climate adaptations taxonomy climate classification...
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Climate Adaptations TaxonomyyTurf I - Week 3
Climate Classification Climate Classification• Tropical (A)
– wet / dry summer / dry winter • Dry (B)
– arid / semi arid• Subtropical (C)Subtropical (C)
– dry summer / dry winter / humid• Temperate (D)
– oceanic / continental• Subarctic (E)• Polar (F)
– tundra / ice cap
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Climate Adaptation
Cool SeasonGrass
• Climate– Subartic Bentgrasses and BluegrassSubartic Bentgrasses and Bluegrass– Temperate Fesues and Ryegrass– Transition zone Kentucky bluegrass, Tall Fesue
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Climate Adaptation
Warm SeasonGrasses
• Climate– Transition Zossiagrass BermudagrassTransition Zossiagrass, Bermudagrass– Subhumid St. Augustinegrass– Humid Carpetgrass, Centipedegrass
Turfgrass Management unique to Turfgrass Management unique to the tropicsthe tropics
• Year-long maintenance: No “slack season”– Rapid wear of equipment, etc.– Rapid growth of turfgrass in some climates– High temp and rainfall may alter performance of
h i lchemicals• Continuous pest generations
– Annual weed seed may germinate at any time– Favorable environment for disease and insect
pests
Turfgrass management unique to Turfgrass management unique to the tropicsthe tropics
• Rainfall intensity may cause flooding and/or erosion • Highly weathered soils (especially in wet tropics)
– Nutrients leached– Low CEC– Fe and Al hydroxide clays- low pH high P fixing– Fe and Al hydroxide clays- low pH, high P fixing
• Dry tropics– Large irrigation requirements – Soils may be saline or sodic
Climate AdaptationCool Season
GrassWarm Season
Grass
• Climate E,D,C C, A
• Optimum temperature 60-70° F 80-95° Fp p
• Flowering Photoperiod Long day Short day day neutral
• Photosynthesis C3 C4
Flowering Photoperiod
• Long day plants– Flower when night are shorter than critical
period• Typically flower in the spring or early summerTypically flower in the spring or early summer
• Short day plants– Flower when night are longer than critical
period• Day neutral
Photosynthesis
H2OCo2
ATPNADPH
Photophosphorylation
O2
Calvin Cycle
Carbohydrates
ADPPNADP+
Light Reaction Dark Reaction(Light independent Reaction)
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C3 Photosynthesis
• Common crops - beans, squash, tomatoes • First stable compound in dark reaction is a
C3 carbon• Optimum temperature relatively low • Not tolerant to heat and drought stress
C4 Photosynthesis
• Common Crops: corn, sorghum, sugarcane
• CO2 incorporated into a C4 carbon before it enters the dark reaction
• Higher temperature for optimum Photosynthesis
• Allows carbon fixation occur under stress
Relative % C3 and C4 grass cover in Hawaii at different elevations
80
100
%C4 speciesr
30002000100000
20
40
60
%C4 species % C3 species
Elevation (m)
% o
f gra
ss c
over
Taxonomy
Taxonomy
• Science of classifying living organisms in specially named categories – Based on shared characteristics and natural
relationshipsrelationships. • Turfgrasses are all members of the "grass"
family– Historically called the Gramineae– Today referred to as the Poaceae
Grass Classification• Domain Eukarya• Kingdom Plantae• Phylum Anthophyta• Class Monocotyledonesy• Order Commenilanes• Family Poaceae• Genus Lolium• Species Lolium perenne L.
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Grass Family
• Subdivisions – Subfamilies– Tribes
Total Turf grasses6 (3)25 (7)
– Genera – Species
• Subspecies• Varieties• Cultivars
600 (17)7500 (40)
Turfgrass Taxonomy
Turfgrass Taxonomy
Family Subfamily Tribe
FestucoideaeFestuceae
Aveneae
Poacea Eragrostoideae
PanicoideaePaniceae
Andropogoneae
Zoysia
Chlorideae
Genera in the Festucoid Tribes
Aveneae FestuceaeBentgrass(Agrostis)
Bluegrass(Poa)
Ryegrass(Lolium)
Fescues(Festuca)
Genera in the Eragrostoid Tribes
ChlorideaeZosiaeaBermudagrass
(Cynodon)Buffalograss
(Buchloe)Zosiagrass
(Zoysia)
Genera in the Pancoid Tribes
Andropogoneae
Centipedegrass(Eremochloa)
Paniceae
Carpetgrass(Axonopus) ( )
Kikuyugrass(Penniseptum)
St.Augustinegrass(Stenotaphrum)
Paspalum(Paspalum)_
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Tribe Differences in Anatomy and Morphology
• Roots• Stem• Leaves• Inflorescence• Embryo
Roots
• Festucoideae – Root hairs arise from tricoblasts
• Eragrostoideae R t h i i f ll id l ll– Root hairs arise from all epidermal cells
• Panicoideae – Root hairs arise from all epidermal cells
Stems
• Festucoideae – Culm internodes hollow
• Agrostoideae C l i t d lid– Culm internodes solid
• Panicoideae – Culm internodes solid
Leaves
• Festucoideae – Ligules: membranous
• Agrostoideae Li l f i f h i– Ligules: a fringe of hairs
• Panicoideae – Lilgules: membranous
Inflorescence
• Festucoideae– One-to-several fertile florets in a spikelet
• Eragrostoideae O t l f til fl t i ik l t– One-to-several fertile florets in a spikelet
• Panicoideae – One fertile and one sterile floret in a spikelet
Embryo• Festucoideae
– Mesocotyl internode absent - small embryo (1/5 caryopsis)
• Eragrostoideae g– Mesocotyl internode present - large embryo
(1/2 caryopsis)• Panicoideae
– Mesocotyl internode present - large embryo (1/2 caryopsis)
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Naming Plants
• Each species has unique scientific name• The scientific name of a species consist of
two wordsG ( )– Genus name (a noun)
– Specific epithet (an adjective)• Binomial name
– E.g., Alnus rubra
LATIN BINOMIAL
Poa pratensis L.
