taxonomy taxonomy: the science of classification classification- the grouping of objects or...
TRANSCRIPT
Taxonomy
TAXONOMY:
the science of classification
Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”
Aristotle created:TWO KINGDOMS
In Water
In the Air
On Land
Trees
Shrubs
Herbs
PLANTS ANIMALS
Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy
1707-1778
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming systemGenus - first wordSpecies - second wordDescribes a characteristic of the organismLatin is the language used (some Greek)(Also called “Linneaus’s system”)
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
0RDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES
“Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:
PROKARYOTEOR
EUKARYOTE
MODE OF NUTRITION
CLADISTICS(cladogram)
PHYLOGENYBIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA
CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
BREEDING BEHAVIOR
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES
Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time
Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection
Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited
Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors
Research was conducted on the Galapagos IslandsNatural Selection:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6La6_kIr9g
THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
PLANTS
ANIMALS
FUNGI
PROTISTS
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsReproduce asexually
(binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation)
Live in extreme habitats:1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens)2. Salty brines (Halophiles)3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA
UnicellularProkaryotesCell wallsBinary fission and/or conjugationSome are:1. Parasites2. Saprophytes (saprobes)3. AutotrophsLive everywhere
KINGDOM PROTISTAUnicellular or multicellular
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae)
Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction
Found in aquatic habitats
KINGDOM FUNGIMulticellular (most)
Eukaryotes
Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion)
Cell walls (made of chitin)
Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores
Found in damp, dark environments
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Cell walls (made of cellulose)
Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores
Found on all types of land
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
MulticellularEukaryotesIngestive heterotrophsCell membranesSpecialized cellsSexual reproduction (most) by eggs & spermFound everywhere
THE END!