classification taxonomy naming system for the organization of life. – grouping or categorizing...
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Classification
• Taxonomy naming system for the organization of life.– Grouping or categorizing based on similarities
Modern classification began with the work of Carolus Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics.
In the life sciences, binomial nomenclature is the formal method of naming species. As the word "binomial" suggests, the scientific name of a species is formed by the combination of two terms: the genus name and the species descriptor.
Classification of living systems
• Kingdoms• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
Classification • 6 KINGDOMS• Animalia• Plantae• Fungi• Protista• Prokaryotes• Eukaryotes
• Viruses are not classified as living. Viruses do however demonstrate reproductive capabilities like living things. They are smaller than bacterial cells!
Used to be 1 kingdom- Monera (Bacteria only)}
The 6 kingdoms• Prokaryotes (Used to be 1 kingdom,
Monera)– Archaebacteria– Eubacteria
• Eukaryotes– Fungi– Protista– Animal– Plantae
unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)bound organelles)
complex and have a nucleus complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound and membrane-bound organellesorganelles
Overview of the 6 kingdoms
• Archaebacteria– Unicellular– Live in extreme environments– Prokaryotic
• Eubacteria- Unicellular- Prokaryotic-“Common bacteria”
Overview of the 6 kingdoms
Overview of the 6 kingdoms• Protista
– Eukaryotic– Unicellular or colonial– Lots of different life styles
• Fungi– Cell walls made of chitin– Eukaryotic– Multicellular– External heterotrophs
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PlantaePlantae
•MulticellularMulticellular•AutotrophicAutotrophic•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose – to make glucose – PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
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AnimaliaAnimalia• MulticellularMulticellular• Ingestive Ingestive
heterotrophs heterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)
• Feed on Feed on plants or plants or animalsanimals
Overview of the 6 kingdoms
• Plantae– Eukaryotic & Multicellular– Cell walls made of cellulose– Autotrophic
• Animalia– Eukaryotic & Multicellular– No cell walls– Internal heterotrophs
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•Let’s look at an example of
taxonomy in action!
Puma ?
What is my name?
Devil Cat ?
What is my name?
Ghost Cat ? What is my name?
What is my name?My real name is Puma concolor
Binomial Nomenclature
• There are at least 50 common names for Puma concolor.
• Common names vary according to region, country or language.
• Soooo……why use a scientific name?
Two name system for writing scientific names.•The genus name is written first (always Capitalized). •The species name is written second (never capitalized). •Both words are italicized if typed or underlined if hand written. The name is also in Latin (a dead language).
Binomial Nomenclature
Binomial Nomenclature
• More examples-
Panthera leo Lion Africa (Asia)
Panthera onca Jaguar N. & S. America
Panthera pardus Leopard Africa, Asia, Europe
Panthera tigris Tiger Asia
Genus and species Common name Range
How many organisms are out there?
• Scientists currently estimate that– There are 10 million species worldwide– Over 5 million live in the tropics– Most unnamed species are small or microscopic
Why is taxonomy useful?
• Helps prevent confusion among scientists• Helps to show how organisms are related• Can be used to reconstruct phylogenies –
evolutionary histories – of an organism or group
Organization of LIFE
• CELL – BASIC UNIT OF LIFE• TISSUE- MANY CELLS• ORGANS- MANY TISSUES• ORGAN SYSTEMS-GROUPED ORGANS• ORGANISMS – CONTAINS ORGAN GROUPS• SPECIES- GROUPS OF THE SAME ORGANISM
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Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy
• Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, different (same structure, different function)function)
• Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment
• Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins
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25Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS)
shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.copyright cmassengale
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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos
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CladogramCladogram• Diagram showing how organisms are Diagram showing how organisms are
related based on related based on shared, derived shared, derived characteristicscharacteristics such as feathers, hair, or such as feathers, hair, or scalesscales
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Primate Primate CladograCladogra
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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying• Used to identify organismsUsed to identify organisms• Characteristics given in Characteristics given in
pairspairs• Read both characteristicsRead both characteristics
and either go to another and either go to another set of characteristics set of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey
•1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2•1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3•2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus•2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3•3a Tentacles hang down – go to 43a Tentacles hang down – go to 4•3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone•4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish•4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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