internal skeleton (bone or
cartilage)– Includes fish, amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals
Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis
Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head.
Colony of sponges
Chambered Nautilus
Invertebrate Animals
• Sponges• Cnidarians• Worms• Mollusks• Arthropods• Echinoderms
Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularisDeer tick
Invertebrate Animals• Sponges• Cnidarians• Worms• Mollusks• Arthropods• Echinoderms
Vertebrate Animals• Chordates• Fish
– Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey)– Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)– Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon)
• Amphibians• Reptiles• Birds• Mammals Ardea herodias
Great Grey Heron
Name 6 Kingdoms
Name 6 Kingdoms
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae Fungi Animali
a
The six-kingdom system
What is a prokaryote?
Prokaryotes
organisms whose cells lack a nucleus Nucleus—dense area in a cell that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct the cell’s activities. Nucleic acids are scattered throughout the cell. Bacteria.
Which 2 kingdoms only have prokaryotes?
Eubacteria
Archaea
Monera
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
Kingdom Monera
Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?
Which kingdoms include only heterotrophic organisms?
• Fungi and animalia