GenusSpecies?? Authority
LATIN BINOMIAL
• AUTHORITIES• L. Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778• Huds. William Hudson 1730-1793• Schreb. Johann v. Schreber 1739-1810• Walt. Thomas Walter 1740-1789• Lam. Jean de Lamarck 1744-1829• Pers. Christiaan Persoon 1761-1836
Latin Binomial
• Secondary authority– Cynodondactylon [L.] Pers.
• “Ex”M (Z i t if il Willd– Mascarenegrass (Zoysia tenuifoila Willd. ex Trin.)
• Multiple Latin names– Agrostis palustris Huds. = Agrostis stolonifera L.
Latin Binomial
• Multiple Latin names– Agrostis palustris Huds. = Agrostis stolonifera L.
• Creeping bentgrass– Agrostis alba L. = Agrostis gigantea With.Agrostis alba L. Agrostis gigantea With.
• Redtop
• Common (popular use) name = Latin name– Poa annua = Annual bluegrass– Poa trivialis = Rough bluegrass
Naming Plants
• Writing scientific names– Genus name
• Italics• Capitalized• Abbreviated
– Specific epithet• Italics• Lower case Myosotis sylvatica
M. sylvatica
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Naming Plants
• Writing scientific names– Subspecies
• Brassica oleracea subsp. gemmifera
– Variety• Sansevieria trifasciata
var. Laurentii
– Cultivar• Malus pumila
'Macintosh'
Naming Plants
• Naming hybrids– Contain both parents
genera names
Laeliocattleya = Laelia + Cattleya
Hybrids
• Interspecific Grass Hybrids– Cyndon dactylon x transvaalensis– Zoysia japonica x tenuifolia
Common Names
• (Poa pratensis L.) – Kentucky bluegrass in US– Fine-leaved meadowgrass in Europe
A ti ill i L• Agrostis capillaris L – Colonial bentgrass in US – Browntop bentgrass in Europe
Intraspecific subdivisions
• I. Wild Populations– ssp. subspecies– var. variety
f form– f. form• II.Cultivated Varieties
– cv. cultivar
Naming Plants
• Trinomial name for subspecies, varieties and cultivars – Subspecies occur in a different area or
habitathabitat– Varieties have small but consistent
differences– Cultivars occur only under cultivation
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Subspecies Examples
• Fescues– Festuca rubra L. ssp. comutata Gaud.– Festuca rubra L. ssp. trichophylla Gaud.
Festuca rubra L ssp rubra– Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra
Variety examples
• Different biotypes of annual bluegrass– Poa annua L. var. annua– Poa annua L. var. reptans
Cultivar
• Cultivated – variety– Poa pratensis L. cv. Baron– Poa pratensis L. 'Baron‘ Morphology
Leaf Surfaces
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Leaf Tips
Pointed
Tapered
Boat-Shaped
Sharply pointed leaf tip of Red top
Pointed leaf tip of Centipedegrass
Rounded and tapered leaf tip St. Augustinegrass
Boat-shaped tip of Kentucky Bluegrass
Vernation
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Rolled vernation of Creeping Bentgrass
Folded vernation of Kentucky bluegrass
Ligule
TruncateMembranous
Fringe of Hairs
PointedMembranous
Minute, membranous, truncate ligule of Tall Fescue
Fringe of short hairs on Bermudagrass
Long, membranous, pointed ligule on Rough Bluegrass
Auricles
Long,Slender
Short,Blunt
Absent
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Long, pointed, clawlike auricles of Annual Ryegrass Very short, clawlike auricles
of Perennial Ryegrass
Short, blunt, and pubescent auricles of Tall Fescue
No auricles and a short, truncate ligule of Kentucky Bluegrass
Collar
Narrow Divided Broad
Narrow, continuous collar of Bermudagrass
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Broad, divided collar of Redtop Broad, continuous, and severely constricted collar or St. Augustinegrass